Neurocognitive safety after 96 weeks on dual therapy with atazanavir/ritonavir plus lamivudine: results of the neurocognitive substudy of the SALT randomized clinical trial.

Background: Concerns have been voiced over the capacity of deintensification strategies to preserve neurocognitive function and prevent neurocognitive impairment. Methods: We present the 96 week results of a neurocognitive substudy nested within the SALT clinical trial: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial that compares whether atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine is non-inferior to atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs in HIV-suppressed patients on stable triple therapy. A global deficit score (GDS) for five neurocognitive tasks was used to assess neurocognitive function. Changes in neurocognitive function (GDS value) were determined at weeks 48 and 96. The effect of atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine, adjusted for significant confounders, on the change in neurocognitive function was determined using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at week 96. Results: The per-protocol analysis included 92 participants (47 atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine and 45 atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs). All baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. At weeks 48 and 96, changes in GDS [week 48, atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine -0.3 (95% CI -0.5 to -0.1) versus atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs -0.2 (95% CI -0.4 to 0.0), P = 0.39; week 96, atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine -0.3 (95% CI -0.5 to -0.1) versus atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs -0.2 (95% CI -0.4 to -0.1); P = 0.471] were similar. This absence of differences was also observed in all cognitive tasks. Atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine did not impact the change in neurocognitive function at week 96; the adjusted effect of atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine on GDS change, considering atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs as a reference, was 0.01 (95% CI -0.18 to 0.21) (P = 0.90). Conclusions: Neurocognitive function remained stable after 96 weeks, both in the atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine and in the atazanavir/ritonavir + two NRTIs arms, provided HIV remained suppressed.

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide as first-line treatment in naïve HIV patients in a rapid-initiation model of care: BIC-NOW clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple strategies have been utilised to reduce the incidence of HIV, including PrEP and rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation. The study objectives were to evaluate the efficacy, safety, satisfaction, treatment adherence, and system retention obtained with rapid initiation of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in naïve patients. METHODS: This phase IV, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 48-week clinical trial enrolled patients between January 2020 and June 2022. Adherence to treatment was evaluated with the SMAQ questionnaire and patient satisfaction with the EQ-5D. RESULTS: Two hundred eight participants were enrolled with mean age of 35.6 years; 87.6% were males; mean CD4 count was 393.5 cells/uL (<200 cells/uL in 22.1%); viral load log was 5.6 (VL>100 000 cop/mL in 43.3%); 22.6% had AIDS, and 4.3% were coinfected with HBV. BIC/FTC/TAF was initiated on the day of their first visit to the HIV specialist in 98.6% of participants, and 9.6% were lost to follow-up. The efficacy at week 48 was 84.1 % by intention-to- treat (ITT), 94.6% by modified ITT, and 98.3% by per protocol analysis. The regimen was discontinued in two subjects (0.9%) during week 1 for grade 3 adverse events. Treatment adherence (weeks 4 [90%, IQR: 80-99%] vs. 48 [90%, IQR: 80-95%; P = 0.49]) and patient satisfaction (weeks 4 [90%, IQR: 80-99%] vs. 48 [90%, IQR: 80-95 P = 0.49]) rates were very high over the 48- week study period. CONCLUSIONS: BIC/FTC/TAF is an appropriate option for rapid ART initiation in naïve HIV patients, offering high efficacy, safety, durability, treatment adherence, retention in the healthcare system, and patient satisfaction. Number Clinical Trial registration: NCT06177574.

Comparison of high ribavirin induction versus standard ribavirin dosing, plus peginterferon-α for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: the PERICO trial.

