ARISE I Consensus Review on the Management of Intracranial Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) remain a challenging neurological diagnosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is a plethora of microsurgical and endovascular techniques for the treatment of both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. There is no definitive consensus as to the best treatment option for this cerebrovascular pathology. The Aneurysm, Arteriovenous Malformation, and Chronic Subdural Hematoma Roundtable Discussion With Industry and Stroke Experts discussed best practices and the most promising approaches to improve the management of brain aneurysms. METHODS: A group of experts from academia, industry, and federal regulators convened to discuss updated clinical trials, scientific research on preclinical system models, management options, screening and monitoring, and promising novel device technologies, aiming to improve the outcomes of patients with IA. RESULTS: Aneurysm, Arteriovenous Malformation, and Chronic Subdural Hematoma Roundtable Discussion With Industry and Stroke Experts suggested the incorporation of artificial intelligence to capture sequential aneurysm growth, identify predictors of rupture, and predict the risk of rupture to guide treatment options. The consensus strongly recommended nationwide systemic data collection of unruptured IA radiographic images for the analysis and development of machine learning algorithms for rupture risk. The consensus supported centers of excellence for preclinical multicenter trials in areas such as genetics, cellular composition, and radiogenomics. Optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging contrast-enhanced 3T vessel wall imaging are promising technologies; however, more data are needed to define their role in IA management. Ruptured aneurysms are best managed at large volume centers, which should include comprehensive patient management with expertise in microsurgery, endovascular surgery, neurology, and neurocritical care. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and preclinical studies and scientific research on IA should engage high-volume centers and be conducted in multicenter collaborative efforts. The future of IA diagnosis and monitoring could be enhanced by the incorporation of artificial intelligence and national radiographic and biologic registries. A collaborative effort between academic centers, government regulators, and the device industry is paramount for the adequate management of IA and the advancement of the field.

Most Promising Approaches to Improve Brain AVM Management: ARISE I Consensus Recommendations.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are complex, and rare arteriovenous shunts that present with a wide range of signs and symptoms, with intracerebral hemorrhage being the most severe. Despite prior societal position statements, there is no consensus on the management of these lesions. ARISE (Aneurysm/bAVM/cSDH Roundtable Discussion With Industry and Stroke Experts) was convened to discuss evidence-based approaches and enhance our understanding of these complex lesions. ARISE identified the need to develop scales to predict the risk of rupture of bAVMs, and the use of common data elements to perform prospective registries and clinical studies. Additionally, the group underscored the need for comprehensive patient management with specialized centers with expertise in cranial and spinal microsurgery, neurological endovascular surgery, and stereotactic radiosurgery. The collection of prospective multicenter data and gross specimens was deemed essential for improving bAVM characterization, genetic evaluation, and phenotyping. Finally, bAVMs should be managed within a multidisciplinary framework, with clinical studies and research conducted collaboratively across multiple centers, harnessing the collective expertise and centralization of resources.

Frequency, Determinants, and Outcomes of Emboli to Distal and New Territories Related to Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose: Clot fragmentation and distal embolization during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke may produce emboli downstream of the target occlusion or in previously uninvolved territories. Susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can identify both emboli to distal territories (EDT) and new territories (ENT) as new susceptibility vessel signs (SVS). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can identify infarcts in new territories (INT). Methods: We studied consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging before and after thrombectomy. Frequency, predictors, and outcomes of EDT and ENT detected on gradient-recalled echo imaging (EDT-SVS and ENT-SVS) and INT detected on DWI (INT-DWI) were analyzed. Results: Among 50 thrombectomy-treated acute ischemic stroke patients meeting study criteria, mean age was 70 (±16) years, 44% were women, and presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 15 (interquartile range, 8­19). Overall, 21 of 50 (42%) patients showed periprocedural embolic events, including 10 of 50 (20%) with new EDT-SVS, 10 of 50 (20%) with INT-DWI, and 1 of 50 (2%) with both. No patient showed ENT-SVS. On multivariate analysis, model-selected predictors of EDT-SVS were lower initial diastolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.02­1.16]), alteplase pretreatment (odds ratio, 5.54 [95% CI, 0.94­32.49]), and atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 7.38 [95% CI, 1.02­53.32]). Classification tree analysis identified pretreatment target occlusion SVS as an additional predictor. On univariate analysis, INT-DWI was less common with internal carotid artery (5%), intermediate with middle cerebral artery (25%), and highest with vertebrobasilar (57%) target occlusions (P=0.02). EDT-SVS was not associated with imaging/functional outcomes, but INT-DWI was associated with reduced radiological hemorrhagic transformation (0% versus 54%; P<0.01). Conclusions: Among acute ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombectomy, imaging evidence of distal emboli, including EDT-SVS beyond the target occlusion and INT-DWI in novel territories, occur in about 2 in every 5 cases. Predictors of EDT-SVS are pretreatment intravenous fibrinolysis, potentially disrupting thrombus structural integrity; atrial fibrillation, possibly reflecting larger target thrombus burden; lower diastolic blood pressure, suggestive of impaired embolic washout; and pretreatment target occlusion SVS sign, indicating erythrocyte-rich, friable target thrombus.

