Canine prostatic cancer cell line (LuMa) with osteoblastic bone metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoblastic bone metastasis represents the most common complication in men with prostate cancer (PCa). During progression and bone metastasis, PCa cells acquire properties similar to bone cells in a phenomenon called osteomimicry, which promotes their ability to metastasize, proliferate, and survive in the bone microenvironment. The mechanism of osteomimicry resulting in osteoblastic bone metastasis is unclear. METHODS: We developed and characterized a novel canine prostatic cancer cell line (LuMa) that will be useful to investigate the relationship between osteoblastic bone metastasis and osteomimicry in PCa. The LuMa cell line was established from a primary prostate carcinoma of a 13-year old mixed breed castrated male dog. Cell proliferation and gene expression of LuMa were measured and compared to three other canine prostatic cancer cell lines (Probasco, Ace-1, and Leo) in vitro. The effect of LuMa cells on calvaria and murine preosteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) cells was measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and alkaline phosphatase assay. LuMa cells were transduced with luciferase for monitoring in vivo tumor growth and metastasis using different inoculation routes (subcutaneous, intratibial [IT], and intracardiac [IC]). Xenograft tumors and metastases were evaluated using radiography and histopathology. RESULTS: After left ventricular injection, LuMa cells metastasized to bone, brain, and adrenal glands. IT injections induced tumors with intramedullary new bone formation. LuMa cells had the highest messenger RNA levels of osteomimicry genes (RUNX2, RANKL, and Osteopontin [OPN]), CD44, E-cadherin, and MYOF compared to Ace-1, Probasco, and Leo cells. LuMa cells induced growth in calvaria defects and modulated gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: LuMa is a novel canine PCa cell line with osteomimicry and stemness properties. LuMa cells induced osteoblastic bone formation in vitro and in vivo. LuMa PCa cells will serve as an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of osteomimicry and osteoblastic bone and brain metastasis in prostate cancer.

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) promotes EMT, growth, and invasion in canine prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) is upregulated in early and late-stage human prostate cancer (PCa) and other solid tumors of the mammary gland, lung, head and neck, colon, uterus, ovary, and kidney. However, little is known about its role in prostate cancer. This study examined the effects of a heterologous GRPr agonist, bombesin (BBN), on growth, motility, morphology, gene expression, and tumor phenotype of an osteoblastic canine prostate cancer cell line (Ace-1) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The Ace-1 cells were stably transfected with the human GRPr and tumor cells were grown in vitro and as subcutaneous and intratibial tumors in nude mice. The effect of BBN was measured on cell proliferation, cell migration, tumor growth (using bioluminescence), tumor cell morphology, bone tumor phenotype, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis gene expression (quantitative RT-PCR). GRPr mRNA expression was measured in primary canine prostate cancers and normal prostate glands. RESULTS: Bombesin (BBN) increased tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumor growth and invasion in vivo. BBN upregulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (TWIST, SNAIL, and SLUG mRNA) and downregulated epithelial markers (E-cadherin and ß-catenin mRNA), and modified tumor cell morphology to a spindle cell phenotype. Blockade of GRPr upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated VIMENTIN and SNAIL mRNA. BBN altered the in vivo tumor phenotype in bone from an osteoblastic to osteolytic phenotype. Primary canine prostate cancers had increased GRPr mRNA expression compared to normal prostates. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that the GRPr is important in prostate cancer growth and progression and targeting GRPr may be a promising strategy for treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 76:796-809, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A New Benzo[6,7]oxepino[3,2-b] Pyridine Derivative Induces Apoptosis in Canine Mammary Cancer Cell Lines.

