Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Venous Thromboembolism Receiving Edoxaban in the Real World.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness and safety of edoxaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in unselected real-world patients have not been fully evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the Japanese nationwide administrative database, we identified 6,262 VTE patients in whom edoxaban was initiated; these patients were divided into 3 groups based on their index doses: 15 mg/day (n=235), 30 mg/day (n=4,532), and 60 mg/day (n=1,495). We evaluated patient characteristics, recurrent VTEs, and a composite endpoint of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Patient characteristics among the 15-, 30-, and 60-mg edoxaban groups varied widely regarding several aspects, including age (mean 81.0, 76.2, and 65.0 years, respectively) and body weight (mean 49.5, 51.8, and 70.3 kg, respectively). At 180 days, the cumulative incidence of recurrent VTEs in the 15-, 30-, and 60-mg edoxaban groups was 4.4%, 2.6%, and 1.8%, respectively, whereas that of ICH or GI bleeding was 7.3%, 5.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the cumulative incidence of ICH or GI bleeding in patients in the 15-mg edoxaban group was 3.6% for patients aged ≥80 years, 8.4% for those with a body weight <60 kg, and 31.3% for those with renal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Only a minority of patients with VTEs received a super low dose (15 mg) of edoxaban, and these patients may be at higher risk of bleeding as well as VTE recurrence.

Validity of Using Japanese Administrative Data to Identify Inpatients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Referencing the COMMAND VTE Registry.

BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening in-hospital complication. Recently, several studies have reported the clinical characteristics of PE among Japanese patients using the diagnostic procedure combination (DPC)/per diem payment system database. However, the validity of PE identification algorithms for Japanese administrative data is not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of using DPC data to identify acute PE inpatients. METHODS: The reference standard was symptomatic/asymptomatic PE patients included in the COntemporary ManageMent AND outcomes in patients with Venous ThromboEmbolism (COMMAND VTE) registry, which is a cohort study of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) patients in Japan. The validation cohort included all patients discharged from the six hospitals included in both the registry and DPC database. The identification algorithms comprised diagnosis, anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis therapy, and inferior vena cava filter placement. Each algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 43.4% of the validation cohort was female, with a mean age of 67.3 years. The diagnosis-based algorithm showed a sensitivity of 90.2% (222/246; 95% confidence interval [CI], 85.8-93.6%), a specificity of 99.8% (228,485/229,027; 95% CI, 99.7-99.8%), a PPV of 29.1% (222/764; 95% CI, 25.9-32.4%) and an NPV of 99.9% (228,485/229,509; 95% CI, 99.9-99.9%) for identifying symptomatic/asymptomatic PE. Additionally, 94.6% (159/168; 95% CI, 90.1-97.5%) of symptomatic PE patients were identified using the diagnosis-based algorithm. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis-based algorithm may be a relatively sensitive method for identifying acute PE inpatients in the Japanese DPC database.

The association between intraoperative anesthesia methods used during gastric cancer surgery and long-term mortality: A retrospective observational study using a Japanese claims database.

PURPOSE: Various basic and clinical studies have investigated the association between the types of anesthetic agents and prognosis. However, the results have varied among studies and remain controversial. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the risk of all-cause mortality differs between inhaled or intravenous anesthetics in patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy. METHODS: Using a Japanese nationwide insurance claims database, we analyzed patients who underwent gastrectomy under general anesthesia for gastric cancer between January 2005 and September 2019. Postoperative outcomes were compared between two groups: those who received inhaled anesthetics (Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, or Desflurane) and those who received intravenous anesthetics (propofol), using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. The primary outcome was overall survival. RESULTS: Among 2671 eligible patients, 2105 were in the inhaled anesthetic group, and 566 were in the intravenous anesthetic group. The median (interquartile range) age was 58 (51-63) years, and 1979 (74.1%) were men. The median follow-up period was 795 days. We identified 56 (2.7%) and 16 (2.8%) deaths during the follow-up period in the inhaled and intravenous anesthetic use groups, respectively. There was no difference in postoperative overall survival between the two groups (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.70; P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant difference in the postoperative risks of overall survival between inhaled and intravenous anesthesia in patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy.