New Class of Radially Adjustable Stentrievers for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Primary Results of the Multicenter TIGER Trial.

[Figure: see text].

[Future of Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment].

There has been an increasing role in the low invasive endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. In addition to the detachable coils, the development of intracranial stents that are capable of repairing the parent artery itself has induced a significant treatment paradigm shift from open surgical to endovascular intervention. Recent evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the process of intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture. It is, therefore, a natural evolution to seek drug treatments for intracranial aneurysms for growth or rupture prevention rather than any mechanical intervention. The authors review the current preclinical efforts on aneurysm drug treatments and prospective. Also covered is an emerging technology such as robotic endovascular treatment. The robotic system is capable of performing a subset of endovascular procedures such as stent-assisted aneurysm coiling. Although a lot of work needs to be done, remote health care is no longer science fiction.

Reperfusion Therapy Frequency and Outcomes in Mild Ischemic Stroke in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: More than half of patients with acute ischemic stroke have minor neurological deficits; however, the frequency and outcomes of reperfusion therapy in regular practice has not been well-delineated. METHODS: Analysis of US National Inpatient Sample of hospitalizations with acute ischemic stroke and mild deficits (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score 0-5) from October 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017. Patient- and hospital-level characteristics associated with use and outcome of reperfusion therapies were analyzed. Primary outcomes included excellent discharge disposition (discharge to home without assistance); poor discharge disposition (discharge to facility or death); in-hospital mortality; and radiological intracranial hemorrhage. RESULTS: Among 179 710 acute ischemic stroke admissions with recorded NIHSS during the 15-month study period, 103 765 (57.7%) had mild strokes (47.3% women; median age, 69 [interquartile range, 59-79] years; median NIHSS score of 2 [interquartile range, 1-4]). Considering reperfusion therapies among strokes with documented NIHSS, mild deficit hospitalizations accounted for 40.0% of IVT and 10.7% of mechanical thrombectomy procedures. Characteristics associated with IVT and with mechanical thrombectomy utilization were younger age, absence of diabetes, higher NIHSS score, larger/teaching hospital status, and Western US region. Excellent discharge outcome occurred in 48.2% of all mild strokes, and in multivariable analysis, was associated with younger age, male sex, White race, lower NIHSS score, absence of diabetes, heart failure, and kidney disease, and IVT use. IVT was associated with increased likelihood of excellent outcome (odds ratio, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.71-2.13], P<0.001) despite an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.09-1.83], P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In national US practice, more than one-half of acute ischemic stroke hospitalizations had mild deficits, accounting for 4 of every 10 IVT and 1 of every 10 mechanical thrombectomy treatments, and IVT use was associated with increased discharge to home despite increased intracranial hemorrhage.

