[Hemoglobin curves during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron]. / Curvas de hemoglobina ao longo da gestação antes e após a fortificação de farinhas com ferro.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of hemoglobin-Hb during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with data from 12,119 pregnant women attended at a public prenatal from five macro regions of Brazil. The sample was divided into two groups: Before-fortification (birth before June/2004) and After-fortification (last menstruation after June/2005). Hb curves were compared with national and international references. Polynomial regression models were built, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Although the higher levels of Hb in all gestational months after-fortification, the polynomial regression did not show the fortification effect (p=0.3). Curves in the two groups were above the references in the first trimester, with following decrease and stabilization at the end of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Although the fortification effect was not confirmed, the study presents variation of Hb levels during pregnancy, which is important for assistencial practice and evaluation of public policies.

Anaemia in pregnant women before and after the mandatory fortification of wheat and corn flours with iron.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of anaemia in pregnant women before and after the fortification of flours with Fe. DESIGN: Retrospective study developed from secondary data obtained from medical records. SETTING: Two health units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Socio-economic, demographic, obstetric and Hb concentration data were collected of 778 pregnant women attending prenatal care. Two study groups were created: the first referred to the period before fortification (G1, n 391), including women whose parturition happened before June 2004; and the second referred to the period after fortification (G2, n 387), including women whose last menstrual cycle happened after June 2005. The Hb cut-off point adopted for anaemia diagnosis was <11.0 g/dl. RESULTS: In linear regression models, when Hb concentration was expressed as a dependent variable, women in G2 presented Hb concentration 0.26 g/dl and 0.36 g/dl higher during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively, compared with G1. In logistic regression models where the dependent variable was anaemia during the second and third trimesters, it was verified that being a member of G2 was a protective factor against anaemia in the third trimester. Regarding the presence of anaemia at any gestational moment, it was verified that being a member of G2 represented a protective factor against anaemia during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate the protective effect of the fortification of flours with Fe in the fight against gestational anaemia, contributing to prevention and control of this nutritional disorder among pregnant women.

Food consumption and iron intake of pregnant and reproductive aged women.

This study compares the eating habits and consumption of natural and fortified iron sources in pregnant and reproductive aged women. This cross-sectional study was developed in a health center located in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. We studied 61 women, of which 30 were pregnant. A food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall instrument were used. The main natural sources of iron were beans and greens, although fortified foods were also an important source. There was little statistically significant difference between the food consumption of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Inadequate intake of iron, folate and calcium was observed in both groups. Non-pregnant women meet the iron recommendation, considering the iron added in fortified foods, though pregnant women do not. These results suggest the need for mixed strategies: food fortification, iron supplements for pregnant women and nutritional instruction for women in general.

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIOECONOMIC VULNERABILITY.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of anemia with the socioeconomic vulnerability of preschoolers in public day care centers, in the city of Taubaté, SP, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample that analyzed 363 children assisted in public day care centres in low-income and high-income areas of Taubaté, SP, Brazil. The hemoglobin concentration (Hb), dependent variable, was obtained by digital puncture, considering anemic children with Hb concentration <11.0 g/dL. The independent variables such as socioeconomic and demographic conditions were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 19.3% among preschoolers. Children from day care centers with high socioeconomic vulnerability had lower Hb concentration than those from a non-vulnerable area (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The lower concentration of hemoglobin in preschoolers is associated with the location of day care centers in an area of socioeconomic vulnerability. Children attending these day care centers face adverse family conditions such as low income, working mothers, and mothers with low schooling, though they receive social benefits and monitoring by public health services.

Anemia and iron deficiency in primigent parturients in a municipality of Brazilian west Amazon.

To analyze the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in primiparous parturient.Cross-sectional study conducted in a municipality of the Brazilian Western Amazon from July 2014 to December 2015. A convenience sample of 461 first-time pregnant women were interviewed. Data on their sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric, personal habits and nutritional status were collected. Anemia and iron depletion were measured by peripheral blood collection with hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation index. To test the association between the variables, the χ tests were applied and Poisson regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval was performed, and P < .05 values were considered significant. The Forward stepwise strategy was used to construct the adjusted model. These analyzes were performed using the STATA 14.0 program (College Station, TX, 2013).A higher risk of anemia was identified among adolescent; white; who had a partner; with unpaid occupation, with less than eight years of formal education. Residents in the countryside; smokers; who had more than six prenatal consultations and were overweight.Anemia was reported in 28.20% and iron depletion in 60.52% of parturient women. The variables studied did not have association with the anemia outcome, except alcohol consumption.

