Repeated simultaneous cortical electrophysiological and behavioral recording in rats exposed to manganese-containing nanoparticles.

Male Wistar rats wearing chronically implanted cortical electrodes were exposed to Mn-containing nanoparticles via the airways for 8 weeks following a 2-week pre-exposure period. The rats' cortical electrical activity and open field motility was recorded simultaneously, in weekly repetitions. It was supposed that this technique can provide better insight in the development of Mn-induced CNS damage. Decreased motility (less distance covered, longer periods of immobility) and increased total power of cortical electrical activity developed in parallel in the first 4-5 weeks of treatment but showed little change afterwards. Both the behavioral and the electrophysiological effect were in fair correlation with the rats' internal Mn exposure determined from brain samples. The results confirmed the non-linear dose- and time-dependence of Mn effects suggested by previous studies. Repeated simultaneous behavioral and electrophysiological recording during a longer treatment with neurotoxic metals (or other xenobiotics) seems to be a promising method.

Investigation of activation cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on ruthenium up to 50 MeV.

The activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on natural ruthenium have been measured up to 50 MeV for production of radioisotopes of rhodium (105Rh, 102mRh,102gRh,101mRh,101gRh, 100gRh, 99mRh, 99gRh), ruthenium (105Ru,103Ru (cum), 102Ru (cum), 97Ru (cum), 95Ru (cum)) and of technetium (99mTc, 96gTc (m+), 95mTc (cum), 95gTc (cum), 94gTc,93gTc (m+)). The results are compared with the predictions of the most common theoretical nuclear reaction model codes (ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL)). From the measured cross section physical yields have been calculated for all measured radioisotopes. The medically important radioisotopes are discussed from the point of view of production routes by charged particle methods and other alternatives.

Experimental investigation and theoretical evaluation of proton induced nuclear reactions on nickel.

The cross-sections for proton-induced nuclear reactions on natural nickel were experimentally measured for the natNi(p,x)60,61,64Cu, natNi(p,x)55,57,58Co and natNi(p,x)57Ni reactions from their respective thresholds up to 17 MeV proton energy. The stacked-foil technique in combination with HPGe γ-ray spectroscopy was used. Three codes were used in the theoretical calculations namely ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-3.2.2 and TENDL-2017. Comparison of the present results with the earlier reported experimental data and with the code results were carried out.

Production cross sections of Mo, Nb and Zr radioisotopes from α-induced reaction on natZr.

Cross sections of α-induced reactions on natural zirconium were measured up to 50 MeV using the stacked-foil technique, activation method and high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The production cross sections of 93m,99Mo, 90g,92m,95g,95m,96Nb and 88,89g,95Zr were determined and compared with other experimental data measured earlier and result of theoretical calculations. The integral thick target yield of 99Mo was deduced from the measured cross section data.

Study of activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on erbium in the 32-50MeV energy range.

Activation cross sections of the natEr(d,x)163,165,166,167,168,170Tm and natEr(d,x)171,161Er nuclear reactions have been measured in the 32-50MeV energy range, above 40MeV for the first time. The activation method with stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma-ray spectroscopy were used. The experimental cross sections were compared with the theoretical predictions in the TENDL-2015 library.

Measurement of activation cross sections of alpha particle induced reactions on iridium up to an energy of 50 MeV.

Cross sections of alpha particle induced nuclear reactions on iridium were investigated using a 51.2-MeV alpha particle beam. The standard stacked-foil target technique and the activation method were applied. The activity of the reaction products was assessed without chemical separation using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Excitation functions for production of gold, platinum and iridium isotopes (196m2Au, 196m,gAu, 195m,gAu, 194Au, 193 m,gAu, 192Au, 191m,gAu, 191Pt, 195mPt, 194gIr, 194mIr, 192gIr, 190gIr and 189Ir) were determined and compared with available earlier measured experimental data and results of theoretical calculations using TALYS code system. Cross section data were reported for the first time for the natIr(α,x)196m2Au, natIr(α,x)196m,gAu, natIr(α,x)191Pt, natIr(α,x)195mPt, natIr(α,x)194gIr, natIr(α,x)194mIr, natIr(α,x)190gIr and natIr(α,x)189Ir processes. A possible production route for 195mPt, the potentially important radionuclide in nuclear medicine, is discussed.

Study of the 192Os(d,2n) reaction for production of the therapeutic radionuclide 192Ir in no-carrier added form.

In the frame of an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) on nuclear data for production of therapeutic radionuclides, the production of 192Ir via deuteron-induced reactions on enriched 192Os was investigated up to 21 MeV deuteron energy. Cross sections were measured using the conventional stacked-foil irradiation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy of the activation products. No earlier experimental data were found in the literature. The excitation functions of the 192Os(d,2n)192m1+gIr and 192Os(d,p)193Os reactions were compared with the results of nuclear model calculations using the standard and presently upgraded versions (D-version) of ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and GNASH codes, while for the (d,2n) channel the GNASH and EMPIRE-II codes reproduced the data in an acceptable way; in both cases for the (d,p) reaction the very large discrepancy observed between the experimental data and standard codes results is vanishing when the upgraded versions of ALICE and EMPIRE-II are used. A comparison of the reactor and cyclotron production routes of 192Ir is given.

