RESUMEN
The structure of left ventricular cardiomyocytes of 1 day preterm newborn rats was studied using transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the relative area of the nucleus in cardiomyocytes of preterm rats is lower, and the relative area of the cytoplasm is higher than in full-term rats, while the relative areas of myofibrils and mitochondria do not differ. In cardiomyocytes of preterm rats damaged mitochondria, subsegmental myofibrillar contracture, and cytoplasmic swelling were found on the first postnatal day. Preterm birth in rats, in contrast to birth at term, is accompanied by the development of a number of ultrastructural damages in cardiomyocytes.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Miocitos Cardíacos , Miofibrillas , Animales , Miocitos Cardíacos/ultraestructura , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Ratas , Ventrículos Cardíacos/ultraestructura , Ventrículos Cardíacos/patología , Miofibrillas/ultraestructura , Miofibrillas/patología , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Femenino , Núcleo Celular/ultraestructura , Mitocondrias/ultraestructura , Mitocondrias/patología , Ratas Wistar , Nacimiento Prematuro/patologíaRESUMEN
In experiments on Wistar rats, the effect of a new selective JNK inhibitor tryptanthrin oxime (TR-Ox) on parameters of systemic hemodynamics, cardiohemodynamics, and post-infarction fibrosis was studied 4 months after acute myocardial ischemia (1 h) followed by reperfusion. TR-Ox was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 12 mg/kg 20 min before reperfusion, and then once a day for the next 4 days. Administration of TR-Ox to animals in the acute phase of myocardial infarction contributed to more complete preservation of myocardial viability in the delayed period: a relative increase of muscle elements proportion in the scar, a decrease in the formation of connective tissue areas with complete and >50% replacement of the myocardium, and deceleration of fibrotic scarring in myocardium areas distant from the focus of injury, resulting in improved systolic and diastolic myocardial function. Four months after myocardial infarction, significant improvement in systemic hemodynamics and cardiohemodynamics parameters was observed in the group treated with TR-Ox: stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum rates of left ventricle pressure rise and fall significantly increased and the left ventricle end-diastolic pressure decreased in comparison with the corresponding parameters in the control group.
Asunto(s)
Cardiotónicos , Infarto del Miocardio , Oximas , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Infarto del Miocardio/tratamiento farmacológico , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , Ratas , Masculino , Oximas/farmacología , Oximas/uso terapéutico , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Quinazolinas/uso terapéutico , Miocardio/patología , Miocardio/metabolismo , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Immunohistochemical study (CD31 detection) and morphometric analysis (evaluation of specific volumes of cardiomyocytes and blood capillaries, diameter of blood capillaries, trophic index, and pericapillary diffusion zone) of the left ventricular myocardium in preterm (12 h and 24 h preterm) Wistar rats was carried out on postnatal days 56 and 180. A decrease in the trophic index and an increase in the zone of pericapillary diffusion in the myocardium of the left ventricle in preterm rats were shown, which indicates deterioration of the heart supply during the postnatal ontogeny.
Asunto(s)
Ventrículos Cardíacos , Miocardio , Ratas , Animales , Ratas Wistar , Vasos Coronarios , Miocitos CardíacosRESUMEN
The structure of blood neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes and differential white blood count in adult rats were studied over 120 days after a single intravenous injection of magnetoliposomes based on nanomagnetite. Magnetoliposomes had no effect on the structure of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. At the same time, injection of a suspension of magnetoliposomes based on magnetite nanoparticles led to a decrease in lymphocyte count and an increase in the count of monocytes and band and segmented neutrophils in the blood. These changes were transient and the parameters returned to normal by day 40-60 after injection.