Nutrition profile of children in Maranhão state. / Perfil nutricional de crianças no estado do Maranhão.

INTRODUCTION: Combating malnutrition is among the greatest health challenges and needs to be guided by the reality of each region. Studies that assess nutritional status are essential to support interventions, especially in children. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional status of under-five children attended by the family health strategyin the state of Maranhao. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with children of a sample of probabilistic and stratified representative for the state, six to 59 months. The variables age of the child, gender, household situation and Food Insecurity (Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity) classification were collected through interviews. The z-score (Z) values ​of height for age, weight for height and Body Mass Index (BMI) for age were calculated.Thenutritional status of the children was classified according to the norms of the Ministry of Health. Statistical methods of correlation were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Of the 956 children, 9.6% had low or very low height for age. According to the BMI for age overweight was observed in 23.2% of children. The rural children have on average less height and body mass index Z. In total 70.4% of children were food insecure with inverse correlation with height-for-age Z (r = -0,15, p < 0,0001) and no correlation with BMI z score for age (r = -0,05, p= 0,09). CONCLUSION: Chronic malnutrition can still be considered a public health problem despite the nutritional transition that already occurs in these families.

INTRODUÇÃO: O combate à má nutrição está entre os maiores desafios de saúde e precisa ser norteado conforme a realidade de cada região. Estudos que avaliem o estado nutricional são imprescindíveis para embasar intervenções, principalmente em crianças. OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no Maranhão. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com crianças de 6 a 59 meses, de uma amostra do tipo probabilística e estratificada, representativa para o estado. Foram coletadas, por entrevistas, as variáveis "idade da criança", "sexo", "situação do domicílio" e "classificação de Insegurança Alimentar" (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar). Foi realizado o cálculo dos valores de escore z (Z) de estatura para a idade, peso para a estatura e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) para a idade. Oestado nutricional foi classificado segundo as normas do Ministério da Saúde. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados métodos estatísticos de correlação. RESULTADOS: Das 956 crianças, 9,6% apresentaram estatura baixa ou muito baixa. Segundo o Z de IMC, o excesso de peso foi observado em 23,2% das crianças. As crianças da zona rural têm média Z de estatura e de IMC menor. No total, 70,4% das crianças apresentaram situação de insegurança alimentar, com correlação inversa com a estatura (r: -0,15; p < 0,0001) e sem correlação com o Z de IMC (r: -0,05; p = 0,09). CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição crônica ainda pode ser considerada um problema de saúde pública no Maranhão, a despeito da transição nutricional que já ocorre nessas famílias.

Relation of Food Insecurity and Hemoglobin Level in Preschool Aged Children.

BACKGROUND: The iron deficiency anemia is a worldwide public problem, especially in developing countries, related to increased body needs and inadequate supply of iron from the diet. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of food insecurity with hemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anemia in preschool aged children in the city of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 306 children of preschool age. The nutritional status was assessed according to hemoglobin level and anthropometric indicators. Socioeconomic data and Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA) results were obtained from interview with parents. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was around 19% of preschool aged children and 41.2% families presented food insecurity. The anthropometric indicators were not associated with food insecurity and even though the bivariate analysis demonstrated that mild food insecurity affects the hemoglobin level, after adjusting the multivariate model this association lost significance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anemia of 19.2% and the household food insecurity was found among 42.2% of the population.

