Cleft Laterality Dental Arch Relationship Outcomes for Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate cleft laterality dental arch relationship outcomes of children with non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in New Zealand. DESIGN: A retrospective nationwide study. SETTINGS: Virtual 3D orthodontic study models collected prior to undertaking secondary alveolar bone grafting. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 104 patients with UCLP (L = 80: R = 24). OUTCOME MEASURES: Four calibrated assessors used the GOSLON Yardstick and 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to score the randomised models on 2 separate assessment sessions. Weighted Kappa were used to determine the intra/inter-rater reliability for the GOSLON and correlations for the VAS. RESULTS: Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.57-0.88 (GOSLON) and 0.45-0.93 (VAS). Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.62-0.86 (GOSLON) and 0.64-0.93 (VAS).GOSLON scores for the left UCLP were 31.2% for good/very good; 26.3% for fair; 42.5% for poor/very poor while the right UCLP scored 8.3% for good/very good; 37.5% for fair; 54.2% for poor/very poor. The mean VAS for left and right UCLP were 53.4 (sd 22.5) and 44.6 (sd 17.1) respectively. Neither the GOSLON nor VAS differences reached statistical significance (both P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: From a clinical perspective right UCLP had worse dental arch relationship outcomes, however, these differences failed to reach statistical significance. Further studies using larger sample sizes are required to determine if cleft laterality is an important consideration when investigating UCLP dental arch outcomes.

The role for cyclic Glycine-Proline, a biological regulator of insulin-like growth factor-1 in pregnancy-related obesity and weight changes.

Cyclic Glycine-Proline (cGP) regulates the homeostasis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 function and cGP/IGF-1 ratio determines IGF-1 bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. Plasma IGF-1 represents largely inactive IGF-1 and weakly associated with human obesity and hypertension. We evaluated the regulatory role for cGP in pregnancy-related obesity and hypertension, and in obesity status between pregnancy and postpartum. Women were recruited in their first pregnancy. A cross-sectional study compared plasma concentration of cGP, IGF-1 and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in women with obesity and/or hypertension to normal controls 6-year postpartum using UPLC-MS and ELISA. A longitudinal study compared the changes of these peptides from 15-week gestation to 6-year post-partum in the women who remained normal weight, remained obese or changed to obese or to normal respectively. Study 1 is a cross-sectional study. The obese group had lower IGF-1(p = 0.001), higher cGP/IGF-1 ratio (p = 0.0055) and the hypertensive group had lower IGFBP-3 (p = 0.046) and cGP (p = 0.043) than the controls. Study 2 is a longitudinal study. Women with weight loss had increased cGP/IGF-1 ratio (p = 0.0026) and decreased IGFBP-3 (p = 0.0001) compared with women whose weight remained normal. Women with weight gain had lower IGFBP-3 (p less than 0.0001) only. Women who remained obese had increased cGP/IGF-1 ratio (p = 0.006) only. Increase in cGP/IGF-1 ratio is associated with obesity, but not hypertension. Changes of IGFBP-3 and/or cGP/IGF-1 ratio are associated with weight changes. The data suggest the role for cGP in obesity through autocrine regulation of IGF-1.

Smoking in pregnancy is a key factor for sudden infant death among Maori.

AIM: To examine the sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) disparity between Maori and non-Maori in New Zealand. METHODS: A nationwide prospective case-control study ran from March 2012 to February 2015. Exposure to established SUDI risk factors was analysed to investigate the disparity experienced by Maori. Infant ethnicity was based on mother's ethnicity. Maori ethnicity was prioritised. Non-Maori includes Pacific, Asian, NZ European and Other. RESULTS: There were 137 cases and 649 controls. The Maori SUDI rate was 1.41/1000 live births compared to 0.53/1000 for non-Maori. Parents/caregivers of 132 cases (96%) and 258 controls (40%) were interviewed. Smoking in pregnancy was associated with an equally increased SUDI risk for Maori (adjusted OR = 8.11, 95% CI = 2.64, 24.93) and non-Maori (aOR = 5.09, 95% CI = 1.79, 14.47), as was bed-sharing (aOR = 3.66, 95% CI = 1.49, 9.00 vs aOR = 11.20, 95% CI = 3.46, 36.29). Bed-sharing prevalence was similar; however, more Maori controls smoked during pregnancy (46.7%) than non-Maori (22.8%). The main contributor relating to increased SUDI risk for Maori/non-Maori infants is the combination of smoking in pregnancy and bed sharing. CONCLUSION: The association between known SUDI risk factors, including bed sharing and/or smoking in pregnancy and SUDI risk, is the same regardless of ethnicity. Maori infants are exposed more frequently to both behaviours because of the higher Maori smoking rate.

