Current and future imaging modalities in gastric cancer.

Gastric adenocarcinoma treatment can include endoscopic mucosal resection, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and palliative measures depending on staging. Both invasive and noninvasive staging techniques have been used to dictate the best treatment pathway. Here, we review the current imaging modalities used in gastric cancer as well as novel techniques to accurately stage and screen these patients.

A 10-year ACS-NSQIP Analysis of Trends in Esophagectomy Practices.

BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy practices have evolved over time in response to new technologies and refinements in technique. Using the National Safety and Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, we aimed to describe trends for esophagectomy in terms of approach, surgeon specialty, and associated outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients undergoing esophagectomy were identified within the 2007-2017 NSQIP database. The proportion of cases performed using different approaches was trended over time. Outcomes were compared with chi-squared and t-tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with outcomes and provide risk-adjusted measures. RESULTS: A total of 10,383 esophagectomies were included; 6347 (61.1%) were performed for cancer. The proportion of esophagectomies performed via the Ivor Lewis approach (ILE) increased between 2007 (37.0%) and 2017 (62.4%). Simultaneously, transhiatal esophagectomies (THEs) decreased from 41.1% to 21.5% (P < 0.001). THE was more frequently performed in patients with higher baseline probability of mortality (2.3% versus 2.0%, P < 0.001) and morbidity (32.2% versus. 28.7%, P < 0.001). The percentage performed with cardiothoracic surgeons increased from 0.8% in 2007 to 50.3% in 2017 (P < 0.001). The risk-adjusted complication rate was 45% for THE, 40% for ILE, and 50% for McKeown (MCK) esophagectomy (P < 0.001). The risk-adjusted rate of surgical site infection was 17.3% for THE, 13.1% for ILE, and 19% for MCK (P = 0.001). Within risk-adjusted analysis, surgical approach was not associated with complications. CONCLUSIONS: ILE has emerged as the predominant approach for esophagectomy nationwide among NSQIP-participating institutions and may be associated with lower complication rates than THE. The use of MCK esophagectomy has remained stable but is associated with increased complications.

Peripancreatic fluid collections following distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy-when is intervention warranted?

BACKGROUND: Peripancreatic fluid collections after distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy are commonly identified on postoperative cross-sectional imaging. This study aimed to determine the incidence, natural history, and indications for intervention. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with peripancreatic fluid collections after distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy between 2013 and 2018, approved by our institutional review board. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and Fisher's exact test was used for values in which the sample size was less than 5 to compare data. RESULTS: During the study period, 235 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy, and 182 patients with postoperative imaging were included. In the cohort of patients with postoperative imaging, 83 (46%) had peripancreatic fluid collections, of which 46 (55%) were symptomatic fluid collections (SFCs) and 37 (45%) were asymptomatic fluid collections (AFCs). Those with SFC had a higher incidence of postoperative morbidity (46% vs 8%; P = .0002), most commonly postoperative pancreatic fistula (90%). Of patients with SFC, 34 (74%) underwent treatment via percutaneous drainage (n = 26), endoscopic drainage (n = 7), or antibiotics alone (n = 1). AFCs (n = 37) were observed. Collections that were intervened upon resolved significantly faster than those observed, 3.5 months vs 13.2 months (P < .0001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic patients may be observed with or without serial imaging and the AFC will typically resolve spontaneously with time. Patients who develop symptoms should generally be intervened upon with drainage if deemed feasible, given that this reduces the time to resolution.

Mortality index is more accurate than volume in predicting outcome and failure to rescue in Medicare beneficiaries undergoing robotic right upper lobectomy.

Background: Surgical volume is known to influence failure to rescue (FTR), defined as death following a complication. Robotic lung surgery continues to expand and there is variability in outcomes among hospitals. We sought to estimate the contribution of hospital-based factors on outcomes and FTR following robotic right upper lobectomy (RRUL). Methods: Using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services inpatient claims database, we evaluated all patients age ≥65 years with a diagnosis of lung cancer who underwent RRUL between January 2018 and December 2020. We excluded patients who had undergone segmentectomy, sublobar, wedge, or bronchoplastic resection; had metastatic or nonmalignant disease; or had a history of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Primary outcomes included FTR rate, length of stay (LOS), readmissions, conversion to open surgery, complications, and costs. We analyzed hospitals by tertiles of volume and Medicare Mortality Index (MMI). Defined as the institutional number of deaths per number of survivors, MMI is a marker of overall hospital performance and quality. Propensity score models were adjusted for confounding using goodness of fit. Results: Data for 4317 patients who underwent robotic right upper lobectomy were analyzed. Hospitals were categorized by volume of cases (low, <9; medium, 9-20; high, >20) and MMI (low, <0.04; medium, 0.04-0.13; high, >0.13). After propensity score balancing, patients from tertiles of lowest volume and highest MMI had higher costs ($34,222 vs $30,316; P = .006), as well as higher mortality (odds ratio, 7.46; 95% confidence interval, 2.67-28.2; P < .001). Compared to high-volume centers, low-volume centers had higher rates of conversion to open surgery, respiratory failure, hemorrhagic anemia, and death; longer LOS; and greater cost (P < .001 for all). The C-statistic for volume as a predictor of overall mortality was 0.6, and the FTR was 0.8. Hospitals in the highest tertile of MMI had the highest rates of conversion to open surgery (P = .01), pneumothorax (P = .02), and respiratory failure (P < .001). They also had the highest mortality and rate of readmission, longest LOS, and greatest costs (P < .001 for all) and the shortest survival (P < .001). The C-statistic for MMI as a predictor of overall mortality was 0.8, and FTR was 0.9. Conclusions: The MMI incorporates hospital-based factors in the adjudication of outcomes and is a more sensitive predictor of FTR rates than volume alone. Combining MMI and volume may provide a metric that can guide quality improvement and cost-effectiveness measures in hospitals seeking to implement robotic lung surgery programs.