BACKGROUND: Ribavirin (RBV) exposure seems to be critical to maximize treatment response in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS: HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals naive to interferon were prospectively randomized to receive peginterferon-α-2a (180 µg/d) plus either RBV standard dosing (1000 or 1200 mg/d if <75 or ≥ 75 kg, respectively) or RBV induction (2000 mg/d) along with subcutaneous erythropoietin ß (450 IU/kg/wk), both during the first 4 weeks, followed by standard RBV dosing until completion of therapy. Early stopping rules at weeks 12 and 24 were applied in patients with suboptimal virological response. RESULTS: A total of 357 patients received ≥ 1 dose of the study medication. No differences in main baseline characteristics were found when comparing treatment arms. Sustained virological response (SVR) was attained by 160 (45%) patients, with no significant differences between RBV induction and standard treatment arms (SVR in 72 of 169 patients [43%] vs 88 of 188 [47%], respectively). At week 4, undetectable HCV RNA (29% vs 25%) and mean RBV trough concentration (2.48 vs 2.14 µg/mL) were comparable in both arms, whereas mean hemoglobin decay was less pronounced in the RBV induction plus erythropoietin arm than in the RBV standard dosing arm (-1.7 vs -2.3 mg/dL; P < .005). Treatment discontinuation occurred in 91 (25%) patients owing to nonresponse and in 29 (8%) owing to adverse events. HCV relapse occurred in 34 patients (10%). Univariate and multivariate analyses identified HCV genotype 2 or 3 (odds ratio [OR], 10.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08-50.2; P = .004), IL28B CC variants (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.33-6.41; P = .007), nonadvanced liver fibrosis (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.06-5.01; P = .03), and rapid virological response (OR, 40.3; 95% CI, 5.1-314.1; P < .001) as predictors of SVR. CONCLUSIONS: A 4-week course of induction therapy with high RBV dosing along with erythropoietin does not improve SVR rates in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Preemptive erythropoietin might blunt the benefit of RBV overdosing by enhancing erythrocyte uptake of plasma RBV.

DOLAVI Real-Life Study of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine in Naive HIV-1 Patients (48 Weeks).

Brief: Real-world data in naïve HIV-1 patients demonstrate that dolutegravir plus lamivudine in a multiple tablet regimen is effective, safe, and satisfactory; it causes moderately increasing weight and abdominal circumference and is administrable on a test-and-treat strategy. Background: Our objectives were to determine the real-life effectiveness and safety of DT with dolutegravir (50 mg/QD) plus lamivudine (300 mg/QD) in a multiple-tablet regimen (MTR) in naïve PLHIV followed up for 48 weeks and to evaluate the compliance and satisfaction of patients. Material and methods: An open, single-arm, multicenter, non-randomized clinical trial from May 2019 through September 2020 with a 48-week follow-up. Results: The study included 88 PLHIV patients (87.5% male) with a mean age of 35.9 years; 76.1% were MSM patients. The mean baseline CD4 was 516.4 cells/uL, with a viral load (VL) of 4.49 log10, and 11.4% were in the AIDS stage. DT started within 7 days of first specialist consultation in all patients and the same day in 84.1%; 3.4% had baseline resistance mutations (K103N, V106I + E138A, and V108I); 12.5% were lost to follow-up. At week 48, 86.3% had VL < 50 cop/uL by intention-to-treat analysis and 98.7% by per-protocol (PP) analysis. Virological failure (VF) was recorded in 1.1%, with no resistance mutation. One blip was detected in 5.2% without VF. Three reported anxiety, dizziness, and cephalgia, respectively, at week 4 and one reported insomnia at week 24; none reported adverse events at week 48. The mean weight was 4 kg higher at 48 weeks (p = 0.0001) and abdominal circumference 3 cm larger at 24 weeks (p = 0.022). No forgetfulness occurred in 98.7% of patients. Patient satisfaction was 90/100 at 4, 24, and 48 weeks. Conclusion: Real-world data demonstrate that dolutegravir plus lamivudine in MTR is effective, safe, and satisfactory, moderately increasing weight and abdominal circumference and administrable on a test-and-treat strategy.

Dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. Analysis of 922 patients from the Spanish VACH cohort.

BACKGROUND: Information concerning lipid disturbances in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is scarce. The objective of the study is to describe the lipid profile in a large cohort of HIV-infected women on contemporary ART and analyse differences between regimes and patient's characteristics. METHODS: Observational, multicentre, cross-sectional study from the Spanish VACH Cohort. 922 women on stable ART without lipid-lowering treatment were included. RESULTS: Median age was 42 years, median CD4 lymphocyte count was 544 cells/mm3, and 85.6% presented undetectable HIV-1 viral load. Median total cholesterol (TC) was 189 mg/dL (interquartile range, IQR, 165-221), HDL cholesterol 53 mg/dL (IQR, 44-64), LDL cholesterol 108 mg/dL (IQR, 86-134), and triglycerides 116 mg/dL (IQR, 85-163). Mean accumulated time on ART was 116 months; 47.4% were on NNRTI-based regimes, 44.7% on PI, and 6.7% on only-NRTI therapy. 43.8% were also hepatitis C (HCV) coinfected. Patients on PI treatment presented higher TC/HDL ratio than those on NNRTI (p < 0.001). Significantly higher HDL values were observed in NNRTI-treated patients. HCV-coinfected patients presented lower TC/HDL ratio than the non HCV-coinfected. In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with TC/HDL ratio were age, triglyceride levels and HCV co-infection. PI treatment presented a non-significant association with higher TC/HDL ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-infected women, the NNRTI-based ART is associated with a better lipid profile than the PI-based. Factors unrelated to ART selection may also exert an independent, significant influence on lipids; in particular, age, and triglyceride levels are associated with an increased TC/HDL ratio while HCV co-infection is associated with a reduced TC/HDL ratio.

Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic of once-daily boosted saquinavir (1500/100 mg) together with 2 nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in real life: a multicentre prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Ritonavir-boosted saquinavir (SQVr) is nowadays regarded as an alternative antiretroviral drug probably due to several drawbacks, such as its high pill burden, twice daily dosing and the requirement of 200 mg ritonavir when given at the current standard 1000/100 mg bid dosing. Several once-daily SQVr dosing schemes have been studied with the 200 mg SQV old formulations, trying to overcome some of these disadvantages. SQV 500 mg strength tablets became available at the end of 2005, thus facilitating a once-daily regimen with fewer pills, although there is very limited experience with this formulation yet. METHODS: Prospective, multicentre study in which efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a regimen of once-daily SQVr 1500/100 mg plus 2 NRTIs were evaluated under routine clinical care conditions in either antiretroviral-naïve patients or in those with no previous history of antiretroviral treatments and/or genotypic resistance tests suggesting SQV resistance. Plasma SQV trough levels were measured by HPLV-UV. RESULTS: Five hundred and fourteen caucasian patients were included (47.2% coinfected with hepatitis C and/or B virus; 7.8% with cirrhosis). Efficacy at 52 weeks (plasma RNA-HIV <50 copies/ml) was 67.7% (CI95: 63.6 - 71.7%) by intention-to-treat, and 92.2% (CI95: 89.8 - 94.6%) by on-treatment analysis. The reasons for failure were: dropout or loss to follow-up (18.4%), virological failure (7.8%), adverse events (3.1%), and other reasons (4.6%). The high rate of dropout may be explained by an enrollment and follow-up under routine clinical care condition, and a population with a significant number of drug users. The median SQV Cmin (n = 49) was 295 ng/ml (range, 53-2172). The only variable associated with virological failure in the multivariate analysis was adherence (OR: 3.36; CI95, 1.51-7.46, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggests that SQVr (1500/100 mg) once-daily plus 2 NRTIs is an effective regimen, without severe clinical adverse events or hepatotoxicity, scarce lipid changes, and no interactions with methadone. All these factors and its once-daily administration suggest this regimen as an appropriate option in patients with no SQV resistance-associated mutations.

Stepped-dose versus full-dose efavirenz for HIV infection and neuropsychiatric adverse events: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: More than 50% of patients who start efavirenz treatment develop limiting neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs). OBJECTIVE: To assess whether stepwise dosing of efavirenz decreases the incidence and severity of NPAEs while maintaining virologic efficacy. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. SETTING: 7 HIV clinics in Spain. PATIENTS: 114 HIV-infected patients eligible for efavirenz treatment plus 2 nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. INTERVENTION: Random assignment (by computer-generated sequence) to receive efavirenz, 200 mg/d on days 1 through 6, 400 mg/d on days 7 through 13, and 600 mg/d on day 14 and after, or efavirenz, 600 mg/d, from day 1. Both groups received 2 nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors chosen by the patient's physician. MEASUREMENTS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms and sleep quality were assessed by questionnaires at 0, 7, 14, and 30 days. The primary outcome was efavirenz-related NPAEs during the first 2 weeks, and the secondary outcome was plasma HIV RNA level at 24 weeks. RESULTS: Compared with the stepped-dose group, the full-dose group had higher incidence and severity of dizziness (66.0% vs. 32.8%; P = 0.001), hangover (45.8% vs. 20.7%; P = 0.008), impaired concentration (22.9% vs. 8.9%; P = 0.038), and hallucinations (6.1% vs. 0%; P = 0.056) during the first week. From week 2, the incidence of efavirenz-related NPAEs was similar in both groups, although the severity was greater in the full-dose group. Virologic and immunologic efficacy seemed similar in both groups. LIMITATIONS: The sample size was calculated on the basis of a high absolute difference in rates of efavirenz-related NPAEs between the groups. A lower absolute difference and a larger sample size could have made the differences between groups reach statistical significance beyond the first week. In addition, the sample size does not allow confirmation of similar efficacy between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Stepwise dose escalation of efavirenz over 2 weeks reduces the incidence and intensity of efavirenz-related NPAEs while maintaining efficacy. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain.