Ultrasound guidance versus landmark method for peripheral venous cannulation in adults.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous cannulation is one of the most fundamental and common procedures in medicine. Securing a peripheral line is occasionally difficult with the landmark method. Ultrasound guidance has become a standard procedure for central venous cannulation, but its efficacy in achieving peripheral venous cannulation is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound guidance compared to the landmark method for peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults.  SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 29 November 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs (RCTs in which participants are systematically allocated based on data such as date of birth or recruitment) comparing the effects of ultrasound guidance to the landmark method for peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were first-pass success of cannulation, overall success of cannulation, and pain. Our secondary outcomes were procedure time for first-pass cannulation, procedure time for overall cannulation, number of attempts, patient satisfaction, and overall complications. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.  Placing a peripheral intravenous line in individuals can be classed as 'difficult', 'moderate', or 'easy'. We use the terms 'difficult participants', 'moderate/moderately difficult participants' and 'easy participants' as shorthand to characterise the difficulty level in placing a peripheral line using the landmark method. We used the original studies' definitions of difficulty levels of peripheral intravenous cannulation with the landmark method. We analysed the results in these subgroups: 'difficult participants', 'moderate participants', and 'easy participants'. We did this because we expected the effect of ultrasound-guided peripheral venous cannulation to be largest in participants classed as 'difficult' and smaller in participants classed as 'moderate' and 'easy'.  MAIN RESULTS: We included 14 RCTs and two quasi-RCTs involving 2267 participants undergoing peripheral intravenous cannulation. Participants were classed as 'difficult' in 12 studies (880 participants), 'moderate' in one study (401 participants), and 'easy' in one study (596 participants). Two studies (390 participants) did not restrict by landmark method difficulty level. The overall risk of bias assessments ranged from low to high. We judged studies to be at high risk of bias mainly because of concerns about blinding for subjective outcomes. In difficult participants, ultrasound guidance increased the first-pass success of cannulation (risk ratio (RR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15 to 1.95; 10 studies, 815 participants; low-certainty evidence), and the overall success of cannulation (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.77; 10 studies, 670 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There was no clear difference in pain (mean difference (MD) -0.20, 95% CI -1.13 to 0.72; 4 studies, 323 participants; very low-certainty evidence; numerical rating scale (NRS) 0 to 10 where 10 is maximum pain). Ultrasound guidance increased the procedure time for first-pass cannulation (MD 119.9 seconds, 95% CI 88.6 to 151.1; 2 studies, 219 participants; low-certainty evidence), and patient satisfaction (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.49, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.92; 5 studies, 333 participants; very low-certainty evidence; NRS 0 to 10 where 10 is maximum satisfaction). Ultrasound guidance decreased the number of cannulation attempts (MD -0.33, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.02; 9 studies, 568 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in the procedure time for overall cannulation (MD -24.9 seconds, 95% CI -323.1 to 273.3; 8 studies, 413 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and overall complications (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.10; 5 studies, 431 participants; low-certainty evidence).  In moderate participants, ultrasound guidance increased the first-pass success of cannulation (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.27; 1 study, 401 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No studies assessed the overall success of cannulation. There was no clear difference in pain (MD 0.10, 95% CI -0.47 to 0.67; 1 study, 401 participants; low-certainty evidence; NRS 0 to 10 where 10 is maximum pain). Ultrasound guidance increased the procedure time for first-pass cannulation (MD 95.2 seconds, 95% CI 72.8 to 117.6; 1 study, 401 participants; high-certainty evidence). Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in overall complications (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.82; 1 study, 401 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No studies assessed the procedure time for overall cannulation, number of cannulation attempts, or patient satisfaction.  In easy participants, ultrasound guidance decreased the first-pass success of cannulation (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.94; 1 study, 596 participants; high-certainty evidence). No studies assessed the overall success of cannulation. Ultrasound guidance increased pain (MD 0.60, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.03; 1 study, 596 participants; moderate-certainty evidence; NRS 0 to 10 where 10 is maximum pain). Ultrasound guidance increased the procedure time for first-pass cannulation (MD 94.8 seconds, 95% CI 81.2 to 108.5; 1 study, 596 participants; high-certainty evidence). Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in overall complications (RR 2.48, 95% CI 0.90 to 6.87; 1 study, 596 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No studies assessed the procedure time for overall cannulation, number of cannulation attempts, or patient satisfaction.  AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is very low- and low-certainty evidence that, compared to the landmark method, ultrasound guidance may benefit difficult participants for increased first-pass and overall success of cannulation, with no difference detected in pain. There is moderate- and low-certainty evidence that, compared to the landmark method, ultrasound guidance may benefit moderately difficult participants due to a small increased first-pass success of cannulation with no difference detected in pain. There is moderate- and high-certainty evidence that, compared to the landmark method, ultrasound guidance does not benefit easy participants: ultrasound guidance decreased the first-pass success of cannulation with no difference detected in overall success of cannulation and increased pain.

