How reliable are sino-nasal cell lines for studying the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis?

BACKGROUND: Well-characterized cell lines represent useful scientific tools to study the pathophysiology of human disease. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a very common condition, though the number of CRS cell lines is limited, as are data showing how closely they resemble primary cells. METHODOLOGY: Searches for available human cell lines were performed using the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC). Identified cells were cultured and characterized with tinctorial and immunohistochemical staining and ELISA to assess their response to common, disease-relevant inflammatory stimuli. Carefully phenotyped CRS patients were recruited with informed consent. Primary nasal epithelial cell (PNEC) brushings were harvested, cultured, and compared to the available cell lines. RESULTS: Searches identified 1 relevant CRS sino-nasal cell line, RPMI 2650. Cultured PNECs showed strong expression of epithelial markers while being negative for mesenchymal markers. However, RPMI 2650 cells show an atypical mixed epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype. When stimulated by pro-inflammatory ligands, PNECs responded in a dose-dependent manner, whereas RPMI 2650 cells showed limited response. CONCLUSIONS: The number and availability of cell lines to study the pathophysiology of CRS greatly underrepresent the disease burden. Additionally, the sole commercially available cell line appears to have a different phenotype and behavior to primary patient-derived cells. The development of further reproducible cell lines would be beneficial in our understanding of CRS.

Mechanistic differences between phenotypes of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

Distinct phenotypes of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) after lung transplantation are emerging with lymphocytic bronchiolitis (LB)/azithromycin reversible allograft dysfunction (ARAD), classical or fibrotic bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS) proposed as separate entities. We have additionally identified lung transplant recipients with prior LB, demonstrating persistent airway neutrophilia (PAN) despite azithromycin treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the airway microenvironment in different phenotypes of CLAD. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from recipients identified as stable (control), LB/ARAD, PAN, BOS, and RAS were evaluated for differential cell counts and concentrations of IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to BAL supernatants from different phenotypes and their viability measured. BOS and RAS showed increased BAL neutrophilia but no change in cytokine concentrations compared with prediagnosis. In both LB/ARAD and PAN, significant increases in IL-1α, IL-1ß, and IL-8 were present. BAL IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were increased in PAN and only this phenotype demonstrated decreased epithelial cell viability after exposure to BAL fluid. This study demonstrates clear differences in the airway microenvironment between different CLAD phenotypes. Systematic phenotyping of CLAD may help the development of more personalized approaches to treatment.