The relationship between body mass index and mortality is not linear in patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal support.

OBJECTIVE: Morbid obesity may influence candidacy for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VVECMO) support. Indeed, body mass index (BMI) >40 is considered to be a relative contraindication due to increased mortality observed in patients with BMI above this value. There is scant evidence to characterize this relationship beyond speculating about the technical challenges of cannulation and difficulty in optimizing flows. We examined a national cohort to evaluate the influence of BMI on mortality in patients requiring VVECMO for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis on National COVID Cohort Collaborative data evaluating 1,033,229 patients with BMI ≤60 from 31 US hospital systems diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome virus coronavirus 2 infection from September 2019 to August 2022. We performed univariate and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analysis on data pertaining to those who required VVECMO support during their hospitalization. A subgroup risk-adjusted analysis comparing ECMO mortality in patients with BMI 40 to 60 with the 25th, 50th, and 75th BMI percentile was performed. Outcomes of interest included BMI, age, comorbidity score, body surface area, and ventilation days. RESULTS: A total of 774 adult patients required VVECMO. Of these, 542 were men, median age was 47 years, mean adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index was 1, and median BMI was 33. Overall mortality was 47.8%. There was a nonsignificant overall difference in mortality across hospitals (SD, 0.31; 95% CI, 0-0.57). After mixed multivariable logistic regression analysis, advanced age (P < .0001) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (P = .009) were each associated with increased mortality. Neither gender (P = .14) nor duration on mechanical ventilation (P = .39) was associated with increased mortality. An increase in BMI from 25th to 75th percentile was not associated with a difference in mortality (P = .28). In our multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, there exists a nonlinear relationship between BMI and mortality. Between BMI of 25 and 32, patients experienced an increase in mortality. However, between BMI of 32 and 37, the adjusted mortality in these patients subsequently decreased. Our subgroup analysis comparing BMIs 40 to 60 with the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile of BMI found no significant difference in ECMO mortality between BMI values of 40 and 60 with the 25th, 50th, 75th percentile. CONCLUSIONS: Advancing age and higher CCI are each associated with increased risk for mortality in patients requiring VVECMO. A nonlinear relationship exists between mortality and BMI and those between 32 and 37 have lower odds of mortality than those between BMI 25 and 32. This nonlinear pattern suggests a need for further adjudication of the contraindications associated with VVECMO, particularly those based solely on BMI.

Postoperative Telehealth Visits Reduce Emergency Department Visits and 30-Day Readmissions in Elective Thoracic Surgery Patients.

BACKGROUND: Preventing postoperative 30-day readmissions requires an investment in patient care. The use of postdischarge telehealth visits to prevent potential adverse events or hospital visits has been shown in previous studies. PURPOSE: We aim to determine the impact of postoperative telehealth visits (PTV) on reducing emergency department visits (EDV) and readmissions within 30 days postdischarge (30DR). METHODS: All elective thoracic surgery patients opted-in or opted-out of PTV. Postoperative telehealth visits assessed patients' overall health status and addressed patient concerns. Patients were also seen at their postoperative clinic follow-up. Emergency department visits and 30DR were recorded. RESULTS: Three hundred fourty-one patients were included-295 and 46 patients opted-in and opted-out of PTV. Opting-out of PTV, being discharged with chest tubes or drains, and the inability to perform activities of daily living at their postoperative follow-up were associated with increased EDV (OR = 8.7, 5.3, 6.3; p ≤ .05) and 30DR (OR = 5.1, 6.3, 7.1; p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION: Postoperative telehealth visits were able to reduce EDV and 30DR in our study, although further studies establishing the range of interventions that can be feasibly provided remotely should be performed to identify limitations of these PTV. IMPLICATIONS: Telehealth could be used postoperatively to reduce EDV and 30DR, improving quality and cost-effectiveness of healthcare delivery to patients.