CMC is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of death in non-spayed female dogs. Exploring novel therapeutic agents is necessary to increase the survival rate of dogs with CMC. MPOBA is a BZOP derivative that has a significant anticancer effect in a human cell line. The main goal of this study was to investigate the anticancer properties of MPOBA against two CMC cell lines (REM134 and CMGT071020) using a 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a wound healing assay, a transwell migration assay, an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay with a flow cytometry analysis, a mRNA expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and an immunohistochemistry (IHC). According to the accumulated studies, MPOBA caused significant concentration- and time-dependent reductions in cell proliferation and cell migration and induced apoptosis in both CMC cell lines. In gene expression analysis, nine canine genes, including TP53, BCL-2, BAX, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), snail transcription factor (SNAIL), snail-related zinc-finger transcription factor (SLUG), TWIST, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin, were investigated. The mRNA expression results revealed that MPOBA induced upregulation of TP53 and overexpression of the pro-apoptotic gene BAX, together with an inhibition of BCL-2. Moreover, MPOBA also suppressed the mRNA expression levels of SNAIL, EGFR, and N-cadherin and induced upregulation of E-cadherin, crucial genes related to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, there was no significant difference in the IHC results of the expression patterns of vimentin (VT) and cytokeratin (CK) between MPOBA-treated and control CMC cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that MPOBA exhibited significant anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis in both CMCs via upregulation of TP53 and BAX and downregulation of BCL-2 relative mRNA expression. MPOBA may prove to be a potential candidate drug to be further investigated as a therapeutic agent for CMC.

Anti-cancer potentials of Gynura procumbens leaves extract against two canine mammary cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: The anti-cancer effects of Gynura procumbens leaves extract (GPE) have been reported in various human cancers. However, the anti-cancer effects and molecular mechanisms of this extract on canine mammary cancer (CMC) have not yet been elucidated. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer properties of GPE against two CMC cell lines (CHMp-13a and CHMp-5b). METHODS: The GP leaves were extracted with 80% ethanol. Anti-cancer potentials of GPE on CHMp-13a and CHMp-5b cancer cell lines using dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound healing, transwell migration, and caspase 3/7 activity assays were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of two oncogenes: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST) and one tumour suppressor gene: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in these cell lines were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, The EGFR and PTEN protein levels as well as protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation levels expression were also evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that GPE caused a significant concentration- and time-dependent reduction in cell proliferation of both CHMp-13a and CHMp-5b cells, detected by MTT assays. This extract also significantly suppressed cancer cell migration in both cell lines, tested by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Additionally, the increase in caspase 3/7 activity observed in both CMC cell treated with GPE suggests that GPE induced caspase 3/7 dependent apoptosis. Moreover, GPE significantly decreased EGFR mRNA and protein expression levels compared to control in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasized that GPE has an in vitro anti-cancer activity against CMC by inhibiting EGFR signalling pathway. Thus, GPE may serve as an alternative therapy in CMC with high EGFR expression.

Effect of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and SP600125, a JNK Inhibitor, on Wnt Signaling in Canine Prostate Cancer Growth and Bone Metastases.

Human Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) upregulates a noncanonical Wnt/JNK pathway, resulting in osteoclast stimulation, cell proliferation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. Ace-1-Dkk-1, a canine prostate cancer (PCa) cell line overexpressing Dkk-1, was used to investigate Wnt signaling pathways in PCa tumor growth. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, was used to examine whether it would decrease tumor growth and bone tumor phenotype in canine PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. Ace-1-VectorYFP-Luc and Ace-1-Dkk-1YFP-Luc cells were transplanted subcutaneously, while Ace-1-Dkk-1YFP-Luc was transplanted intratibially into nude mice. The effects of Dkk-1 and SP600125 on cell proliferation, in vivo tumor growth, and bone tumor phenotype were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt/JNK-related genes were measured using RT-qPCR. Dkk-1 significantly increased the mRNA expression of Wnt/JNK-signaling-related genes. SP600125 significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation genes and downregulated osteoclastic-bone-lysis-related genes in vitro. SP600125 significantly decreased tumor volume and induced spindle-shaped tumor cells in vivo. Mice bearing intratibial tumors had increased radiographic density of the intramedullary new bone, large foci of osteolysis, and increased cortical lysis with abundant periosteal new bone formation. Finally, SP600125 has the potential to serve as an alternative adjuvant therapy in some early-stage PCa patients, especially those with high Dkk-1 expression.

Discovery and characterization of the feline miRNAome.