Iron deficiency anemia and its relationship with socioeconomic vulnerability / Anemia por deficiência de ferro e sua relação com a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the association of anemia with the socioeconomic vulnerability of preschoolers in public day care centers, in the city of Taubaté, SP, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample that analyzed 363 children assisted in public day care centres in low-income and high-income areas of Taubaté, SP, Brazil. The hemoglobin concentration (Hb), dependent variable, was obtained by digital puncture, considering anemic children with Hb concentration <11.0 g/dL. The independent variables such as socioeconomic and demographic conditions were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 19.3% among preschoolers. Children from day care centers with high socioeconomic vulnerability had lower Hb concentration than those from a non-vulnerable area (p<0.05). Conclusions: The lower concentration of hemoglobin in preschoolers is associated with the location of day care centers in an area of socioeconomic vulnerability. Children attending these day care centers face adverse family conditions such as low income, working mothers, and mothers with low schooling, though they receive social benefits and monitoring by public health services.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação da anemia com a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de pré-escolares de creches públicas da cidade de Taubaté, SP, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra probabilística que analisou 363 crianças assistidas em creches públicas de regiões de baixa e alta renda de Taubaté. A concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), variável dependente, foi obtida por meio de punção digital, considerando anêmicas as crianças com concentração de Hb<11,0 g/dL. As variáveis independentes como condições socioeconômicas e demográficas foram coletadas por questionário semiestruturado. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia por deficiência de ferro foi de 19,3% entre os pré-escolares. As crianças das creches de elevada vulnerabilidade socioeconômica apresentaram concentração de Hb estatisticamente menor do que aquelas de região não vulnerável (p<0,05). Conclusões: A menor concentração de Hb em pré-escolares está associada à localização das creches em região de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, uma vez que as crianças que frequentam tais creches enfrentam condições adversas familiares, como baixa renda, mães que trabalham e com baixa escolaridade, embora recebam benefício social e acompanhamento pelos serviços públicos de saúde.

[Hemoglobin concentration in children from birth to one year of age]. / Concentração de hemoglobina em crianças do nascimento até um ano de vida.

This study aimed to describe the evolution of hemoglobin concentration considering the following factors: birth weight, growth rate, and food intake. The cross-sectional study focused on infants (<1 year of age) whose growth and development were monitored by public health services in cities located in the five geographic regions of Brazil. Some 51.7% of the children aged 6 to 12 months presented anemia. Estimation of [Hb] concentration by a theoretical equation suggested that endogenous iron is able to maintain normal Hb levels in the first three months of life. Prevalence of reduced Hb was higher in low birth weight infants. Growth rate, verified by the difference between present weight and birth weight in Z scores, was not the relevant factor for hemoglobin concentration. The relevance of breastfeeding was evident in the initial months of life. However, complementary foods did not influence infant Hb concentration. The high prevalence of low Hb levels calls attention to the need for programs to control anemia.

Perfil nutricional de crianças no estado do Maranhão / Nutrition profile of children in Maranhão state

RESUMO: Introdução: O combate à má nutrição está entre os maiores desafios de saúde e precisa ser norteado conforme a realidade de cada região. Estudos que avaliem o estado nutricional são imprescindíveis para embasar intervenções, principalmente em crianças. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no Maranhão. Método: Estudo transversal com crianças de 6 a 59 meses, de uma amostra do tipo probabilística e estratificada, representativa para o estado. Foram coletadas, por entrevistas, as variáveis "idade da criança", "sexo", "situação do domicílio" e "classificação de Insegurança Alimentar" (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar). Foi realizado o cálculo dos valores de escore z (Z) de estatura para a idade, peso para a estatura e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) para a idade. Oestado nutricional foi classificado segundo as normas do Ministério da Saúde. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados métodos estatísticos de correlação. Resultados: Das 956 crianças, 9,6% apresentaram estatura baixa ou muito baixa. Segundo o Z de IMC, o excesso de peso foi observado em 23,2% das crianças. As crianças da zona rural têm média Z de estatura e de IMC menor. No total, 70,4% das crianças apresentaram situação de insegurança alimentar, com correlação inversa com a estatura (r: -0,15; p < 0,0001) e sem correlação com o Z de IMC (r: -0,05; p = 0,09). Conclusão: A desnutrição crônica ainda pode ser considerada um problema de saúde pública no Maranhão, a despeito da transição nutricional que já ocorre nessas famílias.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Combating malnutrition is among the greatest health challenges and needs to be guided by the reality of each region. Studies that assess nutritional status are essential to support interventions, especially in children. Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of under-five children attended by the family health strategyin the state of Maranhao. Method: Cross-sectional study with children of a sample of probabilistic and stratified representative for the state, six to 59 months. The variables age of the child, gender, household situation and Food Insecurity (Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity) classification were collected through interviews. The z-score (Z) values ​of height for age, weight for height and Body Mass Index (BMI) for age were calculated.Thenutritional status of the children was classified according to the norms of the Ministry of Health. Statistical methods of correlation were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 956 children, 9.6% had low or very low height for age. According to the BMI for age overweight was observed in 23.2% of children. The rural children have on average less height and body mass index Z. In total 70.4% of children were food insecure with inverse correlation with height-for-age Z (r = -0,15, p < 0,0001) and no correlation with BMI z score for age (r = -0,05, p= 0,09). Conclusion: Chronic malnutrition can still be considered a public health problem despite the nutritional transition that already occurs in these families.

