Circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-infected patients and its relation with primary brain lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load at different HIV infection stages and its relation with brain lymphoma. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 172 HIV-infected individuals: 62 asymptomatic HIV carriers (group A), 30 HIV progressors (group B), 73 AIDS patients (group C), seven AIDS patients with brain lymphoma (group C-BL); and 26 blood donors (group BD) as healthy carriers. EBV load was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma samples using a semi-quantitative PCR method. RESULTS: PBMC-EBV levels in HIV-infected patients were higher than in the blood donors (p<0.05). No differences in PBMC-EBV loads were found in groups A, B, or C (p>0.05), while the C-BL group had significantly lower levels (p<0.05). Similar PBMC-EBV loads were seen in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell counts higher than 50/mm(3) (p>0.05), while significantly lower levels were found in cases with less than 50 cells/mm(3) (p<0.05). In all HIV-infected patients, plasma-EBV load was lower than, or similar to, PBMC-EBV load, unlike 2/7 HIV-positive brain lymphoma patients. CONCLUSIONS: During HIV infection PBMC-EBV load rises in comparison to healthy carriers, but decreases when immunosuppression progresses and CD4+ T cell count becomes <50/mm(3). Circulating EBV is mainly cell-associated in the HIV-infected population. Neither PBMC-EBV nor plasma-EBV loads would be useful to diagnose brain lymphoma in AIDS patients.

Human papillomavirus in oral lesions.

Growing evidence suggests a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral cancer; however its involvement is still controversial. This study evaluates the frequency of HPV DNA in a variety of oral lesions in patients from Argentina. A total of 77 oral tissue samples from 66 patients were selected (cases); the clinical-histopathological diagnoses corresponded to: 11 HPV- associated benign lesions, 8 non-HPV associated benign lesions, 33 premalignant lesions and 25 cancers. Sixty exfoliated cell samples from normal oral mucosa were used as controls. HPV detection and typing were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers MY09, 11, combined with RFLP or alternatively PCR using primers GP5+, 6+ combined with dot blot hybridization. HPV was detected in 91.0% of HPV- associated benign lesions, 14.3% of non-HPV associated benign lesions, 51.5% of preneoplasias and 60.0% of cancers. No control sample tested HPV positive. In benign HPV- associated lesions, 30.0% of HPV positive samples harbored high-risk types, while in preneoplastic lesions the value rose to 59.9%. In cancer lesions, HPV detection in verrucous carcinoma was 88.9% and in squamous cell carcinoma 43.8%, with high-risk type rates of 75.5% and 85.6%, respectively. The high HPV frequency detected in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions supports an HPV etiological role in at least a subset of oral cancers.

A semiquantitative PCR method (SQ-PCR) to measure Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load: its application in transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: High Epstein-Barr virus load has been related to an increased risk of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLD) in transplant recipients. OBJECTIVES: Development of a method to quantitate EBV DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and evaluate its usefulness in transplant patients. STUDY DESIGN: We designed a semiquantitative nested PCR based on a limiting dilution analysis to detect high viral loads in PBMC. This method was applied to 25 healthy carriers, and 85 solid organ transplant recipients as follows: (A) 53 asymptomatic patients; (B) 24 symptomatic patients; (C) eight patients with PTLD. RESULTS: In healthy carriers the reciprocal of the limiting dilution (RLD) ranged between non-detected (ND) and 1, the median RLD was ND, which is equivalent to a viral load of <1 copy per 10(5) PBMC. In the transplant population the medians RLD (range) were: (A) asymptomatic group: ND (ND-64), median equivalent to a viral load of <1 copy per 10(5) PBMC; (B) symptomatic group: 4 (ND-256), median equivalent to a range of viral load of 4-64 copies per 10(5) PBMC. (C) PTLD group: 256 (16-16384), median equivalent to a range of viral load of 256-4096 copies per 10(5) PBMC. Statistically significant differences were found between all groups: A+B vs. C (P<0.0001); A vs. B (P<0.0001); A vs. C (P<0.0001), B vs. C (P<0.0001). We also observed a good correlation between viral loads and clinical findings in four follow-up patients. Considering the RLD=256 as a cutoff point to detect transplant patients with PTLD, resulted in sensitivity 75%, specificity 96.7%, positive predictive value 60%, negative predictive value 98.3%. CONCLUSION: This SQ-PCR method enables us to differentiate between transplant patients with and without PTLD; therefore, it could be applied as a marker for early detection of this pathology.