Predictors and Functional Outcomes of Fast, Intermediate, and Slow Progression Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to delineate the determinants of the initial speed of infarct progression and the association of speed of infarct progression (SIP) with procedural and functional outcomes. METHODS: From a prospectively maintained stroke center registry, consecutive anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients with large artery occlusion, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥4, and multimodal vessel, ischemic core, and tissue-at-risk imaging within 24 hours of onset were included. Initial SIP was calculated as ischemic core volume at first imaging divided by the time from stroke onset to imaging. RESULTS: Among the 88 patients, SIP was median 2.2 cc/h (interquartile range, 0-8.7), ranging most widely within the first 6 hours after onset. Faster SIP was positively independently associated with a low collateral score (odds ratio [OR], 3.30 [95% CI, 1.25-10.49]) and arrival by emergency medical services (OR, 3.34 [95% CI, 1.06-10.49]) and negatively associated with prior ischemic stroke (OR, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.03-0.50]) and coronary artery disease (OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.10-1.00]). Among the 67 patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy, slower SIP was associated with a shift to reduced levels of disability at discharge (OR, 3.26 [95% CI, 1.02-10.45]), increased substantial reperfusion by thrombectomy (OR, 8.30 [95% CI, 0.97-70.87]), and reduced radiological hemorrhagic transformation (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.12-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: Slower SIP is associated with a high collateral score, prior ischemic stroke, and coronary artery disease, supporting roles for both collateral robustness and ischemic preconditioning in fostering tissue resilience to ischemia. Among patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy, the speed of infarct progression is a major determinant of clinical outcome.

Role of Bedside Multimodality Monitoring in the Detection of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Detection of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) in patients with a poor clinical exam is challenging. Brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring (PbtO2) and cerebral microdialysis (CMD) can detect ischemia and metabolic derangements. Our aim was to evaluate efficacy of these modalities in real-time detection of DCI. METHODS: All patients with aSAH who underwent with multimodality monitoring (MMM) with PbtO2 and/or CMD between the years of 2013 and 2015 at our institution were retrospectively studied. Mean PbTO2, lactate to pyruvate ratio (LPR), and glucose over the 24-h period prior to each angiogram for evaluation and treatment of vasospasm were correlated to the extent of vasospasm observed in the hemisphere with the monitors. The average measurements were also compared in the setting of presence and absence of angiographically significant vasospasm. RESULTS: A total of ten patients with aSAH who underwent MMM were identified. PbtO2 decline correlates with severity of proximal vasospasm (r = -0.66). PbtO2 was significantly lower in the setting of vasospasm (17.6 vs. 25.8, p = 0.003), but LPR (34.5 vs. 26.8, p = 0.1) and glucose (0.8 vs. 1.1, p = 0.6) were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Proximal vasospasm after aSAH is associated with MMM indicator of tissue ischemia and/or metabolic derangement. PbtO2 and CMD help in real-time detection and management of DCI.

Efficient Multimodal MRI Evaluation for Endovascular Thrombectomy of Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion.

BACKGROUND: MRI and CT modalities are both current standard-of-care options for initial imaging in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (AIS-LVO). MR provides greater lesion conspicuity and spatial resolution, but few series have demonstrated multimodal MR may be performed efficiently. METHODS: In a prospective comprehensive stroke center registry, we analyzed all anterior circulation LVO thrombectomy patients between 2012-2017 who: (1) arrived directly by EMS from the field, and (2) had initial NIHSS ≥6. Center imaging policy was multimodal MRI (including DWI/GRE/MRA w/wo PWI) as the initial evaluation in all patients without contraindications, and multimodal CT (including CT with CTA, w/wo CTP) in the remainder. RESULTS: Among 106 EMS-arriving endovascular thrombectomy patients, initial imaging was MRI 62.3%, CT in 37.7%. MRI and CT patients were similar in age (72.5 vs 71.3), severity (NIHSS 16.4 v 18.2), and medical history, though MRI patients had longer onset-to-door times. Overall, door-to-needle (DTN) and door-to-puncture (DTP) times did not differ among MR and CT patients, and were faster for both modalities in 2015-2017 versus 2012-2014. In the 2015-2017 period, for MR-imaged patients, the median DTN 42m (IQR 34-55) surpassed standard (60m) and advanced (45m) national targets and the median DTP 86m (IQR 71-106) surpassed the standard national target (90m). CONCLUSIONS: AIS-LVO patients can be evaluated by multimodal MR imaging with care speeds faster than national recommendations for door-to-needle and door-to-puncture times. With its more sensitive lesion identification and spatial resolution, MRI remains a highly viable primary imaging strategy in acute ischemic stroke patients, though further workflow efficiency improvements are desirable.