Family Health Strategy and prevalence of anemia in women in an urban region of high Human Development Index / Estratégia de Saúde da Família e prevalência de anemia em mulheres de uma região urbana de alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency anemia is a major public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hemoglobin value and the prevalence of anemia in women in reproductive age, mothers of children enrolled in municipal day care centers in a municipality with a high Human Development Index, in the Southeast region of Brazil, and related factors, including being attended by the Family Health Strategy. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 230 women between 15 and 49 years old. Data collection was performed through a form, addressing socioeconomic variables and maternal health. It was verified: weight, height and hemoglobin concentration dosage. : The prevalence of anemia in women was 9.6%, with an average hemoglobin concentration of 14.6 g / dL. In the bivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with anemia: age, having a disease, obstetric complications in the pregnancy of the studied child and, as a protective factor, being in the Family Health Strategy program. In the binary logistic analysis, only being met by the Family Health Strategy proved to be a significant protective effect against anemia (OR = 0.391, p <0.05). CONCLUSION: Although there is a slight prevalence of anemia, according to World Health Organization criteria, in urban areas with a high Human Development Index, well-conducted health care policies, the Family Health Strategy in particular can contribute to further reduce plus the prevalence of this condition in the health of women of reproductive age.

INTRODUÇÃO: Anemia ferropriva é um importante problema de saúde pública. OBJETIVO: Analisar o valor de hemoglobina e a prevalência de anemia em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, mães de filhos inscritos em creches municipais de um município com alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, na região Sudeste, além de fatores a elas relacionados, incluindo serem atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra constituída por 230 mulheres entre 15 e 49 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de formulário, abordando variáveis socioeconômicas e saúde materna. Verificaram-se: peso, estatura e dosagem da concentração da hemoglobina. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia nas mulheres foi de 9,6%, com média de concentração da hemoglobina de 14,6g/dL. Na análise bivariada, mostraram associação com anemia as variáveis: idade, ter alguma doença, intercorrências obstétricas na gestação da criança estudada e, como fator de proteção, estar no programa Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Na análise binária logística, apenas ser atendida pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família demonstrou ser significante efeito protetor frente à anemia (OR=0,391, p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de haver uma prevalência leve de anemia, pelo critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde, em área urbana de alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, políticas de atenção à saúde e bem conduzidas, a Estratégia de Saúde da Família em particular, podem contribuir para reduzir ainda mais a prevalência desse agravo na saúde das mulheres em idade reprodutiva.

Agreement assessment between hemoglobin and hematocrit to detect anemia prevalence in children less than 5 years old / Avaliação da concordância entre hemoglobina e hematócrito para detectar prevalência de anemia em crianças menores de 5 anos

Abstract This study aimed to assess the extent of agreement between hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht), while also verifying whether anemia prevalence can be determined by hematocrit cut-off points. A hundred pairs of capillary Hb and Ht of children less than 5 years old were analyzed. The Hb and Ht concentrations were measured using HemoCue and microhematocrit centrifuge, respectively. The Bland and Altman’s method was used to assess the agreement between ‘observed Hb’ and ‘Hb estimated through Ht’ (Hb = Ht/3). The ROC curve was constructed based on the reference to anemia classification according to Hb. The subjects were classified according to the status of anemia obtained through the Ht, also evaluating the agreement regarding Hb. The area under the ROC curve identified that Ht <35% correctly classified 85% of subjects with Hb <11.0 g/dL. However, the cut-off point of <33% showed higher kappa (k = 0.49 against 0.41) and higher relative agreement (82% vs. 74%) compared to Ht <35%. Our findings indicate that capillary Hb and Ht could be used either together or separately to assess the prevalence of anemia. Considering the need to identify iron deficiency anemia with a single indicator in population studies, the use of Ht would be simpler and cost-saving.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de concordância entre a hemoglobina (Hb) e o hematócrito (Ht), para verificar se a prevalência de anemia pode ser determinada pelo hematócrito. Cem pares de Hb e Ht capilar de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade foram analisados. A concentração de Ht e Hb foi medida utilizando centrífuga para microhematócrito e HemoCue, respectivamente. A análise de Bland e Altman foi utilizada para avaliar as diferenças entre os valores observados de Hb e de Hb estimada através de hematócrito (Hb = Ht / 3). A curva ROC foi calculada com referência à classificação de anemia ferropriva, a partir dos resultados de Hb. Os indivíduos foram classificados de acordo com o estado de anemia a partir do Ht, comparando com a avaliação obtida a partir da Hb. A área sob a curva ROC permite identificar que Ht <35% corretamente classificava 85% dos indivíduos com Hb <11,0 g/dL. No entanto, o ponto de corte Ht <33% apresentou maior kappa (k = 0,49 contra 0,41) e concordância relativa mais elevada (82% vs. 74%) em comparação com Ht <35%. A hemoglobina e o hematócrito capilar podem ser usados em conjunto ou separadamente para avaliar a prevalência de anemia. Considerando a necessidade de identificar a anemia ferropriva com um único indicador em estudos populacionais, a utilização do Ht seria mais simples e econômica.