Characteristics and outcome of HIV infection in gypsies in the Spanish VACH Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of HIV infection in the gypsy (Roma) population in Spain, as compared with those of the Caucasian, non-gypsy majority. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, historical cohort study from the Spanish VACH Cohort. METHODS: Patients attending VACH clinics between 1 June 2004 and 30 November 2004 were classified according to their racial and ethnic origin as "gypsies", Caucasian non-gypsy Spanish natives (CNGN), and "other" (the last being excluded from this study). Their sociodemographic and clinico-epidemiological characteristics were compared, as well as the Kaplan-Meier curves of time to AIDS, or death, or disease progression (either of the 2 outcomes). RESULTS: 4819 (48%) of 10,032 cases included in the VACH database were eligible: 210 (4.2%) were gypsies and 4252 (84.8%) were CNGN. Differences were observed in age, household, academic, inmate, marital, and employment history. Injecting drug use had been the most frequent mechanism of transmission in both groups, but to a greater extent among gypsies (72% versus 50%; P<0.000). Sex distribution, CD4 cell counts, and viral loads at the first visit were similar in the 2 groups, as was the percentage of patients with previous AIDS, percentage receiving antiretrovirals, and percentage subsequently starting antiretroviral therapy. Up to 1 April 2005, 416 new AIDS cases and 85 deaths were recorded. The percentage of these outcomes did not differ between groups, but log-rank test showed a shorter time to AIDS and disease progression among gypsies. CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic characteristics of gypsies, the largest minority in the VACH Cohort, show differences relative to those of CNGN. HIV-related outcomes suggest that gypsies have a poorer prognosis.

Effectiveness and safety of didanosine, lamivudine and efavirenz versus zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz for the initial treatment of HIV-infected patients from the Spanish VACH cohort.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary data suggest that a once-daily combination of lamivudine, didanosine and efavirenz is an effective alternative regimen for antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. However, data from randomized trials comparing this combination versus standard first-line regimens are not available yet. In an observational study, we analyse the efficacy and tolerability of didanosine plus lamivudine and efavirenz versus zidovudine plus lamivudine and efavirenz in a cohort of therapy naive patients. METHODS: We performed an observational study on prospectively collected data from patients participating in a multicentre Spanish treatment-naive cohort (VACH cohort). Efficacy was assessed comparing time to therapeutic failure and CD4 cell recovery. Safety was analysed comparing the proportion of patients who discontinued therapy for toxicity or any other reason. RESULTS: Overall, 219 patients treated with once-daily didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz and 409 patients receiving twice-daily zidovudine/lamivudine (Combivir) plus efavirenz were evaluated. By intent-to treat analysis (non-completers and therapeutic change=failure), time to treatment failure was similar in both groups of treatment: 40.0 months (95% CI 23.3-56.8 months) among patients on didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz and 33.3 months (95% CI 25.6-41.1 months) in patients treated with zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz (P=0.253). The risk of failure due to treatment change was almost double among patients treated with zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz compared with those who received didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz is a combination with an efficacy comparable to zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz as first-line therapy for HIV infection. The risk of treatment change was significantly higher among patients treated with zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz than in those starting therapy with didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz.

First-line antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir plus two nucleoside analogues: the SUSKA study, a non-randomized comparison from the VACH cohort.

BACKGROUND: Efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir are both recommended antiretroviral agents for combination first-line therapy, although information on direct comparisons between them is scarce. A retrospective longitudinal study from the VACH cohort comparing both regimens was performed. METHODS: Efficacy was examined comparing time to virological failure, CD4 recovery and clinical progression. Tolerability was examined comparing time to treatment discontinuation for any reason and for toxicity. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and standard and weighted Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1550 antiretroviral-naive patients starting a two-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimen plus either efavirenz (n = 1159) or lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 391) were included in the study. At baseline, patients starting lopinavir/ritonavir had higher HIV-1 RNA and lower CD4+ cell counts. There was no difference in the adjusted hazards of virological failure [efavirenz versus lopinavir/ritonavir hazard ratio (HR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77-1.12, P = 0.43], CD4 recovery (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.95-1.30, P = 0.19) and clinical progression (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.39-1.31, P = 0.27). There was an increased risk of discontinuation for any reason or for toxicity for lopinavir/ritonavir (HR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.40-3.15, P = 0.0003). CD4 recovery with both drugs was also similar in the lowest CD4 strata. A higher risk of early hypertriglyceridaemia was associated with lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests similar virological efficacy for efavirenz- or lopinavir/ritonavir-based first-line antiretroviral regimens, but an increased risk of discontinuation because of toxicity in case of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy. Immunological outcome appeared similar with both regimens.