Human Endothelial Cell Collection from the Middle Cerebral Artery in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment for large-vessel acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has rapidly emerged. However, the understanding of the complex biology involving endothelial cells (ECs) remains scarce. METHODS: Using stent retrievers during endovascular thrombectomy (ET) in patients with AIS, ECs were segregated, centrifuged in a dissociation buffer, and suspended in endothelial specific antibody solution. Subsequently, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and microscopic analyses were performed. RESULTS: Three stent-retriever devices (2 Solitaire, 1 Trevo) were collected as separate deployments. Of 5.0% (±.48%) total events using FACS, 6.8% (±.68%) of cells were specific for ECs using fluorescent markers and were further visualized on fluorescence microscopy for consistence with the positive controls. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel, minimally invasive biopsy technique to collect and harvest ECs from stent retrievers during ET and validate the approach in the treatment of AIS. Further work for detailed characterization and viability assessment of ECs is needed to compare their biology with in vitro and animal models.

Early Loss of Immediate Reperfusion While Stent Retriever in Place Predicts Successful Final Reperfusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Degree of stent retriever engagement with target thrombi may be reflected by (1) immediate reperfusion (IR) on first deployment, indicating displacement of clot toward the vessel wall, and (2) by early loss of IR (ELOIR), indicating penetration of retriever struts through the thrombus. The relation of these early findings to final reperfusion and clinical outcomes has not been well delineated. METHODS: We investigated IR and ELOIR in patients undergoing stent retriever mechanical thrombectomy at an academic medical center between March 2012 and June 2014. RESULTS: Among 56 patients, IR itself was not associated with final successful reperfusion, which occurred in 66.7% of IR patients and 71.4% of non-IR patients (P=0.999). However, ELOIR was associated with a higher rate of final successful reperfusion (92% versus 44%; P=0.046). Patients with ELOIR had a higher nominal rate of final favorable outcome (42% versus 22%; P=0.64). CONCLUSIONS: ELOIR during the embedding period after deployment of stent retrievers is associated with successful final reperfusion, likely because of greater thrombus engagement with the stent retriever. ELOIR may be a useful finding to guide duration of embedding time in clinical practice and design of novel stent retrievers.

Stent coating containing a charged silane coupling agent that regulates protein adsorption to confer antithrombotic and cell-adhesion properties.

The evolution of endovascular therapies, particularly in the field of intracranial aneurysm treatment, has been truly remarkable and is characterized by the development of various stents. However, ischemic complications related to thrombosis or downstream emboli pose a challenge for the broader clinical application of such stents. Despite advancements in surface modification technologies, an ideal coating that fulfills all the desired requirements, including anti-thrombogenicity and swift endothelialization, has not been available. To address these issues, we investigated a new coating comprising 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) with both anti-thrombogenic and cell-adhesion properties. We assessed the anti-thrombogenic property of the coating using an in vitro blood loop model by evaluating the platelet count and the level of the thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex, and investigating thrombus formation on the surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We then assessed endothelial cell adhesion on the metal surfaces. In vitro blood tests revealed that, compared to a bare stent, the coating significantly inhibited platelet reduction and thrombus formation; more human serum albumin spontaneously adhered to the coated surface to block thrombogenic activation in the blood. Cell adhesion tests also indicated a significant increase in the number of cells adhering to the APTES-coated surfaces compared to the numbers adhering to either the bare stent or the stent coated with an anti-fouling phospholipid polymer. Finally, we performed an in vivo safety test by implanting coated stents into the internal thoracic arteries and ascending pharyngeal arteries of minipigs, and subsequently assessing the health status and vessel patency of the arteries by angiography over the course of 1 week. We found that there were no adverse effects on the pigs and the vascular lumens of their vessels were well maintained in the group with APTES-coated stents. Therefore, our new coating exhibited both high anti-thrombogenicity and cell-adhesion properties, which fulfill the requirements of an implantable stent.

Water content for clot composition prediction in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become the gold standard care for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion. Emerging evidence suggests that understanding the composition of clots prior to intervention could be useful for the selection of neuroendovascular techniques, potentially improving the efficacy of treatments. However, current imaging modalities lack the ability to distinguish clot composition accurately and reliably. Since water content can influence signal intensity on CT and MRI scans, its assessment may provide indirect clues about clot composition. This study aimed to elucidate the correlation between water content and clot composition using human clots retrieved from stroke patients and experimentally generated ovine clots. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved an analysis of ten clots retrieved from patients with AIS undergoing MT. Additionally, we created ten red blood cells (RBC)-rich and ten fibrin-rich ovine blood clots, which were placed in a human intracranial vascular model under realistic flow conditions. The water content and compositions of these clots were evaluated, and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between clot composition and water content. RESULTS: The regression analysis in human stroke clots revealed a significant negative association between RBC concentration and water content. We also observed a positive correlation between water content and both fibrin and platelets in ovine blood clots. Conclusion.