Anemia among pregnant women attending primary healthcare units in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: evaluations after the mandatory fortification of wheat and maize flours with iron

BACKGROUND: Improvements in the iron status of a population as result of food fortification are expected at the long term. In Brazil, the effectiveness of mandatory flour fortification with iron has been evidenced mostly from surveys on gestational anemia after 1 or 2 years from its implementation, in 2004. Our aim was to assess hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and the prevalences of anemia and linked erythrocyte morphology patterns among pregnant women in 2006 and 2008.METHODS: The study design was retrospective and cross-sectional. The analysis was based on secondary data in 546medical records from women at the times of their first prenatal attendance in 13 public primary healthcare units of the Butantan Administrative Region from São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Anemia was evaluated from Hb concentration (cut-off <11.0 g/dL) and erythrocyte morphology patterns from mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MHC), and red cell distribution widths (RDW). Recorded sociodemographic and obstetric data included maternal age, gestational age, ethnoracial self-classification, and residence type. Student's t tests, analysis of variance, Chi-squared tests, and multiple linear and logistic regressions were employed in the statistical analysis using a significance level of 5 %.RESULTS:The prevalence of anemia was 9.7 % in 2006 and 9.4 % in 2008 (P= 0.922), with no significant difference in mean Hb concentrations (P= 0.159). Normocytosis (normal MVC), normochromia (normal MHC), and anisocytosis (high RDW) were found in most anemia cases, suggesting that the low Hb concentrations resulted from mixed causes. In multiple regression analysis, gestational age at the first prenatal attendance was an independent predictor of low Hb and of having anemia. Moreover, black ethnoracial self-classification was associated with lower Hb. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gestational anemia was low among women in both of the studied periods, representing a mild public health problem. Our results highlight the importance of early prenatal care as a means of reducing gestation-associated risks. The erythrocyte morphology pattern found in most cases of low Hb levels suggests that, besides iron deficiency, hemoglobin pathies and nutritional deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 are common complicating factors of gestational anemia in our setting.

Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25% to 20% after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37% to 29%) and North (32% to 25%) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18% to 15%) and South (7% to 6%) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

Práticas alimentares e estado nutricional de população atendida em unidades básicas de saúde / Eating habits and nutritional status of the population attended in the basic health units

Introdução: As práticas alimentares da população refletem no estado nutricional. Objetivo: Identificar o estado nutricional de mães e crianças no 1o ano de vida e suas práticas alimentares. Metodologia: Estudo transversal desenvolvido em 8 Unidades de Saúde (2 UBS e 6 ESF) entre 122 crianças com até 1 ano de idade e suas respectivas mães. Peso e altura das mulheres foram obtidos no momento da entrevista (referidos) e dos prontuários, e os das crianças foram mensurados na consulta de puericultura. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por meio de entrevistas. Resultados: Arroz, feijão e pão foram consumidos diariamente enquanto o macarrão tem um consumo semanal. Frutas, verduras e legumes (FVL) apareceram com baixa frequência. Enquanto metade das mulheres apresentou excesso de peso, 16% das crianças estavam com déficit de peso. Conclusões: A alimentação da população estudada é similar à descrita para o Brasil: arroz/feijão, carnes e pão, e FVL são consumidos raramente.A prevalência expressiva de excesso de peso materno provavelmente decorrente da alimentação pobre em micronutrientes e rica em calorias, se mantida, certamente, irá comprometer o desenvolvimento infantil e favorecer a mudança do atual quadro de desnutrição para excesso de peso.