Questioning the Status Quo: Should Gleason Grade Group 1 Prostate Cancer be Considered a "Negative Core" in Pre-Radical Prostatectomy Risk Nomograms? An International Multicenter Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of excluding Gleason Grade Group 1 (GG1) prostate cancer (CaP) cores from current pre-radical prostatectomy (RP) nomograms. METHODS: Multi-institutional retrospective chart review was performed on all RP patients with prostate biopsy between 2008 and 2018. Patients were individually assessed using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Briganti nomograms using the following iterations: (1) Original [ORIG] - all available core data and (2) Selective [SEL] - GG1 cores considered negative. Nomogram outcomes - lymph node invasion (LNI), extracapsular extension (ECE), organ-confined disease (OCD), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), were compared across iterations and stratified based on biopsy GG. Clinically significant impact on management (CSIM) was defined as change in LNI risk above or below 2% or 5% (Δ2/Δ5). Nomogram outcomes were validated with RP pathology. RESULTS: 7718 men met inclusion criteria. In men with GG2 who also had GG1 cores, SEL better predicted LNI (MSKCC - ORIG 4.97% vs SEL 3.50%; Briganti - ORIG 4.81% vs SEL 2.49%, RP outcome 2.46%), OCD (MSKCC - ORIG 40.91% vs SEL 48.44%, RP outcome: 68.46%) and ECE (MSKCC - ORIG 57.87% vs SEL 50.38%, RP outcome: 30.41%), but not SVI (MSKCC - ORIG 5.42% vs SEL 3.34%, RP outcome: 5.62%). This was also consistent in patients with GG3-5 disease. The greatest CSIM was on GG1-2 CaP; Δ2 and Δ5 in GG1 patients was 26.3%-31.0% and 1.5%-5.2%, respectively, and Δ2 and Δ5 in GG2 patients was 3.4%-22.2% and 12.3%-13.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Excluding GG1 CaP cores from pre-RP nomograms better predicts final RP pathologic outcomes. More importantly, this may better reflect extent of true cancer burden.

Assessing the role of urologists and general surgeons in the open repair of bladder injuries: Analysis of a large, statewide trauma database.

BACKGROUND: Bladder injuries often occur in the setting of polytrauma, and if severe, may require open surgical repairs. We assess the role of urologists and general surgeons (GS) in the open surgical management of bladder injuries and their outcomes in a traumatic setting. METHODS: Patients who underwent open bladder injury repair secondary to trauma from 2000 to 2017 by urology or GS were identified in the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database by International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev.-Clinical Modification procedure codes (57.19-57.93). Patient demographics, initial trauma assessment, length of hospital stay, associated complications, and mortality were evaluated. Urology management of a bladder injury was defined by documentation of a urologist in the operating room or urological consultation during the hospital stay. GS management was defined by documented bladder repair without urology involvement as described previously. RESULTS: Of 624,504 patients in the database, 701 met inclusion criteria (419 managed by urology, 282 by GS). The most commonly performed procedure was suturing of bladder lacerations (80.5%). On univariate analysis, GS was more likely to manage patients with penetrating injuries and those who required exploratory laparotomy less than 2 hours upon arrival. Urology was more likely to manage patients with concomitant pelvic fractures and higher Injury Severity Score (ISS). On multivariate analysis, higher ISS was predictive of urology management (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.87, p = 0.008), while patients who required urgent exploratory laparotomy was predictive of GS management (odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.55, p < 0.001). Patients with concomitant pelvic fractures (n = 318) were also more likely to have higher ISS (p < 0.001) and were more likely to be managed by urology (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.30, p = 0.046). Mortality, length of hospital stay, and complication rates were not significantly different between the two specialties and among individual procedures. CONCLUSION: Our study describes the landscape of traumatic bladder repairs between urology and GS. GS may maintain similar patient outcomes when managing select cases of traumatic bladder injuries in the absence of urologists. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, level IV.

Incorporating mpMRI biopsy data into established pre-RP nomograms: potential impact of an increasingly common clinical scenario.

BACKGROUND: We examine the practical application of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) prostate biopsy data using established pre-RP nomograms and its potential implications on RP intraoperative decision-making. We hypothesize that current nomograms are suboptimal in predicting outcomes with mpMRI targeted biopsy (TBx) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent mpMRI-based TBx prior to RP were assessed using the MSKCC and Briganti nomograms with the following iterations: (1) Targeted (T) (targeted only), (2) Targeted and Systematic (TS) and (3) Targeted Augmented (TA) (targeted core data; assumed negative systematic cores for 12 total cores). Nomogram outcomes, lymph node involvement (LNI), extracapsular extension (ECE), organ-confined disease (OCD), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), were compared across iterations. Clinically significant impact on management was defined as a change in LNI risk above or below 2% (Δ2) or 5% (Δ5). RESULTS: A total of 217 men met inclusion criteria. Overall, the TA iteration had more conservative nomogram outcomes than the T. Moreover, TA better predicted RP pathology for all four outcomes when compared with the T. In the entire cohort, Δ2 and Δ5 were 16.6-25.8% and 20.3-39.2%, respectively. In the subset of 190 patients with targeted and systematic cores, TA was a better approximation of TS outcomes than T in 71% (MSKCC) and 82% (Briganti) of patients. CONCLUSION: In established pre-RP nomograms, mpMRI-based TBx often yield variable and discordant results when compared with systematic biopsies. Future nomograms must better incorporate mpMRI TBx core data. In the interim, augmenting TBx data may serve to bridge the gap.