Asunto(s)
Eosinófilos/citología , Liposomas/administración & dosificación , Linfocitos/citología , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Monocitos/citología , Neutrófilos/citología , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Recuento de Leucocitos , Liposomas/farmacocinética , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
AIM: To study the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on changes of intracardiac haemodynamics and myocardial morphology in patients with ischaemic heart disease and a postinfarction aneurysm of the left ventricle before and after corrective operations on the heart. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 79 patients with ischaemic heart disease and a chronic aneurysm of the left ventricle (Group I - patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=27), mean age 57.5±3.9 years, average number of shunts 2.9±0.6; Group II - patients without diabetes mellitus (n=52), mean age 55,3 ±7.1 years, average number of shunts - 2.7±0.3). In the preoperative period all patients were examined taking into account the functional class of angina pectoris, with the assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic index, end-systolic index, sphericity index. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and surgical restoration of the normal geometry of the left ventricle according to the Menicanty technique with the target end-systolic index of 60 ml/m2, during which 39 patients from both groups were subjected to intraoperative biopsy of the left ventricular myocardium and right atrial auricle. RESULTS: The intergroup analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in age, angina pectoris class, level of arterial pressure between the groups. Neither were there statistically significant differences in the echocardiographic parameters at the preoperative stage. In the postoperative period, we detected a significant decrease in the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes of the left ventricle in both groups, with a statistically significant increase of the left ventricular ejection fraction observed only in non-diabetic patients. One year after the operation, such patients still continued to demonstrate more favourable parameters of the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. A detailed analysis with determining the delta of the alterations in the parameters revealed more significant positive dynamics in the postoperative period in patients with ischaemic heart disease not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The obtained findings are indicative of negative dynamics of the course of chronic ischaemic heart disease aggravated by type 2 diabetes mellitus after reconstruction of the left ventricle. Macro- and microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly deteriorated the myocardial trophism. Subsequent bleedings draw phagocytic cells into the myocardial stroma, thus adversely affecting the further prognosis and course of the disease, since we demonstrated that the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardial stroma is a key factor of unfavourable outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ventrículos Cardíacos/cirugía , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Volumen Sistólico , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
Nanosized magnetite particles (magnetic nanospheres) are a prospective basis for creation of new diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The structure of blood leukocytes and the leukocytic formula are studied in adult rats over a period of 120 days after a single intravenous injection of chitosan-modified nanosized magnetite particles. No effects of chitosan-modified magnetic nanospheres on the structure of rat blood leukocytes are detected. Injection of suspension of chitosan-modified magnetite nanospheres is associated with an increase in the levels of monocytes, segmented and stab neutrophils, and a decrease in lymphocyte counts in the blood of rats. The shifts in the leukogram parameters are transitory, the picture returned to normal by day 40 postinjection.
Asunto(s)
Quitosano/química , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Nanosferas/química , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Recuento de Leucocitos , Linfocitos/citología , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Monocitos/citología , Nanosferas/administración & dosificación , Neutrófilos/citología , Tamaño de la Partícula , RatasRESUMEN
The structure of the testicles was studied in adult rats in 120 days after a single intravenous injection of chitosan-modified (magnetic nanospheres) and lipid-modified (magnetoliposomes) nanosized magnetite particles. Perls histochemical reaction detected in the testicular interstitial connective tissue the cells which absorbed and accumulated magnetite nanoparticles. The dynamics of spermatogenesis index and the count of Perls+ cells in the rat testicles were traced throughout the experiment. The studied modified nanosized magnetite particles did not penetrate through the blood-testicle barrier in rats.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Nanosferas/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismo , Animales , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
Sialadenectomy in young rats modifies the development of the spermatogenic and steroidogenic functions of the testes. Sialadenectomy causes ultrastructural changes in spermatogenic cells, sustentocytes, and Leydig cells that disappear by week 8 of the experiment due to realization of compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The effects of endocrine factors of the greater salivary glands on the spermatogenic cells are realized directly and indirectly via interstitial endocrinocytes and sustentocytes.