Epstein-barr virus (EBV) in healthy carriers: Distribution of genotypes and 30 bp deletion in latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) oncogene.

There are two types of Epstein Barr virus (EBV): EBV-1 and EBV-2, distinguished by genomic polymorphism in the genes encoding the nuclear antigens (EBNA-2, -3A, -3B, -3C). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is an EBV protein with known oncogenic properties. Different variants had been described; among them, a 30 base pair (bp) deletion (del-LMP-1) had been reported in benign and malignant pathologies, but there is little information about its frequency in healthy populations. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the EBV genotypes and the 30 bp deletion frequency, in EBV healthy carriers from Argentina. Analysis of EBNA-3C and LMP-1 genes were done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization on DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood bank donors. EBV-1 was present in 75.9% of samples, EBV-2 in 14.6%, and co-infections with both types in 6.5%. The deleted LMP-1 variant was found in 7.4% of analyzed samples, corresponding 3.2% to deleted variant alone and 4.2% to co-infections with non-deleted form. The non-deleted variant was found in 64.6% whereas in the remaining 28%, no PCR product was detected. These results showed that EBV-1 was the more prevalent type in healthy carriers of Argentina, similar to reports from others countries. A predominance of the non-deleted LMP-1 variant was observed. The presence of co-infections with both types and variants demonstrated that healthy individuals may also harbor multiple EBV infections.

Human papillomavirus in oral lesions / Virus papiloma humano en lesiones orales

Growing evidence suggests a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral cancer; however its involvement is still controversial. This study evaluates the frequency of HPV DNA in a variety of oral lesions in patients from Argentina. A total of 77 oral tissue samples from 66 patients were selected (cases); the clinical-histopathological diagnoses corresponded to: 11 HPV- associated benign lesions, 8 non-HPV associated benign lesions, 33 premalignant lesions and 25 cancers. Sixty exfoliated cell samples from normal oral mucosa were used as controls. HPV detection and typing were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers MY09, 11, combined with RFLP or alternatively PCR using primers GP5+, 6+ combined with dot blot hybridization. HPV was detected in 91.0% of HPV- associated benign lesions, 14.3% of non-HPV associated benign lesions, 51.5% of preneoplasias and 60.0% of cancers. No control sample tested HPV positive. In benign HPV- associated lesions, 30.0% of HPV positive samples harbored high-risk types, while in preneoplastic lesions the value rose to 59.9%. In cancer lesions, HPV detection in verrucous carcinoma was 88.9% and in squamous cell carcinoma 43.8%, with high-risk type rates of 75.5% and 85.6%, respectively. The high HPV frequency detected in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions supports an HPV etiological role in at least a subset of oral cancers.

Crecientes evidencias sugieren que el virus Papiloma humano (HPV) tiene un rol en el cáncer oral; sin embargo su participación es todavía controvertida. Este estudio evalúa la frecuencia de ADN de HPV en una variedad de lesiones orales de pacientes de Argentina. Se seleccionaron 77 muestras de tejido oral de 66 pacientes (casos); el diagnóstico histo-patológico correspondió a: 11 lesiones benignas asociadas a HPV, 8 lesiones benignas no asociadas a HPV, 33 lesiones premalignas y 25 cánceres. Como controles se usaron 60 muestras de células exfoliadas de mucosa oral normal. La detección y tipificación de HPV se realizó por PCR empleando los primers MY09,11, seguida de RFLP, o PCR usando los primers GP5+, 6+ seguida de hibridación en dot blot. HPV fue detectado en 91% de las lesiones benignas asociadas a HPV, 14.3% de las lesiones benignas no asociadas, 51.5% de preneoplasias y 60% de cánceres. Ninguna muestra control resultó HPV positiva. En las lesiones benignas, 30% de las muestras HPV positivas correspondieron a tipos de alto riesgo, mientras que en las lesiones preneoplásicas la positividad ascendió a 59.9%. En cánceres, la detección de HPV en carcinomas verrugosos fue 88.9% y en carcinomas escamosos 43.8%, con 75.5% y 85.6% de tipos virales de alto riesgo, respectivamente. La alta frecuencia de HPV detectada en lesiones preneoplásicas y cánceres apoya un rol etiológico del HPV en, al menos, un subgrupo de cánceres orales.