The relationship between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in pregnancy and childhood adiposity and allergy: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D insufficiency (defined as <75 nmol l-1) is widespread among pregnant women around the world and has been proposed to influence offspring outcomes in childhood and into adult life, including adiposity and allergy. Disorders, including asthma and eczema, are on the rise among children. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring adiposity, asthma and eczema in childhood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were analysed in serum samples collected at 15 weeks' gestation from 1710 participants of the prospective Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints cohort study. The offspring of 1208 mothers were followed up at age 5-6 years. Data collected included height, weight, percentage body fat (PBF, measured by bioimpedance) and history of asthma and eczema. Multivariable analysis controlled for maternal body mass index (BMI), age and sex of the child and season of serum sampling. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 922 mother-child pairs. Each 10 nmol l-1 increase in maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 15 weeks' gestation was associated with a decrease in offspring PBF of 0.2% (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.36%, P=0.01) after adjustment for confounders but was not related to child BMI z-score. Maternal mean (±s.d.) 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was similar in children who did and did not have asthma (71.7±26.1 vs 73.3±27.1 nmol l-1, P=0.5), severe asthma (68.6±28.6 vs 73.3±26.8 nmol l-1, P=0.2) and eczema (71.9±27.0 vs 73.2±27.0 nmol l-1, P=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a relationship between maternal vitamin D status and adiposity in childhood is important, particularly because vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy is highly prevalent. The association between maternal vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and adiposity in the offspring merits examination in randomised controlled trials.

Incident alopecia areata and vitiligo in adult women with atopic dermatitis: Nurses' Health Study 2.

We aimed to determine the risk of alopecia areata (AA) and vitiligo associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) in a large cohort of US women, the Nurses' Health Study 2. We used logistic regression to calculate age- and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios to determine the risk of incident AA and vitiligo associated with AD diagnosed in or before 2009. A total of 87 406 and 87 447 participants were included in the AA and vitiligo analyses, respectively. A history of AD in 2009 was reported in 11% of participants. There were 147 incident cases of AA and 98 incident cases of vitiligo over 2 years of follow-up. AD was associated with increased risk of developing AA (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.18-2.76) and vitiligo (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.29-3.54) in multivariate models. In this study of US women, AD was associated with increased risk of incident vitiligo and AA in adulthood.

Evaluating the ORSIM® simulator for assessment of anaesthetists' skills in flexible bronchoscopy: aspects of validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND: Developing expertise in flexible bronchoscopy is limited by inadequate opportunities to train on difficult airways. The new ORSIM bronchoscopy simulator aims to address this by creating virtual patients with difficult airways. This study aims to provide evidence on the validity and reliability of the ORSIM for assessment of subjects on both normal and abnormal airway simulations. METHODS: Novice, trainee, and expert subjects performed seven simulations of varying difficulty and scored the perceived difficulty for each. Time to completion was measured. Three blinded raters independently scored videos of each subject's performance. We measured inter-rater agreement and the difference in raters' scores between subject groups. RESULTS: We recruited 28 study subjects, generating 196 videos for analysis. Expert subjects consistently completed the scenarios faster than novices. Overall performance scores showed significant differences between subject groups (P<0.0001). Inter-rater reliability of scores was >0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide initial evidence on the validity and reliability of the ORSIM bronchoscopy simulator, supporting its potential value in training and assessment.

Neurocognitive intra-individual variability in mood disorders: effects on attentional response time distributions.