Clinical presentation and treatment of 26 spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEDAVFs) are rarely diagnosed vascular malformations that can cause spinal cord compression and congestive myelopathy. METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective case series of patients with SEDAVFs who underwent observation or treatment at UCLA medical center between 1993 and 2023. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 2023 a total of 26 patients at UCLA were found to have a SEDAVF. The median age at treatment was 59 years (range 4 months to 91 years). Compared with sacral, lumbar, and thoracic SEDAVFs, patients with cervical SEDAVF were younger (41 years vs 63 years, P=0.016) and more likely to be female (66.7% vs 14.3%, P=0.006). Possible triggers for development of SEDAVFs may be prior spinal surgery or trauma (n=4), turning the neck (n=1), lifting a heavy box (n=1), a prolonged period of bending over (n=1), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (n=1). Of the 22 patients treated endovascularly, 18 (82%) were angiographically cured on the first attempt without complications. One patient underwent surgical treatment alone and had a failed surgery on the first attempt, and developed a surgical site infection after the second successful attempt at treatment. Of the 16 patients with adequate clinical follow-up, 11 (69%) demonstrated early improved clinical outcome (eg, improved strength on examination, absent bruit). CONCLUSIONS: SEDAVFs are a rarely diagnosed disease that can be treated effectively and safely with endovascular embolization in most cases. Patients with sacral, lumbar, and thoracic SEDAVFs were older and more often male compared to patients with cervical SEDAVFs.

Arterial Bypass in the Treatment of Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Lessons Learned from Forty Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Complex middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms incorporating parent or branching vessels are often not amenable to standard microsurgical clipping or endovascular embolization treatments. We aim to discuss the treatment of such aneurysms via a combination of surgical revascularization and aneurysm exclusion based on our institutional experience. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with complex MCA aneurysms were treated with bypass and aneurysm occlusion, 5 with surgical clipping or wrapping only, and 1 with aneurysm excision and primary reanastomosis. Bypasses included superficial temporal artery (STA)-MCA, double-barrel STA-MCA, occipital artery-MCA, and external carotid artery-MCA. After bypass, aneurysms were treated by surgical clipping, Hunterian ligation, trapping, or coil embolization. RESULTS: The average age at diagnosis was 46 years. Of the aneurysms, 67% were large and most involved the MCA bifurcation. Most bypasses performed were STA-MCA bypasses, 12 of which were double-barrel. There were 2 wound-healing complications. All but 2 of the aneurysms treated showed complete occlusion at the last follow-up. There were 3 hemorrhagic complications, 3 graft thromboses, and 4 ischemic insults. The mean follow-up was 73 months. Of patients, 83% reported stable or improved symptoms from presentation and 73% reported a functional status (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4 or 5) at the latest available follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral revascularization by bypass followed by aneurysm or parent artery occlusion is an effective treatment option for complex MCA aneurysms that cannot be safely treated by standard microsurgical or endovascular techniques. Double-barrel bypass consisting of 2 STA branches to 2 MCA branches yields adequate flow replacement in most cases.

Natural history of asymptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms evaluated at CT angiography: growth and rupture incidence and correlation with epidemiologic risk factors.