Trends and patterns in the practice of pediatric sedation for magnetic resonance imaging in Japan: A longitudinal descriptive study from 2012 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, pediatric sedation for magnetic resonance imaging is a standard practice; however, there are few studies on its trends and patterns. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the trends and patterns of pediatric sedation for magnetic resonance imaging in Japan and determine the incidence of and risk factors for adverse events/interventions. METHODS: This longitudinal descriptive study assessed children (age < 15 years) who underwent sedation for magnetic resonance imaging between April 2012 and December 2019 in Japan using a nationwide claims database. We assessed the patients' demographic characteristics, time trends in sedatives, sedative patterns by age, and adverse events/interventions within two post-sedation days. Further, we used multivariable logistic regression models to explore factors related to the incidence of adverse events/interventions. RESULTS: We identified 29 187 cases (median age, 2.0 years; 55.2% males). The most common sedative was triclofos sodium (n = 18 812, 51.7%). There was an increasing trend in barbiturate use (17.0% [2012] to 25.0% [2019]) and decreasing trends in the use of triclofos sodium (56.4% [2012] to 47.7% [2019]) and chloral hydrate (15.6% [2012] to 10.8% [2019]). We identified 534 adverse events/interventions in 460 cases (1.5%). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that the incidence of adverse events/interventions mainly increased with the number of sedatives (≥3; adjusted odds ratio, 5.10; 95% confidence interval, 3.67-7.10) and unscheduled setting (adjusted odds ratio, 6.28; 95% confidence interval, 4.85-8.61); further, it decreased with high hospital procedure volume (adjusted odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Based on a Japanese real-world setting, there is an increasing trend in barbiturate use and decreasing trends in the use of triclofos sodium and chloral hydrate in pediatric sedation for magnetic resonance imaging. Low hospital procedure volumes were associated with an increased risk of adverse events/interventions.

Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide and postoperative mortality in major abdominal surgery: a historical cohort study.