Asunto(s)
Células Intersticiales del Testículo/ultraestructura , Glándulas Salivales/cirugía , Epitelio Seminífero/ultraestructura , Células de Sertoli/ultraestructura , Adaptación Fisiológica , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Masculino , Ratas , Glándulas Salivales/fisiología , Espermatogénesis/fisiología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The major salivary glands of rats release into the saliva and blood a wide spectrum of bioactive substances, essential for many organs, including the testes. Sialoadenectomy leads to the development of degenerative changes in the cells of the twisted testicular tubules. However, the effects of bioactive factors released by the major salivary glands on the morphology and function of Leydig cells remain little studied. Sialoadenectomy in adult rats led (in 1-4 weeks) to a decrease in the nuclear and cytoplasmatic areas of Leydig cells, violation of the plasmalemma integrity, dilatation of perinuclear space and agranular endoplasmatic reticulum vesicles, and to destruction of the mitochondria. Ultrastructural changes caused by sialoadenectomy completely resolved by week 6 of the experiment at the expense of compensatory activation of the synthesis of the major salivary gland factors by other sources in the organism of rats.
Asunto(s)
Células Intersticiales del Testículo/ultraestructura , Glándulas Salivales/cirugía , Maduración Sexual/fisiología , Testículo/ultraestructura , Factores de Edad , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Endocrinos , Células Intersticiales del Testículo/citología , Masculino , Ratas , Saliva/metabolismo , Glándulas Salivales/patología , Testículo/citología , Testículo/metabolismoRESUMEN
The ultrastructure of nephrocytes of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, podocytes, mesangial cells, and macrophages of the interstitial connective tissue was studied after single intravenous administration of magnetite nanoparticles modified with chitosan (magnetic nanospheres) or lipids (magnetic liposomes). Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructural features of absorption of magnetite nanoparticles. The shape, size, and number of vesicles containing nanoparticles in nephrocytes of convoluted tubules and macrophages after administration of the suspensions of magnetic nanospheres and magnetic liposomes were described.
Asunto(s)
Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Células Mesangiales/efectos de los fármacos , Podocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Intravenosa , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Quitosano/química , Endocitosis , Liposomas/administración & dosificación , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/ultraestructura , Masculino , Células Mesangiales/metabolismo , Células Mesangiales/ultraestructura , Podocitos/metabolismo , Podocitos/ultraestructura , RatasRESUMEN
We studied the effects of single administration of a suspension of magnetomicelles based on carbon-coated iron nanoparticles on the structure of rat lungs within 40 days. Histological analysis revealed a complex of hemodynamic alterations in the lungs. Described changes persisted in the lung stroma from day 1 until day 40, but their intensity decreased by the end of the experiment. Using immunohistochemical Perls reaction we identified cells morphologically corresponding to alveolar and interstitial lung macrophages. The number of Perls+ cells decreased by day 40 of the experiment. Ultrastructural analysis showed endocytosis of modified iron nanoparticles and their accumulation in intracellular digestionorganelles (endo- and lysosomes) of mononuclear phagocyte system cells. Accumulation of magnetomicelles in the lungs was not associated with damage to pneumocytes, macrophages, and blood-air barrier.
Asunto(s)
Carbono/química , Hierro/química , Pulmón/ultraestructura , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Animales , Hierro/farmacología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Lisosomas/efectos de los fármacos , Lisosomas/ultraestructura , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/ultraestructura , Macrófagos Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/ultraestructura , Masculino , Micelas , RatasRESUMEN
The effects of hypoxic, hyperoxic, and hypoxic-hyperoxic preconditioning were examined in the prospective study on narcotized and artificially ventilated rabbits. Under artificial circulation, acute myocardial ischemia was modeled by ligation of anterior descending coronary artery, which was followed by reperfusion. The degree of ventricular arrhythmias was assessed, and the ischemic area was evaluated in percent of the area at risk. Microscopic characterization of the myocardium was employed to assess the cardioprotective effect of hypoxic and/or hyperoxic preconditioning. According to Kruskal-Wallis test, the greatest resistance of the myocardium to ischemic and reperfusion injury was observed after hypoxic-hyperoxic preconditioning (H=42.459; p=0.009). The rabbits subjected to this type of preconditioning demonstrated the least damaged myocardium in comparison with nonconditioned controls.