Variantes moleculares de virus papiloma humano (HPV) tipos 16 y 18 en adenocarcinomas de cervix / Molecular variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in adenocarcinomas of the cervix

Los virus Papiloma humano (HPV), en particular los tipos 16 y 18, son considerados carcinógenos humanos, habiéndose demostrado una asociación etiológica entre la infección con estos virus y el desarrollo del cáncer de cuello uterino. El rol viral en el carcinoma escamoso ha sido ampliamente estudiado aunque la información disponible en relación al adenocarcinoma es mucho menor, en parte debido a su baja frecuencia. En este trabajo investigamos la presencia de tipos y variantes intratípicas de HPV en adenocarcinomas de cérvix. Se incluyeron 23 biopsias de archivo, fijadas y embebidas en parafina. La detección y tipificación viral se llevó a cabo mediante PCR genérica y posterior análisis de polimorfismos conformacionales de cadena simple (SSCP). La variabilidad genética se investigó en un fragmento de 450 pb del gen L1, mediante la secuenciación directa post-PCR. Se detectaron 11 muestras positivas para HPV 16 (9 prototipos y 2 variantes: 1 europea y 1 asiática-americana), 10 para HPV 18 (9 prototipos y 1 variante europea), 1 para HPV 31 y 1 negativa. Se confirmó la asociación de HPV de alto riesgo con esta neoplasia, con una alta prevalencia (43%) de HPV 18 pero sin un predominio sobre los demás tipos virales, como fue publicado previamente. La variabilidad demostrada en epítopes de la proteína L1 originaron cambios aminoacídicos que podrían tener implicancias en la repuesta inmune y por lo tanto ser considerados en el diseño de vacunas.

Mutaciones en genes Ha-ras y p53 detectadas mediante PCR-SSCP en lesiones premalignas y malignas de cuello uterino asociadas con virus papiloma humano (HPV) / Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations scanned by PCR-SSCP in premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix associated with human papillomavirus

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las frecuencias de virus papiloma humano (HPV) y de mutaciones en los genes Ha-ras y el supresor p53 en tumores y lesiones precursoras de cérvix. Se incluyeron en el estudio 30 carcinomas invasores (CAIN), 36 displasias severas (CIN III) y 12 tejidos normales adyacentes a los tumores (TN). Se realizó la tipificación de HPV y la búsqueda de mutaciones en los genes Ha-ras y p 53 mediante PCR-SSCP. Los CAIN fueron HPV positivos en el 93%; en el 41% se observaron mutaciones en Ha-ras y en el 17% para p53. El 80% de los CIN III fue HPV positivo, en el 18% se detectaron mutaciones en Ha-ras y en el 11% en p53. En los TN el HPV se detectó en el 17% de los casos. Todas las mutaciones fueron heterocigotas. Por otro lado, todas las muestras con mutaciones en Ha-ras resultaron HPV positivas, en cambio el 33% de los casos de p53 mutada fueron HPV negativos. El HPV 16 (44%) fue más prevalente que el HPV 18 (15%); los casos de tipo viral no determinado (18%), indicarían la circulación en nuestro país, de otros tipos distintos a los ensayados (6, 11, 16, 18, 31 y 33), variantes o infecciones mixtas. La baja frecuencia de mutaciones en el gen p53 señala que la inactivación de la proteína normal mediada por HPV tendría un rol más importante en la patogénesis del cáncer. Dado que el Ha-ras mutado se halló en lesiones premalignas, hemos especulado que podría representar un marcador temprano de progresión. Nuestros hallazgos proveen de evidencias adicionales acerca de un efecto interactivo entre los HPV de alto riesgo y de oncogenes en el desarrollo tumoral.