PURPOSE: There is a paucity of data on the effect of intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) levels on postoperative mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between intraoperative EtCO2 and 90-day mortality in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of patients undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia at Kyoto University Hospital. We measured the intraoperative EtCO2, and patients with a mean EtCO2 value < 35 mm Hg were classified as low EtCO2. The time effect was determined based on minutes below an EtCO2 of 35 mm Hg, and cumulative effects were evaluated by measuring the area under the threshold of 35 mm Hg for each patient. RESULTS: Of 4,710 patients, 1,374 (29%) had low EtCO2 and 55 (1.2%) died within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable Cox regression analysis-adjusted for age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification, sex, laparoscopic surgery, emergency surgery, blood loss, mean arterial pressure, duration of surgery, type of surgery, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-revealed an association between low EtCO2 and 90-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 3.8; P = 0.006). In addition, severity of low EtCO2 was associated with an increased 90-day mortality (area under the threshold; adjusted hazard ratio; 2.9, 95% CI, 1.2 to 7.4; P =0.02); for long-term exposure to an EtCO2 < 35 mm Hg (≥ 226 min), the adjusted hazard ratio for increased 90-day mortality was 2.3 (95% CI, 0.9 to 6.0; P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: A mean intraoperative EtCO2 < 35 mm Hg was associated with increased postoperative 90-day mortality.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Il n'existe que très peu de données s'intéressant à l'effet du niveau peropératoire télé-expiratoire du dioxyde de carbone (EtCO2) sur la mortalité postopératoire. L'objectif de cette étude était d'examiner la relation entre l'EtCO2 peropératoire et la mortalité à 90 jours chez des patients subissant une chirurgie abdominale majeure sous anesthésie générale. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte historique portant sur des patients subissant une chirurgie abdominale majeure sous anesthésie générale à l'Hôpital universitaire de Kyoto. Nous avons mesuré l'EtCO2 peropératoire, et les patients avec une valeur moyenne d'EtCO2 < 35 mmHg ont été catégorisés comme EtCO2 faible. L'effet temps a été déterminé en fonction de la durée, en minutes, avec une EtCO2 inférieure à 35 mmHg, et les effets cumulatifs ont été évalués en mesurant l'aire sous le seuil de 35 mmHg pour chaque patient. RéSULTATS: Sur 4710 patients, 1374 (29 %) avaient une EtCO2 faible et 55 (1,2 %) sont décédés dans les 90 jours suivant la chirurgie. Une analyse de régression multivariée de Cox, ajustée pour tenir compte des facteurs suivants : âge, statut physique selon l'American Society of Anesthesiologists, sexe, chirurgie par laparoscopie, chirurgie d'urgence, pertes de sang, tension artérielle moyenne, durée de la chirurgie, type de chirurgie et maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique, a révélé une association entre une EtCO2 faible et la mortalité à 90 jours (rapport de risque ajusté, 2,2; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, 1,2 à 3,8; P = 0,006). De plus, la sévérité de l'EtCO2 basse était associée à une augmentation de la mortalité à 90 jours (aire sous le seuil; rapport de risque ajusté; 2,9, IC 95 %, 1,2 à 7,4; P =0,02); pour une exposition à long terme à une EtCO2 < 35 mmHg (≥ 226 minutes), le rapport de risque ajusté pour une mortalité accrue à 90 jours était de 2,3 (IC 95 %, 0,9 à 6,0 ; P = 0,08). CONCLUSION: Une EtCO2 peropératoire moyenne < 35 mmHg était associée à une augmentation de la mortalité postopératoire à 90 jours.

The association between arterial pulse waveform analysis device and in-hospital mortality in high-risk non-cardiac surgeries.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative goal-directed fluid therapy is used for haemodynamic optimization in high-risk surgeries. Cardiac output monitoring can be performed by a specialized pressure transducer for arterial pulse waveform analysis (S-APWA). No study has assessed whether real-world use of S-APWA is associated with post-operative outcomes; therefore, using a Japanese administrative claims database, we retrospectively investigated whether S-APWA use is associated with in-hospital mortality among patients undergoing high-risk surgery under general anaesthesia. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent high-risk surgery under general anaesthesia and arterial catheterization between 2014 and 2016 were divided into S-APWA and conventional arterial pressure transducer groups, then compared regarding baseline factors and outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses evaluated S-APWA efficacy and outcomes based on the type of surgery and patients' comorbidity. RESULTS: S-APWA was used in 6859 of 23 655 (29.0%) patients; the crude in-hospital mortality rate was 3.5%. Adjusted analysis showed no significant association between S-APWA use and in-hospital mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-1.07; P = .25). S-APWA use was associated with significantly lower in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing vascular surgery (aOR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.94), and significantly higher in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing lower limb amputation (aOR = 2.63; 95% CI: 1.32-5.22). S-APWA use and in-hospital mortality were not significantly associated with other subgroups. CONCLUSION: S-APWA use was not associated with in-hospital mortality in the entire study population. However, S-APWA was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality among vascular surgery and increased in-hospital mortality among lower limb amputation.