Asunto(s)
Precondicionamiento Isquémico Miocárdico/métodos , Daño por Reperfusión Miocárdica/prevención & control , Animales , Hipoxia de la Célula , Masculino , Miocardio/patología , Oxígeno/uso terapéutico , ConejosRESUMEN
Major salivary glands play a role not only in digestion, but also in regulation of other functions in rodents. In this review, we analyzed and summarized the data about the rodents' parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands functions, which is not limited to the production of saliva and action of its hydrolytic enzymes on food in the oral cavity. In recent decades significantly expanded understanding of major salivary glands nondigestive functions. They are involved in excretion of metabolic products, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Special attention has been paid to the characteristics of specific (parotin, sialorphin, etc.) and nonspecific (epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, kallikrein, etc.) active substances of the major salivary glands and their involvement in wound healing, mineral metabolism, regulation of hematopoiesis and immunity system. Summarized and analyzed major salivary glands endocrine function in the organs and systems. Available literature data suggest: the structure of the major salivary glands, as well as the synthesis and secretion of a number of biologically active substances are controlled by sex hormones. In turn, these biologically active factors of the salivary glands, as epidermal growth factor, and parotin, sialorphin, whose expression is regulated by androgens, have an impact on the morphological and functional state of the gonads. Thus, major salivary glands operate a wide range of functions and involved in the regulation of sexual behavior of reproductive function and maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Asunto(s)
Glándula Parótida/fisiología , Roedores/fisiología , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/metabolismo , Glándula Sublingual/fisiología , Glándula Submandibular/fisiología , Animales , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/genética , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/metabolismo , Hematopoyesis/fisiología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Calicreínas/genética , Calicreínas/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Saliva/química , Saliva/fisiología , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/genética , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/farmacología , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/fisiología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The paper gives an update on the pathogenetic role of viral infection and immune mechanisms in the development of cardiac dilatation at the cellular, ultrastructural, and molecular levels. Particular attention is given to the discussion of the possible role of herpesvirus infection in the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte damage with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection through immunoinflammatory responses. Data on the protective and damaging action of a number of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of viral myocarditis are considered.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/etiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/complicaciones , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/virología , HumanosRESUMEN
The review analyses the data on the structure of submandibular (SMG), parotid and sublingual salivary glands in rodents and on biologically active substances produced by them. The evidence is presented on the mutual influence of rodent major salivary glands (MSG) and the testes. Special attention is paid to gender differences of MSG in rodents, which are more fully apparent in mature individuals and are most pronounced in SMG. Sexual dimorphism is morphologically manifested in a larger size of secretory portions, the relative areas of granular and interlobular excretory ducts of SMG and greater number of granular cells of striated ducts of the sublingual glands in males. Biochemically sexual dimorphism is characterized by different amounts of biologically active substances secreted by the epithelial cells of secretory portions and granular cells of the ducts. Epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, kallikrein and other substances are synthesized in granular cells of the excretory ducts of all MSG in rodents, however, to the greatest extent by SMG. The higher content of physiologically active substances in MSG saliva in males plays an important biological role.