Activation cross sections of the 169Tm(d,2n) reaction for production of the therapeutic radionuclide 169Yb.

Activation cross sections of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on (169)Tm were measured up to 20 MeV by using the stacked-foil technique. Special emphasis was on production of the internal radiotherapy related radionuclide (169)Yb. No earlier experimental cross-section data on deuteron induced reactions on (169)Tm were found in the literature. The experimental data were compared with the results of the nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II. The integral yield of the (169)Tm(d,2n)(169)Yb reaction was deduced over the optimum energy range Ed = 20-->9 MeV. At 3.8 MBq/microA.h the yield is lower than that available from the commonly used (168)Yb(n,gamma) (169)Yb reactor method but on the other hand, it is higher than the yields from the earlier investigated (169)Tm(p,n)(169)Yb and (nat)Er(alpha,x) (169)Yb reactions.

Production cross sections of 169Yb and Tm isotopes in deuteron-induced reactions on 169Tm.

The excitation functions of deuteron-induced reactions on 169Tm were measured using the stacked-foil method and high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The production cross sections of a medical radionuclide 169Yb were investigated. The result was compared with the previous experiments and found to be in good agreement. In addition to 169Yb, the production cross sections of Tm isotopes, 170Tm, 168Tm and 167Tm, were measured. These results were compared with the TALYS calculations taken from the TENDL-2015 online data library.

Investigation of activation cross sections for deuteron induced reactions on strontium up to 50MeV.

Excitation functions were measured for the natSr(d,x)88,87m,87g,86g,85gY, 87m,85g,83g,82Sr, 86g,84g,83,82m,81gRb reactions by the stacked foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-spectrometry up to 50MeV. We present the first experimental activation cross section data for all investigated reactions. Our experimental data are compared with the TALYS code results as available in the TENDL-2015 on-line library. Use of deuteron induced reactions on Sr for production of medical isotopes is discussed.

Activation cross-sections of longer lived radioisotopes of proton induced nuclear reactions on terbium up to 65MeV.

Experimental cross sections are presented for the 159Tb(p,xn)153,155,157,159Dy, 152,153,155,156m2,m1,g,158Tb and 153,151Gd nuclear reactions up to 65MeV. The experimental results are compared with the recently reported experimental data and with the results of the nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS as reported in the TENDL-2015 on-line library. Integral thick-target yields are also derived for the reaction products used in practical applications and production routes are discussed.

Activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on silver in the 33-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured for the natAg(d,x)105,104Cd, 110m,108m,106m,105g,104gAg and 101Pd, 105,101mRh reactions over the energy range 33-50MeV by using the stacked foil activation technique and subsequent high-resolution gamma-spectrometry. We present the first experimental cross section data above 40MeV for all of these reactions and the first experimental cross section data for natAg(d,x)108m,104gAg and 105,103Rh. The experimental data are compared with results of the model calculations performed with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D theoretical nuclear reaction model codes and with the TALYS code results as available in the TENDL-2014 and -2015 on-line libraries.

Measurement of activation cross-section of long-lived products in deuteron induced nuclear reactions on palladium in the 30-50MeV energy range.

Excitation functions were measured in the 31-49.2MeV energy range for the natPd(d,xn)111,110m,106m,105,104g,103Ag, natPd(d,x) 111m,109,101,100Pd, natPd(d,x), 105,102m,102g,101m,101g,100,99m,99gRh and natPd(d,x)103,97Ru nuclear reactions by using the stacked foil irradiation technique. The experimental results are compared with our previous results and with the theoretical predictions calculated with the ALICE-D, EMPIRE-D and TALYS (TENDL libraries) codes.

Experimental studies of the deuteron-induced activation cross-sections on natAg.

Excitation functions were measured for the (nat)Ag(d,x)(105,106m,110m)Ag, (nat)Ag(d,x)(107,109)Cd and (27)Al(d,x)(24)Na reactions by the stacked-foil activation technique and high-resolution gamma-spectroscopy over the energy range 0.44-40 MeV. The thick target integral yields were deduced using the measured cross-sections. No experimental data on the (nat)Ag+d process are available in the literature above 27 MeV. The nuclides (105)Ag, (106m)Ag and (109)Cd produced with deuteron induced activation of natural silver have suitable yields and decay characteristics important for thin layer activation (TLA) analysis. The cross-section for the production of (107)Cd and (109)Cd is significantly large. Therefore, the Ag+d process can be an efficient route for the production of isotope with a medium energy accelerator. The results of the model calculation using the TALYS code are not consistent with the present data. A large shift in the incident energy is found in TALYS calculations.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on gold up to 65MeV.