Natural history of compensated and decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: a prospective multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: To define the course of HIV-HCV-coinfected patients with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis and to investigate the survival and the risk factors for death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-two HIV-infected patients with HCV-related cirrhosis (50 of them without and 42 with previous decompensations) were prospectively followed up during a median period of 20 months. Clinical, biochemical, virological and immunological factors were analysed. Multivariate analyses were performed of those factors associated with decompensations and mortality. RESULTS: There were 168 readmissions due to liver-disease-related causes. A Child-Pugh index > or =6 in those without previous decompensations (hazard ratio [HR] 7.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-39.58; P = 0.014), and Child-Pugh index > or =9 (HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.13-6.33; P = 0.003) and absence of HAART (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.19-0.98; P = 0.048) in those with previous decompensations were independently associated with decompensation during the follow up. There were 27 deaths, 22 of them attributable to liver disease. Independent factors associated with liver-related mortality were a Child-Pugh index > or =9 (HR 6.24, 95% CI 2.31-16.85; P < 0.001), progression of Child-Pugh index during the follow up (HR 4.27, 95% CI 1.54-11.80; P = 0.008), more than one decompensation (HR 24.25, 95% CI 7.27-40.45; P < 0.001) and absence of HAART (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-0.98; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Evolution from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis and death is influenced by markers of liver function and the absence of HAART. The importance of this last element must be adequately stressed.

Short Communication: Maraviroc Once-Daily: Experience in Routine Clinical Practice.

To assess the efficacy and safety of maraviroc (MVC) administered once-daily in routine clinical practice. A retrospective multicenter study (27 centers in Spain) was conducted. Data were collected from the records of patients starting a regimen with MVC. Laboratory and clinical data were recorded every 3 months the first year and every 6 months thereafter. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Among 667 patients treated with MVC, 142 (21.3%) received MVC once-daily: 108 (76.1%), 150 mg and 34 (23.9%), and 300 mg. Age was 47 (42-45) years, there were 76.1% men, and 81 (57%) patients had baseline HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL. Viral tropism was R5 in 118 (83.1%) patients. Reasons for prescribing MVC: salvage therapy (36.6%), drug toxicity (31.2%), simplification (16.9%), and immunodiscordant response (7.1%). Median follow-up was 13 (9-16) months. In 95.8%, a PI/r was part of the regimen (67% on dual therapy). At months 12 and 24, 73.3% and 68.2% of patients had HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL, respectively (p = .041 and p < .001 vs. baseline). CD4+ cell count increased by a median of 52 (-36,135) and 84 (-9.5,180) cells/mm3 at 12 and 24 months, respectively (p < .001 and p = .039 vs. baseline). Twenty-five (17.6%) patients discontinued MVC: virologic failure (6), medical decision (5), and other reasons (14). Two patients presented grade 3 adverse events (hypertransaminasemia, hypertriglyceridemia) without the need for MVC withdrawal, whereas MVC was discontinued in two patients due to gastrointestinal toxicity. In routine clinical practice, MVC once-daily combined with at least PI/r was virologically effective and well tolerated in a high percentage of pretreated patients.

Gynaecomastia in HIV-infected men on highly active antiretroviral therapy: association with efavirenz and didanosine treatment.