Derivation and validation of an equation to determine the optimal ventilator setting in children undergoing intracranial revascularization surgery: A single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: It can be difficult to determine the appropriate ventilator settings to maintain normocapnia in children undergoing general anesthesia for surgery for moyamoya disease, especially immediately following anesthesia induction. AIM: We conducted this study to attempt to derive an equation to predict the appropriate ventilator settings and subsequently validated the accuracy of the equation. METHODS: A retrospective study of 91 pediatric patients less than 18 years of age who underwent cerebral revascularization for moyamoya disease at our institution. Fifty-eight patients were used to derive the equation, and the subsequent 33 patients were used to validate the equation. We calculated the required respiratory rate to attain normocapnia based on the median of all values of the minute volume during normocapnia (estimated partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide of 38-42 mm Hg) and the assumption that the tidal volume was 8 mL/kg body weight. We derived the regression equation from the derivation data set where the required respiratory rate to attain normocapnia was represented by age. We simplified the equation by rounding coefficients to the nearest integer. The level of agreement between the respiratory rate predicted from the equation and the actual required respiratory rate was assessed in the validation group using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: The derived equation is tidal volume = 8 mL/kg body weight, respiratory rate = 24-age/min. Bland-Altman analysis in the validation group revealed that the mean bias between the predicted and actual respiratory rate was 0.29 (standard deviation, 3.67). The percentage of cases where the predicted rate was within ± 10% and ± 20% of the actual rate was 42.4% and 66.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We derived and validated a simple and easily applicable equation to predict the ventilator settings required to attain normocapnia during general anesthesia in children with moyamoya disease.

Correction to: Prophylactic sivelestat for esophagectomy and in-hospital mortality: a propensity score-matched analysis of claims database.

In the original version of the article, the Tables 2 and 3 was published incorrectly. The correct version of Tables 2 and 3 are given below.

Preoperative Echocardiography for Patients With Hip Fractures Undergoing Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Nationwide Database.

BACKGROUND: The effect of preoperative transthoracic echocardiography on the clinical outcomes of patients with hip fractures undergoing surgical treatment remains controversial. We hypothesized that preoperative echocardiography is associated with reduced postoperative morbidity and improved patient survival after surgical repair of hip fractures. METHODS: Drawing from a nationwide administrative database, patients undergoing hip fracture surgeries between April 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 were included. We examined the association of preoperative echocardiography with the incidence of in-hospital mortality using propensity score matching. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications, the incidence of postoperative intensive care unit admissions, and length of hospital stay. For sensitivity analyses, we restricted the overall cohort to include only hip fracture surgeries performed within 2 days from admission. RESULTS: Overall, 34,679 (52.1%) of 66,620 surgical patients underwent preoperative echocardiography screening. The screened patients (mean [SD] age, 84.3 years [7.7 years]; 79.0% female) were propensity score matched to 31,941 nonscreened patients (mean [SD] age, 82.1 years [8.7 years]; 78.2% female). The overall in-hospital mortality, before propensity matching, was 1.8% (1227 patients). Propensity score matching created a matched cohort of 25,205 pairs of patients. There were no in-hospital mortality differences between the 2 groups (screened versus nonscreened: 417 [1.65%] vs 439 [1.74%]; odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.09; P = .45). Preoperative echocardiography was not associated with reduced postoperative complications and intensive care unit admissions. In sensitivity analysis, we identified 25,637 patients from the overall cohort (38.5%) with hip fracture surgeries performed within 2 days of admission. There were no in-hospital mortality differences between the 2 groups (screened versus nonscreened: 1.67% vs 1.80%; odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.18; P = .53). Findings were also consistent with other sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: This large, retrospective, nationwide cohort study demonstrated that preoperative echocardiography was not associated with reduced in-hospital mortality or postoperative complications.