Asunto(s)
Glándulas Salivales/citología , Glándulas Salivales/metabolismo , Caracteres Sexuales , Animales , RoedoresRESUMEN
AIM: To estimate the prognostic value of the hypoxic test, intragastric pH-metry, and endothelial dysfunction in cardiosurgical patients at risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study approved by the ethical committee was performed based at the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, in 2012-2013. It included 30 patients who had previously undergone myocardial revascularization with artificial circulation. Gastroduodenal complications were predicted based on the results of the general hypoxic test, monitoring intragastric pH, and determination of endothelial function markers (endothelin-1, nitric oxide metabolites) intra- and postoperatively. RESULTS: 17 (56.7%) patients with negative results of hypoxic test were referred to the group at low-risk of gastrointestinal complications and given no antisecretory therapy. Plasma ET-1 level in the patients with gastric hemorrhage was almost 10 times that in the absence of complications. Multiple organ insufficiency was associated with a rise in RT-1 levels by the end of the first postoperative day. High ET-1 levels suggested the predominance of vasoconstrictive effect that eventually resulted in a break of the vascular wall and hypoperfusion of gastric mucosa. CONCLUSION: High ET-1 levels and disbalance of nitric oxide metabolites in blood are the main predictors of postoperative complications that characterize the functional state of vascular endothelium and may cause vascular rupture in case of the atherosclerotic process. The use of hypoxic test and gastric pH-metry in the preoperative period make it possible to distinguish patients that do not need preventive antisecretory therapy.
Asunto(s)
Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardiovasculares/efectos adversos , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiología , Cardiopatías/cirugía , Endotelina-1/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Rat liver was examined by transmission electron microscopy after a single intravenous injection of nanosized magnetite suspension (0.1 g (Fe(3)O(4))/kg body weight). Magnetite particles were found in Kupffer's cells and hepatocytes. Accumulation of the particles by these two cell types was different. Morphometry of magnetite-containing granules in Kupffer's cells and nanoparticle agglomerations in hepatocytes was carried out. The ultrastructure of Kupffer's cell granules was described and the mechanism of penetration of nanosized magnetite particles into the cells was suggested. Nanosized magnetite particles were not completely eliminated over 40 days after a single injection.
Asunto(s)
Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/ultraestructura , Hepatocitos/ultraestructura , Macrófagos del Hígado/ultraestructura , Animales , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/química , Óxido Ferrosoférrico/administración & dosificación , Óxido Ferrosoférrico/farmacocinética , Nanopartículas del Metal/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas del Metal/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Ratas , Espectrometría por Rayos XRESUMEN
The article describes changes in the morphology and localization of the cells of mononuclear phagocyte system of liver and lung in rats at different times after single and repeated intravenous administration of a suspension of nanoparticles of magnetite (NPM). Mechanisms for removal of nanoparticles of magnetite from the rat body with the participation of mononuclear phagocytes of the liver (removal of the particles by stellate macrophages in the gastroenteric tract with bile) and of the lung (by migration of the alveolar macrophages in the gleam of the bronchial tree) have been illustrated. It has been shown that intravenous application of nanomagnetite causes changes in the morphology of the internal organs of rats and the severity of these changes increases with increasing total dose injected magnetite.
Asunto(s)
Hígado/patología , Pulmón/patología , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/efectos adversos , Sistema Mononuclear Fagocítico/patología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/citología , Células Estrelladas Hepáticas/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/citología , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Fagocitosis , RatasRESUMEN
Effects of multiple intravenous magnetite nanosuspension injections on the structure of rat liver, lungs, kidney, heart and spleen have been studied. Histology of the organs listed have found haemodynamic distortions and necrotic lesions in the parenchyma of these organs. With the help of Pearls histochemical method significant piling of nanoparticles were found in the cells of the mononuclear phagocytes in liver, lungs and spleen of the rats. Only singular Pearls-positive cells were found in kidneys and hearts of the rats.
Asunto(s)
Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administración & dosificación , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Riñón/patología , Hígado/patología , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Miocardio/patología , Fagocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Bazo/patología , SuspensionesRESUMEN
The aim of this investigation was to study the morphological changes of liver, lung, kidneys and spleen as well as of the cells of mononuclear pahagocyte system in 60 rats 1-40 days after a single intravenous injection of a suspension of magnetite nanoparticles. Moderate hemodynamic disturbances and focal necrotic changes were detected in the hepatic and renal parenchyma. In the lungs and spleen, only hemodynamic disturbances were found. The degree of morphological changes in rat liver, lungs, kidneys and spleen was decreased by day 10. Using Perls histochemical method, the accumulation of nanoparticles was detected in the cells of mononuclear phagocyte system of the organs studied.