Introduction: Population eating habits reflect on nutritional status. Objective: To identify the nutritionalstatus of mothers, and children in the first year of life, and their eating habits. Methodology: Crosssectional study developed in 8 health units (2 Basic Healthy Units (BHU) and 6 Family Health Strategy (FHS) among 122 children under 1 year of age and their mothers. Women’s weight and height were obtained at the time of the interview (reported), and from medical records, and children’s weight andheight were measured on a routine visit. Food consumption information was obtained with interviews. Results: Rice, beans and bread were consumed daily, while pasta has a weekly consumption. Fruits and vegetables (FV) appeared with low frequency. While half of the women were overweight, 16% ofchildren were underweight. Conclusions: Feeding of the studied population is similar to that describedfor Brazil: rice/beans, meat and bread, and FV are rarely consumed. The high prevalence of maternal overweight, probably a result of a meal poor in micronutrients and rich in calories, if maintained, will certainly compromise child development and promote the change of the current picture of malnutrition to overweight.

Anemia e nível de hemoglobina em gestantes de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, antes e após a fortificação compulsória de farinhas com ferro e ácido fólico, 2003-2006 / Anemia and hemoglobin levels in pregnant women from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, before and after the mandatory flour fortification with iron and folic acid, 2003-2006 / Anemia y niveles de hemoglobina en mujeres embarazadas de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, antes y después de la fortificación obligatoria de la harina con hierro y ácido fólico, 2003-2006

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência de anemia e níveis de hemoglobina de gestantes, antes e após a fortificação compulsória de farinhas com ferro, e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: foram comparadas duas amostras transversais independentes de gestantes de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil (2003 a 2006), alocadas em dois grupos - não fortificado (n=414) e fortificado (n=539); realizou-se análise de regressão logística e linear, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença entre os grupos não fortificado e fortificado, na prevalência de anemia (22,2% e 27,8%, respectivamente; p=0,051) e no nível de hemoglobina (ambos com média de 11,7g/dL; p=0,058); maior prevalência de anemia e menor média de hemoglobina associaram-se com maior número de gestações anteriores, maior idade gestacional e baixo peso no início da gestação. CONCLUSÕES: não se encontrou efeito significativo da fortificação compulsória de farinhas, embora a avaliação da gestação indique alta prevalência de anemia e variáveis importantes a serem consideradas.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin levels among pregnant women before and after mandatory flour fortification with iron, and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: We compared two independent cross-sectional samples of pregnant women from Cuiaba-MT, Brazil (2003 to 2006), divided into two groups: not-fortified (n=414) and fortified (n=539); we conducted logistic and linear regression analysis, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: there were no differences between the not-fortified and fortified groups with regard to the prevalence of anemia (22.2% and 27.8%, respectively; p=0.051) and hemoglobin level (mean=11.7g/dL; p=0.058); higher anemia prevalence and lower mean hemoglobin levels were associated with a higher number of previous pregnancies, greater gestational age and lower weight in early pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: the study shows no significant effect of mandatory flour fortification with iron, but it highlights an important prevalence of anemia and associated factors that must be considered in the evaluation of anemia in pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la prevalencia de anemia y niveles de hemoglobina en mujeres embarazadas antes y después de la fortificación obligatoria de la harina con hierro y los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: se compararon dos muestras transversales independientes de mujeres embarazadas de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil (2003-2006), divididos en dos grupos: no-fortificado (n=414) y fortificado (n=539); realizamos análisis de regresión logística y lineal, con nivel de significación de 5%. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencia, entre los grupos, en la prevalencia de anemia (22,2% y 27,8%, respectivamente; p=0,051) o en la concentración de hemoglobina (media en ambos=11,7g/dL; p=0,058); mayor prevalencia de anemia y menor concentración de hemoglobina se asociaron con mayor número de embarazos previos, mayor edad y bajo peso al inicio del embarazo. CONCLUSIONES: no encontramos un efecto significativo de la fortificación obligatoria de harinas, sin embargo mostramos una alta prevalencia de anemia y variables importantes que deben ser consideradas en la evaluación de anemia en el embarazo.