BACKGROUND: Gynaecomastia has been described in HIV-infected men undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, there are insufficient data on the relationship between gynaecomastia and any specific antiretroviral drug and hormone abnormality. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of gynaecomastia in HIV-infected men receiving HAART and its association with antiretroviral drugs and hormone abnormalities. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study of 1304 HIV-infected men undergoing HAART. In addition, we included a case (with gynaecomastia)-control (without gynaecomastia) analysis in the second part of this study. Cases and controls were matched according to age, HIV infection CDC clinical category, HCV infection, the date of study and the physician responsible for the patient. Patients bearing known causes of gynaecomastia were excluded. We analysed epidemiological, clinical, haematological and immunological characteristics and the use and duration of the antiretroviral therapy. In 13 cases and 13 controls a sexual hormone profile was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 30 (2.3%) HIV-infected men presented with gynaecomastia of unexplained cause. In 22 (73%) of these individuals, gynaecomastia completely resolved after a median time of 9 months (range: 5-22 months). The percentage of individuals who were receiving efavirenz and didanosine at the time of the study was higher among patients with gynaecomastia [57% vs 17% (P=0.004) and 50% vs 13% (P=0.003), respectively]. Plasma total testosterone, free testosterone index and bioavailable testosterone levels were lower in patients with gynaecomastia, whereas plasma free testosterone levels were not significantly different in either population. CONCLUSIONS: Gynaecomastia is not uncommon in HIV-infected men undergoing HAART and it is usually transient. Efavirenz and didanosine treatment are associated with the emergence of gynaecomastia. An underlying hypoandrogenism seems to contribute to the emergence of this disorder in these patients.

CNS safety at 48-week of switching to ATV/r plus 3TC or two nucleos(t)ides in HIV-suppressed patients on stable ART: the SALT neurocognitive sub-study.

INTRODUCTION: Due to their low CNS penetrance, there are concerns about the capacity of non-conventional PI-based ART (monotherapy and dual therapies) to preserve neurocognitive performance (NP). METHODS: We evaluated the NP change of aviremic participants of the SALT clinical trial (1) switching therapy to dual therapy (DT: ATV/r+3TC) or triple therapy (TT: ATV/r+2NRTI) who agreed to perform an NP assessment (NPZ-5) at baseline and W48. Neurocognitive impairment and NP were assessed using AAN-2007 criteria (2) and global deficit scores (GDS) (3). Neurocognitive change (GDS change: W48 - baseline) and the effect of DT on NP evolution crude and adjusted by significant confounders were determined using ANCOVA. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients were included (Table 1). They had shorter times because HIV diagnosis, ART initiation and HIV-suppression and their virologic outcome at W48 by snapshot was higher (79.1% vs 72.7%; p=0.04) compared to the 128 patients not included in the sub-study. By AAN-2007 criteria, 51 patients in each ART group (68% vs 63%) were neurocognitively impaired at baseline (p=0.61). Forty-seven patients were not reassessed at W48: 30 lost of follow-up (16 DT-14 TT) and 17 had non-evaluable data (6 DT-11 TT). Patients retested were more likely to be men (78.9% vs 61.4%) and had neurological cofounders (9.6% vs 0%) than patients non-retested. At W48, 3 out of 16 (5.7%) patients on DT and 6 out of 21 (10.5%) on TT who were non-impaired at baseline became impaired (p=0.49) while 10 out of 37 (18.9%) on DT and 7 out of 36 (12.3%) on TT who were neurocognitively impaired at baseline became non-impaired (p=0.44). Mean GDS changes (95% CI) were: Overall -0.2 (-0.3 to -0.04): DT -0.26 (-0.4 to -0.07) and TT -0.08 (-0.2 to 0.07). NP was similar between DT and TT (0.15). This absence of differences was also observed in all cognitive tests. Effect of DT: -0.16 [-0.38 to 0.06]) (r(2)=0.16) on NP evolution was similar to TT (reference), even after adjusting (DT: -0.11 [-0.33 to 0.1], TT: reference) by significant confounders (geographical origin, previous ATV use and CD4 cell count) (r(2)=0.25). CONCLUSIONS: NP stability was observed after 48 weeks of follow up in the majority of patients whether DT or TT was used to maintain HIV-suppression. Incidence rates of NP impairment or NP impairment recovery were also similar between DT and TT.