Invasive Respiratory or Vasopressor Support and/or Death as a Proposed Composite Outcome Measure for Perioperative Care Research.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for a clinically relevant and feasible outcome measure to facilitate clinical studies in perioperative care medicine. This large-scale retrospective cohort study proposed a novel composite outcome measure comprising invasive respiratory or vasopressor support (IRVS) and death. We described the prevalence of IRVS in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery and assessed the validity of combining IRVS and death to form a composite outcome measure. METHODS: We retrospectively collected perioperative data for 2776 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery (liver, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, or esophageal resection) at Kyoto University Hospital. We defined IRVS as requirement for mechanical ventilation for ≥24 hours postoperatively, postoperative reintubation, or postoperative vasopressor administration. We evaluated the prevalence of IRVS within 30 postoperative days and examined the association between IRVS and subsequent clinical outcomes. The primary outcome of interest was long-term survival. Multivariable Cox proportional regression analysis was performed to adjust for the baseline patient and operative characteristics. The secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay and hospital mortality. RESULTS: In total, 85 patients (3.1%) received IRVS within 30 postoperative days, 15 of whom died by day 30. Patients with IRVS had a lower long-term survival rate (1- and 3-year survival probabilities, 66.1% and 48.5% vs 95.2% and 84.0%, respectively; P < .001, log-rank test) compared to those without IRVS. IRVS was significantly associated with lower long-term survival after adjustment for the baseline patient and operative characteristics (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.97-3.77; P < .001). IRVS was associated with a longer hospital stay (median [interquartile range], 65 [39-326] vs 15 [12-24] days; adjusted P < .001) and a higher hospital mortality (24.7% vs 0.5%; adjusted P < .001). Moreover, IRVS was adversely associated with subsequent clinical outcomes including lower long-term survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.63; P = .004) when the analyses were restricted to 30-day survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IRVS can experience ongoing risk of serious morbidity and less long-term survival even if alive at postoperative day 30. Our findings support the validity of using IRVS and/or death as a composite outcome measure for clinical studies in perioperative care medicine.

Prophylactic sivelestat for esophagectomy and in-hospital mortality: a propensity score-matched analysis of claims database.

PURPOSE: Transthoracic esophagectomy is an invasive surgery, and the excessive surgical stress produces inflammatory cytokines, which provoke acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sivelestat sodium hydrate-a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor-is used to treat or prevent ARDS in patients undergoing esophagectomy, although clear evidence is lacking. We investigated the benefits and risk of prophylactic sivelestat. METHODS: This retrospective study used an administrative claims database in Japan. Adult patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy from 2010 to 2016 were identified and divided into a prophylactic sivelestat use group and a non-prophylactic use group that included both non-users and therapeutic users. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality, and a secondary outcome included the proportion of ARDS. We used 1:1 propensity score matching. For sensitivity analyses, we conducted a 1:2 propensity score matching analysis and several analyses with various patient inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Of the 3391 patients with esophagectomy, 621 received prophylactic sivelestat. On unadjusted analysis, the sivelestat group had a higher proportion of in-hospital mortality (5.3% vs. 2.9%) compared with the control group. We created a matched cohort of 615 pairs, whose baseline characteristics were well balanced. On adjusted analysis using propensity score matching, prophylactic sivelestat administration was not associated with decreased in-hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-2.88], ARDS rate (aOR 1.25; 95% CI 0.49-3.17). The findings were also consistent with other sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Because mortality and postoperative complications were similar, our findings do not support prophylactic sivelestat administration for patients undergoing esophagectomy.

Utilization of arterial pulse waveform analysis during non-cardiac surgery in Japan: a retrospective observational study using a nationwide claims database.

Arterial pulse waveform analysis (APWA) is used for cardiac output monitoring. However, data on the frequency of and patient characteristics for specialized pressure transducer for APWA (S-APWA) use are lacking. We retrospectively identified 175,201 patients aged 18 years or older, who underwent non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia with an arterial catheter from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. We extracted data on patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical and anesthesia characteristics, and hospital characteristics. Among the full study cohort, 24,605 (14.0%) patients were monitored using S-APWA. Further, the use of S-APWA was higher in patients undergoing high-risk surgery than in those undergoing low-risk surgery [high vs low: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76-2.15, moderate vs low: aOR 1.11; 95% CI 1.01-1.22] and those with more comorbidities than in those with less comorbidities (high vs low: aOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.42-1.56, moderate vs low: aOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.20-1.31). S-APWA use was significantly associated with both surgery risk and patients' comorbidities. In conclusion, our study may provide a benchmark for future studies related to the appropriate use of S-APWA.

Preoperative Blood Tests Conducted Before Low-Risk Surgery in Japan: A Retrospective Observational Study Using a Nationwide Insurance Claims Database.