The domestic cat is an important human companion animal that can also serve as a relevant model for ~250 genetic diseases, many metabolic and degenerative conditions, and forms of cancer that are analogous to human disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in many biological processes and their dysregulation has a significant impact on important cellular pathways and is linked to a variety of diseases. While many species already have a well-defined and characterized miRNAome, miRNAs have not been carefully studied in cats. As a result, there are no feline miRNAs present in the reference miRNA databases, diminishing the usefulness of medical research on spontaneous disease in cats for applicability to both feline and human disease. This study was undertaken to define and characterize the cat miRNAome in normal feline tissues. High-throughput sequencing was performed on 12 different normal cat tissues. 271 candidate feline miRNA precursors, encoding a total of 475 mature sequences, were identified, including several novel cat-specific miRNAs. Several analyses were performed to characterize the discovered miRNAs, including tissue distribution of the precursors and mature sequences, genomic distribution of miRNA genes and identification of clusters, and isomiR characterization. Many of the miRNAs were regulated in a tissue/organ-specific manner.

p16, pRb, and p53 in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) is a highly aggressive head and neck cancer in cats, but the molecular pathogenesis of this cancer is still uncertain. In this study, p16, p53, and pRb proteins were detected and quantified by immunohistochemistry in forty-three FOSCC primary tumors and three FOSCC xenografts. p16 mRNA levels were also measured in three FOSCC cell lines (SCCF1, F2, and F3), which were consistent with their p16 immunoreactivity. Feline SCCF1 cells had very high levels of p16 protein and mRNA (55-fold greater) compared to SCCF2 and F3. A partial feline p16 cDNA sequence was amplified and sequenced. The average age of cats with FOSCC with high p16 immunoreactivity was significantly lower than the average age in the low p16 group. Eighteen of 43 (42%) FOSCCs had low p16 intensity, while 6/43 (14%) had high p16 immunoreactivity. Feline papillomavirus L1 (major capsid) DNA was not detected in the SCC cell lines or the FOSCCs with high p16 immunostaining. Five of 6 (83%) of the high p16 FOSCC had low p53, but only 1/6 (17%) had low pRb immunoreactivity. In summary, the staining pattern of p16, p53, and pRb in FOSCC was different from human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of FOSCCs have low p16 immunostaining intensity, therefore, inactivation of CDKN2A is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of FOSCC. A subset of FOSCCs had increased p16 protein, which supports an alternate pathogenesis of cancer in these cats.

Animal models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common oral cancer worldwide. Local bone invasion into the maxilla or mandible and metastasis to regional lymph nodes often result in a poor prognosis, decreased quality of life and shortened survival time for HNSCC patients. Poor response to treatment and clinical outcomes are the major concerns in this aggressive cancer. Multiple animal models have been developed to replicate spontaneous HNSCC and investigate genetic alterations and novel therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of HNSCC as well as the traditional animal models used in HNSCC preclinical research. The value and challenges of each in vivo model are discussed. Similarity between HNSCC in humans and cats and the possibility of using spontaneous feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) as a model for HNSCC in translational research are highlighted.

Deletion of the nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus of parathyroid hormone-related protein decreases osteogenesis and chondrogenesis but increases adipogenesis and myogenesis in murine bone marrow stromal cells.

The N-terminus of parathyroid hormone-related protein regulates bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. We hypothesized that the nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus are involved. MicroRNA and gene expression analyses were performed on bone marrow stromal cells from mice lacking the nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus (PthrpΔ/Δ ) and age-matched controls. Differentiation assays with microRNA, cytochemical/histologic/morphologic, protein, and gene expression analyses were performed. PthrpΔ/Δ bone marrow stromal cells are anti-osteochondrogenic, pro-adipogenic, and pro-myogenic, expressing more Klf4, Gsk-3ß, Lif, Ct-1, and microRNA-434 but less ß-catenin, Igf-1, Taz, Osm, and microRNA-22 (p ⩽ 0.024). PthrpΔ/Δ osteoblasts had less mineralization, osteocalcin, Runx2, Osx, Igf-1, and leptin (p ⩽ 0.029). PthrpΔ/Δ produced more adipocytes, Pparγ, and aP2, but less Lpl (p ⩽ 0.042). PthrpΔ/Δ cartilage pellets were smaller with less Sox9 and Pth1r, but greater Col2a1 (p ⩽ 0.024). PthrpΔ/Δ produced more myocytes, Des, and Myog (p ⩽ 0.021). MicroRNA changes supported these findings. In conclusion, the nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus are pro-osteochondrogenic, anti-adipogenic, and anti-myogenic.