Monotherapy with darunavir/ritonavir is effective and safe in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION: Monotherapy against HIV has undoubted theoretical advantages and has good scientific fundaments. However, it is still controversial and here we will analyze the efficacy and safety of MT with darunavir with ritonavir (DRV/r) on patients who have received this treatment in our hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational retrospective study that includes patients from 10 Andalusian hospitals that have received DRV/r in MT and that have been followed over a minimum of 12 months. We carried out a statistical descriptive analysis based on the profile of patients who had been prescribed MT and the efficacy and safety that were observed, paying special attention to treatment failure and virological evolution. RESULTS: DRV/r was prescribed to 604 patients, of which 41.1% had a CD4 nadir <200/mmc. 33.1% had chronic hepatitis caused by HCV, had received an average of five lines of previous treatment and had a history of treatment failure to analogues in 33%, to non-analogues 22 and protease inhibitors (PI) in 19.5%. 76.6% proceeded from a previous treatment with PI. The simplification was the main criteria for the instauration of MT in the 81.5% and the adverse effects in the 18.5%. We managed to maintain MT in 84% of cases, with only 4.8% of virological failure (VF) with viral load (VL) >200 c/mL and 3.6% additional losses due to VF with VL between 50 and 200 copies/mL. Thirty three genotypes were performed after failure without findings of resistance mutations to DRV/r or other IPs. Only 23.7% of patients presented some blips during the period of exposition to MT. Eighty seven percent of all determinations of VL had <50 copies/mL, and only 4.99% had >200 copies/mL. Although up to 14.9% registered at some point an AE, only 2.6% abandoned MT because of AE and 1.2% because of voluntary decision. Although the average of total and LDL cholesterol increases 10 mg/dL after 2 years of follow-up, so did HDL cholesterol in 3mg/dL and the values of triglycerides (-14 mg/dL) and GPT (-6 UI/mL) decreased. The average count of CD4 lymphocytes increased from 642 to 714/mm(3) at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: In a very broad series of patients obtained from clinical practice, data from clinical trials was confirmed: MT with DRV as a de-escalation strategy is very safe, it's associated to a negligible rate of adverse effects and maintains a good suppression of HIV replication. VF (with >50 or >200 copies/mL) is always under 10% and in any case without consequences.

Bacterial translocation in HIV-infected patients with HCV cirrhosis: implication in hemodynamic alterations and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of the influence of portal hypertension on intestinal permeability in HIV-infected patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis and of the prognostic significance of consequent macrophage activation. METHODS: Twenty HIV-monoinfected patients, 70 patients with HIV-HCV coinfection, 20 of them with compensated and 50 with decompensated cirrhosis, and 20 healthy controls were evaluated for intestinal permeability [measured by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) serum levels], macrophage activation [soluble CD14, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 55 Kd, and interleukin 6 (IL-6)], and activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis were monitored for a median period of 429 days to analyze the prognostic factors implicated in survival. RESULTS: Patients with decompensated cirrhosis show increased LBP levels compared with HIV-monoinfected patients. Patients with increased LBP concentration showed elevated soluble CD14, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 55 Kd, and IL-6 levels. Twenty-two patients died, from liver-related causes, during the follow-up, and 2 more underwent liver transplantation. Child-Pugh index, CD4 T-cell count, plasma aldosterone and serum IL-6 concentrations independently predicted liver-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Increased intestinal permeability, as measured by serum LBP levels, observed in patients with HIV infection is significantly higher in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) are prognostic markers of HIV-HCV-coinfected patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity of nelfinavir-containing regimens among HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity of nelfinavir-containing regimens among human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV)-coinfected patients with known stage of liver fibrosis. METHODS: All HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were monitored for a period of 12 months after starting nelfinavir-containing regimens and, with an available liver biopsy, were included in a retrospective study. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were included in the study. Nine (10.9%) HIV/HCV-coinfected patients showed an episode of severe hepatotoxicity during the study period. Eight (9.8%) individuals showed grade 3 or 4 change in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and one subject presented with an event of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Six (18.2%) of 33 patients with advanced liver fibrosis and three (6%) of 49 individuals without advanced liver fibrosis showed an episode of severe hepatotoxicity (P = 0.1). In the multivariate analysis, only nevirapine use during nelfinavir therapy [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 8.9; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-54.1; P = 0.01] was independently associated with risk of development of severe liver toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of severe hepatotoxicity of nelfinavir-containing regimens is low among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with known stage of liver fibrosis. In addition, our findings show that concomitant nevirapine use is associated with an increased risk of severe hepatotoxicity in these subjects. Likewise, the proportion of severe liver toxicity tended to be higher in individuals with advanced liver fibrosis.

[Changing trends in HIV epidemics: recent diagnoses in the Spanish VACH cohort (2000-2002)]. / Patrón epidemiológico de la infección por el VIH en 15 hospitales españoles: casos de nuevo diagnóstico incluidos en la cohorte VACH en 2001 y 2002.