BACKGROUND: Routine preoperative testing is discouraged before low-risk surgery because testing does not provide any beneficial effect in terms of patient outcome. However, few studies have assessed the utilization of hospital health care resources in terms of preoperative tests in a real-world setting. Here, we aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with preoperative blood tests before low-risk surgery in Japan. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we used the nationwide insurance claims data of Japan. Patients who underwent low-risk surgeries between April 1, 2012 and March 31, 2016, were included. Our primary outcome was the receipt of any preoperative tests within 60 days before an index procedure: complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, coagulation tests, and liver function tests. We performed a descriptive analysis to estimate the proportions of preoperative blood tests, and examined the associations between patient-level and institutional-level factors and preoperative blood tests, using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Interinstitutional variation in the utilization of preoperative tests was summarized using the median odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: The study sample included 59,818 patients (mean [standard deviation] age, 44.0 [11.3] years; 33,574 [56.1%] women) from 9746 institutions. The overall proportion of each test was: complete blood count, 58.7%; metabolic panel, 47.8%; coagulation tests, 36.6%; and liver function tests, 48.5%. The proportion receiving any preoperative tests in the overall sample was 59.5%. Multilevel logistic regression analysis indicated that preoperative blood tests were associated with the Charlson comorbidity index score (score ≥3: adjusted OR, 4.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.69-4.80), anticoagulant use (adjusted OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.35-7.22), type of anesthesia (general anesthesia: adjusted OR, 5.69; 95% CI, 4.85-6.68; regional anesthesia: adjusted OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 3.28-4.30), surgical setting (inpatient procedure: adjusted OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 3.30-4.00), and number of beds (≥100 beds: adjusted OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 3.19-4.08). The median institutional-specific proportion of preoperative tests was 40.0% (interquartile range, 0%-100%). The median OR for interinstitutional variation in ordering preoperative tests was 4.34. These findings were consistent across a sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative blood tests were performed before 59.5% of low-risk surgeries. Preoperative tests were associated with the type of anesthesia, patient characteristics, and medical facility status. There was a substantial interinstitutional variation in the utilization of preoperative tests.

Preoperative pulmonary function tests before low-risk surgery in Japan: a retrospective cohort study using a claims database.

PURPOSE: Routine preoperative pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are not recommended prior to low-risk surgery because their prognostic value is limited. However, only a few studies have assessed the utilization of healthcare resources regarding preoperative PFTs in a real-world setting. Here, we aimed to assess the prevalence and determinant factors of preoperative PFTs before low-risk surgery in Japan. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used the nationwide insurance claims databases. Patients who underwent low-risk surgeries under general anesthesia between April 1, 2012, and March 31, 2016, were included. The primary outcome was the receipt of PFTs within 60 days before an index surgery. We performed descriptive analyses to estimate the rates of preoperative PFTs annually starting in 2012, and examined the associations between patient- and institutional-level factors and preoperative PFTs using multilevel logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The cohort included 9495 procedures (8866 patients) at 1487 institutions. Preoperative PFTs were conducted before 71.8% of the procedures. The temporal trend of preoperative PFTs remained constant from 72.4% in 2012 to 72.2% in 2015. Multilevel regression analysis revealed that preoperative PFTs were associated with older age, number of beds at a medical facility, and inpatient procedures. The median institutional-specific proportion of PFTs was 75.0% (interquartile range, 14.3-100%) with wide inter-institutional variation. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis found that preoperative PFTs were performed before 72% of low-risk surgeries under general anesthesia. Apart from age, preoperative PFTs were determined primarily by non-medical factors. Additionally, we observed substantial institutional variation in the use of preoperative PFTs.

[Perioperative Airway Management in a Patient with Madelung's Disease: A Case Report].

Madelung's disease is a rare disorder characterized by multiple, symmetric fatty tissues. The patient, 72-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for abdominal surgery for liver cancer. He had extreme fatty accumulations involving head and neck. We expected difficult airway because of his fatty tissues, and we perfomed awake intubation by Airway Scope. We confirmed the airway by using tube exchanger at extubation. We should choose a proper airway management technique to reduce the incidences of airway complications.