Feeding practices in the first year of life

INTRODUCTION: Feeding is of particular importance in the first year of life when weaning occurs gradually and competes with complementary feeding to meet the nutritional needs of a child in order to ensure growth and development. OBJECTIVE: To describe feeding practices in infants in the first year of life. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire about a child's eating habits. The sample consisted of 122 children aged up to 365 days, divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 34 children up to 3 full months of age, and group 2 consisted of 88 children, 4-12 months old. RESULTS: Among the children in group 1, only 35.29% were exclusively breastfed, but 95.9% of the study population reported having been breastfed; and 55.68% of children in group 2 still take milk. In group 2, among the foods already introduced in the infants' feeding was: 83% fruit, 69% vegetables, meat broth 52.27%, 58% meat (beef and chicken), 76% bean broth, 42% beans, 59% rice /noodles, 78% potatoes, 22.72% egg yolk, 16% whole egg and 61% bread wafer. There was no reference to vegetables from 52.27% of the population, and 73.86% and 75% have not introduced fish or liver, respectively. CONCLUSION: The dietary habits of children who participated in the study include a great diversity of food, but there was a low proportion of exclusive breastfeeding as a result of the early introduction of complementary foods. A low consumption of foods such as vegetables and liver was observed...

INTRODUÇÃO: A alimentação é especialmente importante no primeiro ano de vida quando ocorre o desmame progressivo e compete à alimentação complementar suprir as necessidades nutricionais da criança a fim de garantir o crescimento e desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prática alimentar em crianças no primeiro ano de vida. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com aplicação de questionário sobre a prática alimentar da criança. A amostra foi constituída de 122 crianças com idade até 365 dias divididas em 2 grupos: com até 3 meses completos de idade (34 crianças) e o grupo 2 foi formado por 88 crianças de 4 a 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Entre as crianças do grupo 1, apenas 35,29% estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo porém 95,9% da população de estudo referiu ter sido amamentada e 55,68% das crianças do grupo 2 ainda tomam leite materno. Dentre os alimentos já introduzidos na alimentação das crianças do grupo 2, obteve-se: 83% para frutas, 69% legumes, 52,27% caldo de carnes, 58% de carnes (bovina e frango), 76% caldo de feijão, 42% feijão, 59% arroz/macarrão, 78% batata, 22,72% gema de ovo,16% ovo inteiro e 61% pão e bolacha. Verificou-se ausência de referência a verduras entre 52,27% da população, 73,86% não introduziram peixe e 75% o fígado. CONCLUSÃO: As práticas alimentares das crianças que participaram do estudo incluem grande diversidade de alimentos, porém houve baixa proporção de aleitamento materno exclusivo, em consequência da introdução precoce da alimentação complementar. Foi verificado baixo consumo de alguns alimentos como verduras e fígado...

Hemoglobin curves during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron / Curvas de hemoglobina ao longo da gestação antes e após a fortificação de farinhas com ferro / Curvas de hemoglobina durante el embarazo antes y después de la fortificación de la harina con hierro

Objective: To assess the level of hemoglobin-Hb during pregnancy before and after fortification of flours with iron. Method: A cross-sectional study with data from 12,119 pregnant women attended at a public prenatal from five macro regions of Brazil. The sample was divided into two groups: Before-fortification (birth before June/2004) and After-fortification (last menstruation after June/2005). Hb curves were compared with national and international references. Polynomial regression models were built, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Although the higher levels of Hb in all gestational months after-fortification, the polynomial regression did not show the fortification effect (p=0.3). Curves in the two groups were above the references in the first trimester, with following decrease and stabilization at the end of pregnancy. Conclusion: Although the fortification effect was not confirmed, the study presents variation of Hb levels during pregnancy, which is important for assistencial practice and evaluation of public policies.
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Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de hemoglobina (Hb) durante el embarazo antes y después de la fortificación de la harina con hierro. Método: Estudio transversal con datos de 12.119 mujeres embarazadas que acuden a consultas prenatales públicas en municipios de las cinco macro-regiones de Brasil. Se formaron dos grupos: Antes de la Fortificación (parto antes de junio de 2004) y Después de la Fortificación (última menstruación después de junio de 2005). Las Curvas de Hb se compararon con referencias nacionales e internacionales. Se construyeron modelos de regresión polinomial, con nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: A pesar de altos niveles de Hb en todos los meses Después de la Fortificación, la regresión polinómica no mostró efecto de la fortificación (p=0,3). Las curvas de los dos grupos estaban por encima de las referencias en el primer trimestre, para luego caer y posteriormente estabilizarse al final del embarazo. Conclusión: Aunque no se observó efecto de la fortificación, el estudio muestra variaciones en los niveles de Hb durante el embarazo, lo que es importante para la práctica asistencial y la evaluación de las políticas públicas.
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Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de hemoglobina-Hb ao longo da gestação antes e após a fortificação de farinhas com ferro. Método: Estudo transversal com dados de 12.119 gestantes atendidas em pré-natal público de municípios das cinco macrorregiões do Brasil. Formaram-se dois grupos: Antes-fortificação (parto anterior a jun/2004) e Após-fortificação (última menstruação posterior a jun/2005). Curvas de Hb foram comparadas com referências nacional e internacional. Construíram-se modelos de regressão polinomial, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Apesar dos níveis superiores de Hb em todos os meses gestacionais após-fortificação, a regressão polinomial não mostrou efeito da fortificação (p=0,3). As curvas dos dois grupos mostraram-se acima das referências no primeiro trimestre, com queda a seguir e estabilização no final da gestação. Conclusão: Apesar de não constatar efeito da fortificação, o estudo apresenta variação dos níveis de Hb durante a gravidez, importante para a prática assistencial e avaliação das políticas públicas. 
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Eficácia do programa nacional de suplementação de ferro no controle de anemia em lactentes assistidos em centros de educaçao infantil / Efficacy of the national program of Iron supplementation in the anaemia control in infants assisted by child education centers