Activation cross sections of proton induced reactions on gold for production of (197m,197g,195m,195g, 193m,193g,192)Hg, (196m,196g(cum),195g(cum),194,191(cum))Au, (191(cum))Pt and (192)Ir were measured up to 65MeV proton energy, some of them for the first time. The new data are in acceptably good agreement with the recently published earlier experimental data in the overlapping energy region. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of the TALYS 1.6 (results in TENDL-2015 on-line library) and EMPIRE 3.2 code.

Activation cross sections of proton and deuteron induced nuclear reactions on holmium and erbium, related to the production of (161)Er and (160)Er medical isotopes.

Experimental excitation functions for long-lived products in proton induced reactions were measured with the activation method in the 37-65MeV energy range on natural holmium. Stacked foil irradiation technique and high resolution gamma spectrometry were used in order to measure cross-section data for the production of (161)Er, (160)Er and (1)(59,157)Dy. For comparison of the production routes of medically related (161)Er and (160)Er radioisotopes new experimental cross section data were deduced for the (162)Er(p,x)(161,160)Er and (162)Er(d,x)(161,160)Er reactions by re-evaluating gamma-ray spectra from earlier measurements. No earlier data were found in the literature for these reactions. The experimental data are compared with results of TALYS theoretical code reported in TENDL-2015.

Cross section measurement of alpha particle induced nuclear reactions on natural cadmium up to 52MeV.

Cross sections of alpha particle induced nuclear reactions have been measured on thin natural cadmium targets foils in the energy range from 11 to 51.2MeV. This work was a part of our systematic study on excitation functions of light ion induced nuclear reactions on different target materials. Regarding the cross sections, the alpha induced reactions are not deeply enough investigated. Some of the produced isotopes are of medical interest, others have application in research and industry. The radioisotope 117mSn is a very important theranostic (therapeutic + diagnostic) radioisotope, so special care was taken to the results for that isotope. The well-established stacked foil technique followed by gamma-spectrometry with HPGe gamma spectrometers were used. The target and monitor foils in the stack were commercial high purity metal foils. From the irradiated targets 117mSn, 113Sn, 110Sn, 117m,gIn, 116mIn, 115mIn, 114mIn, 113mIn, 111In, 110m,gIn, 109mIn, 108m,gIn, 115gCd and 111mCd were identified and their excitation functions were derived. The results were compared with the data of the previous measurements from the literature and with the results of the theoretical nuclear reaction model code calculations TALYS 1.8 (TENDL-2015) and EMPIRE 3.2 (Malta). From the cross section curves thick target yields were calculated and compared with the available literature data.

Investigation of activation cross sections of proton induced reactions on indium up to 70 MeV for practical applications.

Excitation functions were measured for production of the (113,111,110)Sn, (115m,114m,113m,112m,111g,110g)In and (111m,109)Cd radioisotopes by bombardment of In targets with proton beams up to 70 MeV, some of them for the first time. The new results are compared with the earlier experimental data and with the theoretical data in the TENDL-2014 (Talys1.6 based) library. Thick target yields were deduced and application of the new data for production of medically relevant (110m)In,(111g)In,(113m)In and (114m)In, as well as applicability for thin layer activation (TLA) are discussed.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium up to 80MeV.

Activation cross sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on palladium were measured up to 80MeV by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma ray spectrometry. The beam intensity, the incident energy and the energy degradation were controlled by a method based on flux constancy via normalization to the excitation functions of monitor reactions measured in parallel. Excitation functions for direct and cumulative cross-sections were measured for the production of (104m,104g,105g,106m,110m)Ag, (100,101)Pd, (99m,99g,100,101m,101g,102m,102g,105)Rh and (103,97)Ru radioisotopes. The cross section data were compared with the theoretical predictions of TENDL-2014 and -2015 libraries. For practical applications thick target yields were derived from the measured excitation functions. Application in the field of medical radionuclide production is shortly discussed.

Excitation functions for (d,x) reactions on (133)Cs up to Ed=40MeV.

In the frame of a systematic study of excitation functions of deuteron induced reactions the excitation functions of the (133)Cs(d,x)(133m,133mg,131mg)Ba,(134,)(132)Cs and (12)(9m)Xe nuclear reactions were measured up to 40MeV deuteron energies by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and γ-ray spectroscopy of activated samples. The results were compared with calculations performed with the theoretical nuclear reaction codes ALICE-IPPE-D, EMPIRE II-D and TALYS calculation listed in the TENDL-2014 library. A moderate agreement was obtained. Based on the integral yields deduced from our measured cross sections, production of (131)Cs via the (133)Cs(d,4n)(131)Ba→(131)Cs reaction and (133)Ba via (133)Cs(d,2n) reactions is discussed in comparison with other charged particle production routes.