BACKGROUND: Studying the changing trends of HIV epidemics is a useful means of evaluating the results of current preventive plans as well as of defining future needs and objectives. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of the newly-diagnosed cases of HIV infection included in the Spanish VACH cohort. New HIV cases were defined as those diagnosed between January 2001 and December 2002. Their epidemiologic characteristics were compared with those of patients included in the same cohort who had been diagnosed between January 1998 and December 2000. RESULTS: We studied 603 new cases (27% women). In 146 (24.4%) HIV infection had been acquired by sharing material for intravenous drug use (IVDU), 171 (28,6%) were men who had had sex with other men (MSM) and 247 (41.3%) acknowledged some risk for heterosexual HIV transmission. The median age was 36 years (range: 18-80). Only 1.5% of the patients were younger than 20 years while 32.1% were older than 40 years. This percentage was significantly higher than that corresponding to 1998-2000 (27.5%; p < 0,05). HIV infection was diagnosed simultaneously with an AIDS-defining condition in 13.3% of patients and an AIDS-defining disease was diagnosed in the first month after HIV-diagnosis in another 40 patients (6.6%). CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the trends observed in previous studies: a growing proportion of newly diagnosed cases among women, a decreasing proportion of IVDU, a growth of MSM, and a trend toward diagnosis at a later age.

Characteristics and outcome of HIV infection in gypsies in the Spanish VACH Cohort

Objective To study the characteristics of HIV infection in the gypsy (Roma) population in Spain, as compared with those of the Caucasian, non-gypsy majority. Design Cross-sectional, historical cohort study from the Spanish VACH Cohort. Methods Patients attending VACH clinics between 1 June 2004 and 30 November 2004 were classified according to their racial and ethnic origin as “gypsies”, Caucasian non-gypsy Spanish natives (CNGN), and “other” (the last being excluded from this study). Their sociodemographic and clinico-epidemiological characteristics were compared, as well as the Kaplan–Meier curves of time to AIDS, or death, or disease progression (either of the 2 outcomes).Results4819 (48%) of 10,032 cases included in the VACH database were eligible: 210 (4.2%) were gypsies and 4252 (84.8%) were CNGN. Differences were observed in age, household, academic, inmate, marital, and employment history. Injecting drug use had been the most frequent mechanism of transmission in both groups, but to a greater extent among gypsies (72% versus 50%; P<0.000). Sex distribution, CD4 cell counts, and viral loads at the first visit were similar in the 2 groups, as was the percentage of patients with previous AIDS, percentage receiving antiretrovirals, and percentage subsequently starting antiretroviral therapy. Up to 1 April 2005, 416 new AIDS cases and 85 deaths were recorded. The percentage of these outcomes did not differ between groups, but log-rank test showed a shorter time to AIDS and disease progression among gypsies. Conclusions The sociodemographic characteristics of gypsies, the largest minority in the VACH Cohort, show differences relative to those of CNGN. HIV-related outcomes suggest that gypsies have a poorer prognosis (AU)

Objetivo estudiar las características de la infección por el VIH en gitanos en España, en comparación con las de la mayoría caucásica no gitana (CNG).Métodos estudio transversal y de cohortes históricas en la Cohorte VACH. Clasificamos a los pacientes que acudieron a las clínicas participantes en VACH entre el 1 de junio de 2004 y el 30 de noviembre de 2004 de acuerdo a su raza y etnia, como «gitanos», «nativos españoles CNG» u «otros» (estos, excluidos de este estudio). Comparamos sus características sociodemográficas y clinicoepidemiológicas, así como sus curvas de Kaplan–Meier del tiempo hasta sida, muerte o progresión de la enfermedad (cualquiera de ambos).Resultados4819 (48%) de 10.032 casos recogidos en la base de datos de VACH fueron incluidos en el estudio: 210 (4,2%) eran gitanos y 4.252 (84,8%) eran nativos CNG. Observamos diferencias en sus distribuciones por edad, domicilio, estudios, antecedentes penales, situación laboral y marital. La inyección de drogas había sido el mecanismo de transmisión del VIH más frecuente en los dos grupos, pero más marcadamente en los gitanos (72% frente a 50%; p<0,000). La distribución por sexos, los recuentos de linfocitos CD4 y las cargas virales en la primera visita fueron similares en ambos grupos, así como las proporciones de pacientes con sida previo y las de quienes estaban ya en, o iniciaron entonces, tratamiento antirretroviral. Hasta el 1 de abril de 2005 se registraron 416 nuevos casos de sida y 85 muertes. La proporción de ambos resultados fue similar en ambos grupos, pero la prueba del rango logarítmico demostró una evolución más rápida a sida y a progresión de la (..) (AU)