Clinical Features and Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality From COVID-19 Infection at a Tertiary Care Medical Center, at the Onset of the US COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Mortality from COVID-19 has been associated with older age, black race, and comorbidities including obesity, Understanding the clinical risk factors and laboratory biomarkers associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 will allow early interventions to help mitigate adverse outcomes. Our study identified risk factors for in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19 infection at a tertiary care center, in Detroit, Michigan. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study at a 776-bed tertiary care urban academic medical center. Adult inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 (nasopharyngeal swab testing positive by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay) from March 8, 2020, to June 14, 2020, were included. Clinical information including the presence of comorbid conditions (according to the Charlson Weighted Index of Comorbidity (CWIC)), initial vital signs, admission laboratory markers and management data were collected. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 565 hospitalized patients, 172 patients died for a case fatality rate of 30.4%. The mean (SD) age of the cohort was 64.4 (16.2) years, and 294 (52.0%) were male. The patients who died were significantly older (mean [SD] age, 70.4 [14.1] years vs 61.7 [16.1] years; P < 0.0001), more likely to have congestive heart failure (35 [20.3%] vs 47 [12.0%]; P = 0.009), dementia (47 [27.3%] vs 48 [12.2%]; P < 0.0001), hemiplegia (18 [10.5%] vs 18 [4.8%]; P = 0.01) and a diagnosis of malignancy (16 [9.3%] vs 18 [4.6%]; P = 0.03).From multivariable analysis, factors associated with an increased odds of death were age greater than 60 years (OR = 2.2, P = 0.003), CWIC score (OR = 1.1, P = 0.023), qSOFA (OR = 1.7, P < 0.0001), WBC counts (OR = 1.1, P = 0.002), lymphocytopenia (OR = 2.0, P = 0.003), thrombocytopenia (OR = 1.9, P = 0.019), albumin (OR = 0.6, P = 0.014), and AST levels (OR = 2.0, P = 0.004) on admission. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified risk factor for in-hospital mortality among patients admitted with COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital at the onset of U.S. Covid-19 pandemic. After adjusting for age, CWIC score, and laboratory data, qSOFA remained an independent predictor of mortality. Knowing these risk factors may help identify patients who would benefit from close observations and early interventions.

Predictors for Severe COVID-19 Infection.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Predictors for severe COVID-19 infection have not been well defined. Determination of risk factors for severe infection would enable identifying patients who may benefit from aggressive supportive care and early intervention. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 197 patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary academic medical center. RESULTS: Of 197 hospitalized patients, the mean (SD) age of the cohort was 60.6 (16.2) years, 103 (52.3%) were male, and 156 (82.1%) were black. Severe COVID-19 infection was noted in 74 (37.6%) patients, requiring intubation. Patients aged above 60 were significantly more likely to have severe infection. Patients with severe infection were significantly more likely to have diabetes, renal disease, and chronic pulmonary disease and had significantly higher white blood cell counts, lower lymphocyte counts, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) than patients with nonsevere infection. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, risk factors for severe infection included pre-existing renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.4; 95% CI, 2.5-22.0), oxygen requirement at hospitalization (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3-6.7), acute renal injury (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.6), and CRP on admission (OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.001-1.01). Race, age, and socioeconomic status were not independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Acute or pre-existing renal disease, supplemental oxygen upon hospitalization, and admission CRP were independent predictors for the development of severe COVID-19. Every 1-unit increase in CRP increased the risk of severe disease by 0.06%.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus meningoencephalitis in a renal transplant recipient following exposure to mice.

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) are at increased risk for a wide variety of typical and atypical infections as a consequence of impaired cell mediated and humoral immunity. We report a case of meningoencephalitis in a renal transplant recipient caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) acquired by exposure to mice excreta. The clinical course was complicated by the development of hydrocephalus, requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of LCMV infection in a SOTR that was not organ donor derived.

A case of Gemella morbillorum native valve endocarditis and results of in vitro susceptibility testing.

We present a case of a 48 years old male with Gemella morbillorum native mitral valve endocarditis. Due to poor growth of the organism, antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) could not be performed using the CLSI approved method. AST was determined using Etest© strips and the patient was successfully treated with mitral valve replacement and intravenous ceftriaxone.

A case report of eustachian valve endocarditis due to Salmonella typhimurium in an AIDS patient.

INTRODUCTION: The eustachian valve is a normal remnant of the right valve of the sinus venosus, which directs blood in the embryo life from the inferior vena cava into the left atrium through the foramen ovale. CASE REPORT: We report a case of eustachian valve endocarditis (EVE) secondary to Salmonella typhimurium in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The patient also had concomitant Pneumocystis pneumonia. DISCUSSION: Salmonella bacteremia is one of the AIDS-defining illnesses, and many patients will have recurrent episodes. Salmonella endocarditis on the other hand is rare, but when present, it has a significant morbidity and mortality. EVE rarely requires surgical intervention, and the appropriate antibiotics are the treatment of choice. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend clinicians to consider obtaining an echocardiography in AIDS patients with Salmonella bacteremia to search for possible endocarditis, as it does change the treatment plan.

Chronic progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in a renal transplant recipient.

Hematopoietic and solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections and infections usually are severe due to impaired cell mediated immunity. We report an unusual case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a renal transplant recipient manifesting with a chronic progressive course over several years. After starting treatment with itraconazole, the patient showed marked improvement in his symptoms and had clinical resolution.

Low Frequency of Staphylococcus Aureus in Lower Extremity Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is often implicated in skin/soft tissue infections (SSTI). However, SSTI at sites of pressure necrosis and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are often polymicrobial. The frequency of S aureus in these infections is uncertain. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed culture results from adults (January 1, 2015-March 31, 2017), evaluated their records and selected SSTI in lower extremities. The patient demographics, comorbidities, characteristics and culture results were recorded. The results were stratified by S aureus status and a composite risk score (RS) was developed (2 points for each difference in S aureus frequency with P < 0.05 [chi-square test] and 1 point for P = 0.06-0.1). The predictors of S aureus were determined by regression analysis using SSPS software. RESULTS: We encountered 356 lower extremity-SSTI (243 foot/ankle, 56 tibia/calf, 30 thigh, 12 hip and 15 groin). S aureus was detected in 173 (48.6%) cases, 59.6% were methicillin-resistant isolates. S aureus was more common in lesions without necrosis (56.3% vs. 42.9%; P = 0.01), with drainage (59.6% vs. 44.7%; P = 0.02), in male sex (53.2% vs. 40.0%; P = 0.02) and was less common in patients with PVD (38.1% vs. 50.9%; P = 0.07), and paraplegia (39.6% vs. 50.0%; P = 0.2). S aureus was less common in polymicrobial SSTI (45.0% vs. 58.5%; P = 0.03). RS of 0-8 correlated with increasing S aureus prevalence from 23.1% (RS = 0-1) to 78.6% (RS = 8; P<0.001). The predictors of S aureus were drainage (odds ratio [OR] = 1.83; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.11, 3.02), lack of PVD (OR = 1.59; CI: 1.03, 2.46) and absence of necrosis (OR = 1.91; CI: 1.08, 3.40). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with suspected polymicrobial lower extremity-SSTI and low RS may not need empirical antistaphylococcal therapy.