INTRODUÇÃO: a deficiência de ferro ocorre em proporção endêmica entre a população infantil e constitui um dos fatores causais do inadequado desenvolvimento cognitivo, social, motor e de redução da capacidade de aprendizado, colocando os lactentes como grupo prioritário para programas de intervenção nutricional visando o controle da deficiência de ferro. Assim, em 2005 o Ministério da Saúde implantou o Programa Nacional de Suplemento de Ferro (PNSF) disponível para o universo de crianças de 6-24 meses atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. OBJETIVO: verificar a prevalência de anemia e a eficácia da suplementação profilática com o sulfato ferroso fornecido pelo Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Ferro (PNSF) do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo prospectivo de intervenção, que foi desenvolvido no município de Guarujá-SP no universo de crianças de 6-24 meses frequentadoras de creches públicas cujos responsáveis autorizaram sua participação. O suplemento de ferro foi oferecido de acordo com as normas do PNSF e o diagnóstico de anemia foi realizado antes e seis meses após o período de intervenção. Como critério de anemia utilizou-se os padrões da Organização Mundial da Saúde que define anemia moderada para valores de hemoglobina (Hb) entre 11,0 e 9,5gHb/dL e anemia grave para valores inferiores a 9,5gHb/dL. RESULTADOS: do total das 136 crianças menores de 2 anos, 81% participou do estudo. Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a concentração média de Hb antes e após o período de intervenção (p = 0,684). A média inicial de Hb foi 11,6g/dL(D.p. = 1,82) e a final 11,5 g/dL (d.p.1,31). Embora apenas 11 dos 49 anêmicos atingissem os valores normais, 33 deles apresentaram um aumento na concentração de Hb. CONCLUSÃO: houve um aumento na concentração de hemoglobina entre as crianças com anemia grave. Não houve mudança na situação das crianças com anemia moderada. A suplementação com sulfato ferroso ...

INTRODUCTION: iron deficiency occurs in endemic proportion among children and is one of the causal factors of inappropriate cognitive, social, motor and reduced learning ability, putting infants as a priority group for nutritional intervention programs aiming to control iron deficiency. Thus, in 2005 the Ministry of Health established the National Program of Iron Supplementation (PNSF) available for the universe of children of 6-24 months old attended in Basic Health Units. OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of anaemia and analyse the efficacy of profilatic supplementation with ferrous sufate. METHODS: a prospective follow-up study intervention that was developed in the city of Guarujá - SP, Brazil in the universe of children between 6-24 months old attended in the Public Basic Health Units whose parents authorized their participation. The supplement was offered in accordance with the standards of PNSF and diagnosis of anaemia was performed before and 6 months after the intervention period. As a criterion for anaemia was used the standards of the World Health Organization that defines moderate anaemia to haemoglobin (Hb) between 11.0 and 9,5gHb/dL and severe anaemia to below 9,5gHb/dL. RESULTS: a total of 136 children under two years, (81% of total) participated in the study. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean Hb concentration before and after the intervention period (p=0.684). The initial mean Hb was 11,6g/dL (SD=1.82) and the final 11.5g/dL (SD=1.31). Although only 11 of the 49 anemic reached normal values, 33 of them showed an increase in Hb concentration. CONCLUSION: there was an increase in Hb concentration among children with severe anaemia. There was no change in the situation of children with moderate anaemia. Supplementation with ferrous sulphate...