Effects of compulsory rural vocational training for Australian general practitioners: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing the recruitment of doctors, including general practitioners (GPs), to rural areas is recognised as a health priority internationally. Australian GP trainees (registrars) complete a mandatory minimum of 6 months training in a rural area. The rationale for this includes the expectation of increased likelihood of a future choice of rural practice location. METHOD: A qualitative study employing semistructured in-depth interviews and a modified grounded methodology. Participants were 15 registrars from an Australian GP postgraduate training program. RESULTS: Though generally a rewarding clinical learning experience, negative aspects of the rural placement included the disruption to personal lives of rural relocation and the stresses involved in higher levels of clinical responsibility. These stressors could undermine rather than enhance clinical confidence. Anxiety and depression were accompaniments for some registrars. Intention to practice rurally was little influenced by this compulsory placement. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of positive effects on rural practice destination in studies of medical undergraduates should not be generalised to GP registrars. The positive clinical learning experience of most registrars in rural terms must be balanced with the social dislocation involved in rural relocation and the adverse effects of the rural experience, for some registrars, on professional confidence and psychological well being.

Interference by atrazine and bisphenol-A with progestin binding to the ovarian progestin membrane receptor and induction of oocyte maturation in Atlantic croaker.

Recent studies have shown that several environmental chemicals which disrupt classical genomic steroid actions can also interfere with nongenomic steroid actions initiated at the cell surface. The effects of bisphenol-A and atrazine on the nongenomic actions of a progestin, 17,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20 beta-S), on oocyte maturation (OM) were investigated an in vitro Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) oocyte bioassay. Treatment of croaker follicle-enclosed oocytes with either bisphenol-A or atrazine blocked OM in response to 20 beta-S in a concentration-dependent manner at 10-25 microM (2.2-5.7 ppm) and higher concentrations. These compounds were also effective competitors at concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-5)M of [3H]-20 beta-S binding to the ovarian progestin membrane receptor that mediates the OM response to 20 beta-S. The results suggest that diverse classes of environmental chemicals can disrupt nongenomic progestin actions via receptor-mediated mechanisms.

Habitat fragmentation has some impacts on aspects of ecosystem functioning in a sub-tropical seagrass bed.

Habitat fragmentation impacts ecosystem functioning in many ways, including reducing the availability of suitable habitat for animals and altering resource dynamics. Fragmentation in seagrass ecosystems caused by propeller scarring is a major source of habitat loss, but little is known about how scars impact ecosystem functioning. Propeller scars were simulated in seagrass beds of Abaco, Bahamas, to explore potential impacts. To determine if plant-herbivore interactions were altered by fragmentation, amphipod grazers were excluded from half the experimental plots, and epiphyte biomass and community composition were compared between grazer control and exclusion plots. We found a shift from light limitation to phosphorus limitation at seagrass patch edges. Fragmentation did not impact top-down control on epiphyte biomass or community composition, despite reduced amphipod density in fragmented habitats. Seagrass and amphipod responses to propeller scarring suggest that severely scarred seagrass beds could be subject to changes in internal nutrient stores and amphipod distribution.

Is a community still a community? Reviewing definitions of key terms in community ecology.

Community ecology is an inherently complicated field, confounded by the conflicting use of fundamental terms. Nearly two decades ago, Fauth et al. (1996) demonstrated that imprecise language led to the virtual synonymy of important terms and so attempted to clearly define four keywords in community ecology; "community," "assemblage," "guild," and "ensemble". We revisit Fauth et al.'s conclusion and discuss how the use of these terms has changed over time since their review. An updated analysis of term definition from a selection of popular ecological textbooks suggests that definitions have drifted away from those encountered pre-1996, and slightly disagreed with results from a survey of 100 ecology professionals (comprising of academic professors, nonacademic PhDs, graduate and undergraduate biology students). Results suggest that confusion about these terms is still widespread in ecology. We conclude with clear suggestions for definitions of each term to be adopted hereafter to provide greater cohesion among research groups.