Association between sedation during spinal anesthesia and mortality in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative sedation plays an important role in the management of regional anesthesia. Few studies have investigated the association of sedation during spinal anesthesia with postoperative mortality in older patients as a primary outcome. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sedation during spinal anesthesia increases postoperative mortality in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Acute and subacute care hospitals in Japan. PATIENTS: Patients aged 65 years and older who received hip fracture surgery under spinal anesthesia between April 2014 and May 2022. EXPOSURE: Sedation during spinal anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS: Postoperative in-hospital all-cause mortality within 30 days. MAIN RESULTS: In total, 25,554 eligible patients were identified. Propensity score matching created 4735 pairs, and baseline patient characteristics were acceptably balanced between the sedation and non-sedation groups. There was no significant difference in 30-day postoperative mortality between the two groups (hazard ratio [95% CIs]: 0.92 [0.59-1.44]). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between sedation during hip fracture surgery in older patients under spinal anesthesia and postoperative mortality. However, these results are limited to our population, and further prospective studies are needed to determine the safety of sedation.

Preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second and postoperative respiratory outcomes in nonpulmonary and noncardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although the usefulness of pulmonary function tests has been established for lung resection and coronary artery bypass surgeries, the association between preoperative pulmonary function test and postoperative respiratory complications in nonpulmonary and noncardiac surgery is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) on pulmonary function test and the development of postoperative respiratory failure and/or death in patients undergoing major nonpulmonary and noncardiac surgery. METHODS: Adult patients aged ≥ 18 years and who underwent nonpulmonary and noncardiac surgery with expected moderate to high risk of perioperative complications from June 2012 to March 2019 were included. The primary exposure was preoperative FEV1 measured by pulmonary function test within six months before surgery. The primary outcome was respiratory failure (i.e., invasive positive pressure ventilation for at least 24 h after surgery or reintubation) and/or death within 30 days after surgery. A logistic regression model was used to adjust for the respiratory failure risk index, which is a scoring system that predicts the probability of postoperative respiratory failure based on patient and surgical factors, and to examine the association between preoperative FEV1 and the development of postoperative respiratory failure and/or death. RESULTS: Respiratory failure and/or death occurred within 30 days after surgery in 52 (0.9%) of 5562 participants. The incidence of respiratory failure and/or death in patients with FEV1 ≥ 80%, 70%- < 80%, 60%- < 70%, and < 60% was 0.9%, 0.6%, 1.7%, and 1.2%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between preoperative FEV1 and postoperative respiratory failure and/or death (adjusted odds ratio per 10% decrease in FEV1: 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.88-1.17, P = 0.838). Addition of FEV1 information to the respiratory failure risk index did not improve the prediction of respiratory failure and/or death [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.84) and 0.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.84), respectively; P = 0.84]. CONCLUSION: We found no association between preoperative FEV1 and postoperative respiratory failure and/or death in patients undergoing major nonpulmonary and noncardiac surgery.

Fan Therapy for Dyspnea in Lung Transplant Recipients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Before-and-After Study.

Introduction Fan therapy has gained attention as a non-pharmacological treatment for alleviating dyspnea in patients receiving palliative care and in those with chronic progressive diseases. However, the effectiveness of fan therapy for dyspnea in critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of fan therapy for lung transplant patients in the ICU. Methods Fan therapy was performed on lung transplant recipients (age >18 years) who experienced dyspnea during their ICU stay. A tabletop portable fan was used to blow air on the patient's face for five minutes providing fan therapy. The intensity of dyspnea before and after the fan therapy was determined, and a statistical analysis was conducted using a paired t-test to evaluate the changes. Results Between May 2023 and February 2024, 16 patients who were admitted to the ICU following lung transplantation were screened, and eight patients received fan therapy. Fan therapy was performed at a median of postoperative day 12. Seven patients (87.5%) received mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. The mean (±standard deviation) numerical rating scale (NRS) for dyspnea before and after fan therapy was 5.6±2.3 and 4.4±1.5, respectively (p = 0.08). The mean (±standard deviation) respiratory distress observation scale (RDOS) before and after fan therapy was 4.8 ± 2.0 and 3.8 ± 1.7, respectively (p = 0.03). No serious adverse events were observed, and no significant alterations were observed in the respiratory rate, oxygen saturation levels, pulse rate, or blood pressure. Conclusion The findings suggest that fan therapy can be safely used to relieve dyspnea in lung transplant recipients during their ICU stay. Further evaluations in larger trials are required to confirm the results of this study.