PURPOSE: To characterize the relationship between aneurysm size and epidemiologic risk factors with growth and rupture by using computed tomographic (CT) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board approved study, patients with known asymptomatic unruptured intracerebral aneurysms were followed up longitudinally with CT angiographic examinations. Growth was defined as an increase in one or more dimensions above the measurement error, and at least 5% volume by using the ABC/2 method. Associations of epidemiologic factors with aneurysm growth and rupture were analyzed by using logistic regression analysis. Intra- and interobserver agreement coefficients for dimension, volume, and growth were evaluated by using the Pearson correlation coefficient and difference of means with 95% confidence intervals, the agreement statistic, and the McNemar χ(2). RESULTS: Patients (n = 165) with aneurysms (n = 258) had a mean follow-up time of 2.24 years from time of diagnosis. Forty-six of 258 (18%) aneurysms in 38 patients grew larger. Spontaneous rupture occurred in four of 228 (1.8%) intradural aneurysms of average size (6.2 mm). Risk of aneurysm rupture per patient-year was 2.4% (95% CI: 0.5%, 7.12%) with growth and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.006%, 1.22%) without growth (P = .034). There was a 12-fold higher risk of rupture for growing aneurysms (P < .002), with high intra- and interobserver correlation coefficients for size, volume, and growth. Tobacco smoking (3.806, one degree of freedom; P < .015,) and initial size (5.895, two degrees of freedom; P < .051) were independent covariates, predicting 78.4% of growing aneurysms. CONCLUSION: These results support imaging follow-up of all patients with aneurysms, including those whose aneurysms are smaller than the current 7-mm treatment threshold. Aneurysm growth, size, and smoking were associated with increased rupture risk.

Republished: Robotic assistant spinal angiography: a case report and technical considerations.

Robotic-assisted technology has shown to be promising in coronary and peripheral vascular interventions. Early case reports have also demonstrated its efficacy in neuro-interventions. However, there is no prior report demonstrating use of the robotic-assisted platform for spinal angiography. We report the feasibility of the robotic-assisted thoracic and lumbar spinal angiography.

In vitro comparison of manual and robotic endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Robotic endovascular systems have the potential to reduce radiation exposure to physicians and expand timely neurointerventional access to patients in remote areas. The goal of the study was to determine the feasibility of robotic endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in an in vitro model. METHODS: In vitro procedures were conducted manually and robotically using the Corpath GRX robotic system in a human vascular simulator with an elastic ovine clot in the M1 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Due to the limited device compatibility of the CorPath GRX, a simple technique with a stent retriever and guiding catheter without a balloon was used in the study. Seven robotic EVT and manual EVT were carried out in each group. Metrics including procedural time, success rate, and radiation dose were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In robotic EVT, the mean total preparation and procedural time was 892 s, which was significantly longer than manual operation at 357 (p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the success rate between the two approaches (robotic: 28.6% vs. manual 42.9%, p = 0.577). The mean radiation exposure to operating physicians was significantly lower during robotic operation compared to manual operation (0.02 µSv vs. 0.22 µSv, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Robotic EVT was feasible in our human vascular simulator with significantly reduced radiation exposure to the operating physicians, despite an increased length of procedure when compared to manual procedures. Future technological advancement is warranted for reducing procedural length using endovascular robotic techniques.

Devices and Techniques.

This extensive review explores the intricacies of the three principal mechanical thrombectomy techniques: the stent retriever technique, contact aspiration technique, and a combined approach, and their application in managing acute ischemic stroke. Each technique operates uniquely on the thrombus, leading to differences in their efficacy. Factors including clot size, clot stiffness, vessel tortuosity, and the angle of interaction between the aspiration catheter and the clot significantly influence these differences. Clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown the overall equivalency of these techniques for the treatments of large vessel occlusion and distal medium vessel occlusions. However, there are nuanced differences that emerge under specific clinical circumstances, highlighting the absence of a one-size-fits-all strategy in acute ischemic stroke management. We emphasize the need for future investigations to elucidate these nuances further, aiming to refine procedural strategies and individualize patient care for optimal outcomes.

Intermittent Orbital Pain due to Hemodynamic Collapse of an Orbital Varix: A Case Report.

Orbital varices typically present with symptoms related to dilation or thrombosis. We describe a rare presentation of an orbital varix with pain caused by hemodynamic collapse of the varix. A woman in the third decade presented with position-dependent orbital pain and enophthalmos. She was found to have an intraorbital varix and a separate pterygoid varix. The patient underwent endovascular treatment of the pterygoid varix using coils and sclerosing agents which altered the venous outflow from the orbital varix. The patient had immediate resolution of symptoms after the procedure. Our findings suggest that extraorbital venous outflow abnormalities may be the cause of symptoms in selected cases of orbital varices. By understanding the venous structures on cerebral angiography and treating the extraorbital component, orbital intervention may be avoided, reducing the risk of complications.