The reference values for muscle mass and strength in healthy Indian adults using whole-body potassium counter and isokinetic dynamometer.

The study aims to define the sex-based reference data for muscle mass and strength among healthy young Indians and to compare the data from the present study with available literature. Healthy Indian adults (n = 100) aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited. The assessment of muscle mass and strength was performed. The body cell mass (BCM), fat-free mass, and muscle strength parameters were significantly higher among males compared to females (P < 0.001). A comparison of the current study data with the available literature showed that though BCM was comparable, Indians demonstrated a significantly lower isometric peak torque (P < 0.001 for both sexes). These findings suggest that Indians tend to have a lower muscle strength compared to the Western population, despite having a comparable BCM content.

Low maternal vitamin B12 status during pregnancy is associated with reduced heart rate variability indices in young children.

Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in neuronal development, particularly in myelinogenesis. Demyelination of the autonomic nervous system occurs early in vitamin B12 deficiency. However, the impact of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy on neuronal function in the offspring is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to assess cardiac autonomic nervous activity in children born to mothers with low vitamin B12 status during pregnancy using heart rate variability (HRV) indices in the frequency domain. Seventy-nine healthy children between 3 and 8 years of age were evaluated from an ongoing birth cohort. The blood sample of the mother had been stored and was analysed for plasma vitamin B12 following enrolment of the child. Subjects were divided, based on the median maternal first trimester vitamin B12 status (114 pmol L(-1)), into lower (n = 40) and higher (n = 39) vitamin B12 status groups. A lead II electrocardiogram was recorded in the supine posture and subjected to HRV analysis. Low-frequency HRV in absolute units was reduced significantly in children of the lower vitamin B12 status group (P = 0.03) and was 53% that of the higher vitamin B12 status group. There was a significant association between low-frequency and total power HRV with cord blood vitamin B12 levels (ρ = 0.31 and 0.30, both P = 0.03). In summary, children born to mothers with a lower vitamin B12 status have a reduced cardiac sympathetic activity. The long-term implication of this needs to be evaluated by follow-up studies.

Plasma vitamin B12, methylmalonic acid and heart rate variability in healthy young Indian adults.

Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in the Indian population is not known, however; it is considered to be higher than in the Western population. Vitamin B12 deficiency is generally diagnosed by the plasma vitamin B12 level. Metabolites of vitamin B12 such as homocysteine (Hcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) are considered to be better markers to diagnose vitamin B12 deficiency at the tissue level. Autonomic neuropathy in vitamin B12 deficiency appears to precede other neurological signs. One of the recent techniques to evaluate autonomic neuropathy is heart rate variability (HRV). We evaluated 14 healthy young adults to explore the association of plasma vitamin B12, MMA, and Hcy levels with HRV. Resting lead II ECG was recorded and power spectral analyses were performed. Plasma MMA level was significantly and negatively correlated with the log-transformed low frequency (r = - 0.74, p = 0.002) and total power spectra (r = - 0.55, p = 0.03) of HRV in absolute units. Low frequency (LF) (r = - 0.56, p = 0.03) and high frequency (HF) (r = 0.57, p = 0.03), when represented in normalized units, were also correlated significantly with plasma MMA. In summary, plasma MMA but not vitamin B12 was significantly associated with HRV indices in a young adult population, suggesting that a tissue-level marker of vitamin B12 deficiency is more closely correlated with functional changes.

Subclinical Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Heart Rate Variability Across Life Cycle.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate association between plasma vitamin B12 and heart rate variability in clusters of population of various ages across life cycle. METHODS: 47 healthy children from an ongoing pregnancy and birth cohort, 32 young adults and 47 healthy elderly subjects were recruited following inclusion and exclusion criteria. All subjects underwent plasma vitamin B12, anthropometry and heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148 pmol/l) across age groups were 51.1 % for children, 56.2 % for young adults and 61.7 % for the elderly group respectively. There was large variability in vitamin B12 status across the age groups. Frequency distribution of low frequency (LF) absolute units HRV in the elderly was skewed, whereas in children and young adult group there was wide distribution of LF HRV. Association between Log LF absolute units HRV and plasma vitamin B12 across groups were tested using curve fit models. In children a linear curve estimation best fitted and explained 9.3 % of the association (n=47, .=0.003, P=0.03, R2=0.09). There was no association between log LF absolute units HRV and plasma vitamin B12 in the young adult group. In the elderly group a power curve fit model best fitted and explained 8.9 % of the association. Inspection of the power curve fit model demonstrated a curvilinear pattern; there was a linear association in the elderly with vitamin B12 levels less than 200 pmol/l. However, elderly with vitamin B12 values >200 pmol/l demonstrated saturation (plateauing) of log LF HRV. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated varied pattern of responses between vitamin B12 status and LF power of HRV across age groups. Thus, it is important to consider these associations before planning supplementation of vitamin B12.

A body shape index and heart rate variability in healthy indians with low body mass index.

Background. One third of Indian population is said to be suffering from chronic energy deficiency (CED), with increased risk of developing chronic diseases. A new anthropometric measure called A Body Shape Index (ABSI) is said to be a better index in predicting risks for premature mortality. ABSI is also in part said to be a surrogate of visceral fat. Objective. The present study aimed to explore the association between indices of HRV (heart rate variability), BMI, WC, and ABSI in healthy Indian males with low BMI (BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2)) and to compare with normal BMI group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m(2)). Methodology. ABSI and BMI were derived from anthropometric parameters, namely, height, weight, and waist circumference in 178 males aged 18 to 78 years. Subjects were categorized into two groups based on their BMI. Results and Conclusions. Power spectral analysis of HRV demonstrated a significant negative correlation between Log HF (high frequency) and ABSI in both low BMI [-24.2 (9.4), P < 0.05] and normal BMI group [-23.41 (10.1), P < 0.05] even after controlling for age. Thus even with slight increase in BMI among low BMI individuals, there could be a greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.