BACKGROUND: Attentional impairment is a core cognitive feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known of the characteristics of response time (RT) distributions from attentional tasks. This is crucial to furthering our understanding of the profile and extent of cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) in mood disorders. METHOD: A computerized sustained attention task was administered to 138 healthy controls and 158 patients with a mood disorder: 86 euthymic BD, 33 depressed BD and 39 medication-free MDD patients. Measures of IIV, including individual standard deviation (iSD) and coefficient of variation (CoV), were derived for each participant. Ex-Gaussian (and Vincentile) analyses were used to characterize the RT distributions into three components: mu and sigma (mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian portion of the distribution) and tau (the 'slow tail' of the distribution). RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, iSD was increased significantly in all patient samples. Due to minimal changes in average RT, CoV was only increased significantly in BD depressed patients. Ex-Gaussian modelling indicated a significant increase in tau in euthymic BD [Cohen's d = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.69, p = 0.011], and both sigma (d = 0.57, 95% CI 0.07-1.05, p = 0.025) and tau (d = 1.14, 95% CI 0.60-1.64, p < 0.0001) in depressed BD. The mu parameter did not differ from controls. CONCLUSIONS: Increased cognitive variability may be a core feature of mood disorders. This is the first demonstration of differences in attentional RT distribution parameters between MDD and BD, and BD depression and euthymia. These data highlight the utility of applying measures of IIV to characterize neurocognitive variability and the great potential for future application.

Glenoid notch MRI findings do not predict normal variants of the anterior and superior labrum.

AIM: To determine (1) the relationship of a glenoid notch to the presence of a normal labral variant in the anterior-superior glenoid labrum; (2) the inter- and intra-observer reliability of recognising a glenoid notch; and (3) whether magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) is more reliable than non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in visualising a glenoid notch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 through 2010, 104 patients underwent MRI or MRA before diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy by the senior author. Five blinded musculoskeletal radiologists independently read the images twice to evaluate for the presence or absence of a glenoid notch. Fifty-nine (57%) patients had normal anterior-superior labral variants. The authors calculated the relationship of the readings to the arthroscopically determined presence or absence of a normal labral variant and the reading's diagnostic performance and rater reliability. RESULTS: On average, 38% (range 9-65%) of the glenoid scans were read as notched. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the notch relative to the presence of a normal variant were 43.1%, 71.2%, 70.2%, and 48% versus 44.3%, 77.5%, 79.4%, and 56.1% for MRI and MRA, respectively. The overall average intra-observer κ-values were 0.438 (range 0.203-0.555) and 0.346 (range -0.102 to 0.570) for MRI and MRA, respectively. The average interobserver intra-class correlation coefficient reliability values were 0.730 (range 0.693-0.760) and 0.614 (range 0.566-0.662) for MRI and MRA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A notched glenoid on MRI lacks sufficient diagnostic performance and rater reliability for the clinical detection and prediction of normal anterior-superior labral variants.

Shear-wave elastography contributes to accurate tumour size estimation when assessing small breast cancers.

AIM: To assess whether the size of peritumoural stiffness (PTS) on shear-wave elastography (SWE) for small primary breast cancers (≤15 mm) was associated with size discrepancies between grey-scale ultrasound (GSUS) and final histological size and whether the addition of PTS size to GSUS size might result in more accurate tumour size estimation when compared to final histological size. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 86 consecutive patients between August 2011 and February 2013 who underwent breast-conserving surgery for tumours of size ≤15 mm at ultrasound was carried out. The size of PTS stiffness was compared to mean GSUS size, mean histological size, and the extent of size discrepancy between GSUS and histology. PTS size and GSUS were combined and compared to the final histological size. RESULTS: PTS of >3 mm was associated with a larger mean final histological size (16 versus 11.3 mm, p < 0.001). PTS size of >3 mm was associated with a higher frequency of underestimation of final histological size by GSUS of >5 mm (63% versus 18%, p < 0.001). The combination of PTS and GSUS size led to accurate estimation of the final histological size (p = 0.03). The size of PTS was not associated with margin involvement (p = 0.27). CONCLUSION: PTS extending beyond 3 mm from the grey-scale abnormality is significantly associated with underestimation of tumour size of >5 mm for small invasive breast cancers. Taking into account the size of PTS also led to accurate estimation of the final histological size. Further studies are required to assess the relationship of the extent of SWE stiffness and margin status.

Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: An association between bipolar disorder and cognitive impairment has repeatedly been described, even for euthymic patients. Findings are inconsistent both across primary studies and previous meta-analyses. This study reanalysed 31 primary data sets as a single large sample (N = 2876) to provide a more definitive view. METHOD: Individual patient and control data were obtained from original authors for 11 measures from four common neuropsychological tests: California or Rey Verbal Learning Task (VLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span and/or Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. RESULTS: Impairments were found for all 11 test-measures in the bipolar group after controlling for age, IQ and gender (Ps ≤ 0.001, E.S. = 0.26-0.63). Residual mood symptoms confound this result but cannot account for the effect sizes found. Impairments also seem unrelated to drug treatment. Some test-measures were weakly correlated with illness severity measures suggesting that some impairments may track illness progression. CONCLUSION: This reanalysis supports VLT, Digit Span and TMT as robust measures of cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder patients. The heterogeneity of some test results explains previous differences in meta-analyses. Better controlling for confounds suggests deficits may be smaller than previously reported but should be tracked longitudinally across illness progression and treatment.

Antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital wastewaters and sewage treatment plants with special reference to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

AIMS: To investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in untreated hospital wastewaters (UHWW), their transmission into the receiving sewage treatment plant (STP) and survival through the STP treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Over eight consecutive weeks of sampling, we isolated 224 Staph. aureus strains from UHWW-1, UHWW-2 and its receiving STP inlet (SI) and post-treatment outlet (SO). These strains were typed using the PhP typing method and RAPD-PCR and tested for their antibiotic resistance patterns. Resistance to cefoxitin and the presence of mecA gene identified MRSA isolates. In all, 11 common (C) and 156 single (S) PhP-RAPD types were found among isolates, with two multidrug resistant (MDR) C-types found in H2, SI and SO. These C-type strains also showed resistance to cefoxitin and vancomycin. The mean number of antibiotics to which the strains from UHWW were resistant (5.14 ± 2) was significantly higher than the STP isolates (2.9 ± 1.9) (P < 0.0001). Among the 131 (68%) MRSA strains, 24 were also vancomycin resistant. MDR strains (including MRSA) were more prevalent in hospital wastewaters than in the STP. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of the survival of MRSA strains in UHWWs and their transit to the STP and then through to the final treated effluent and chlorination stage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This preliminary study identifies the need to further investigate the load of MRSA in hospitals' wastewaters and possible their survival in STPs. From a public health point of view, this potential route of hospital MRSA dissemination is of great importance.

Parker Flex-Tip or standard tracheal tube for percutaneous emergency airway access?

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous emergency airway access (PEAA) can be established utilising a scalpel, bougie and cuffed tracheal tube. The study compared the Parker Flex-Tip tracheal tube with a standard tracheal tube for PEAA in cadavers. We hypothesised that a standard tracheal tube would be more likely to advance over a bougie into the trachea during a PEAA procedure than a Parker Flex-Tip tracheal tube. METHODS: Three anaesthetists performed a PEAA with a scalpel, bougie and cuffed tracheal tube, 12 times each. Recorded times included: loading the tracheal tube onto the bougie and advancing the tube over the bougie to the skin, advancing the tube through the skin into the trachea and completion of the whole procedure. Subjective opinion regarding the ease of tube insertion was recorded by visual analogue scoring. RESULTS: Subjective opinion, overall time and time to complete each component of the procedure were not significantly affected by the type of tube used. The mean time for three novice anaesthetists to complete PEAA on a cadaver was 37.5 (8.8) s, after 1 h of training. In two of the 12 cadavers, the cricothyroid membrane could not be palpated or located with the scalpel. CONCLUSION: The Parker Flex-Tip tube and a standard tracheal tube perform equally well during PEAA procedures on adult cadavers.

The relative importance of eating quality and carcass yield in determining beef carcass value.

Carcass value is a complex relationship with varying contributions between eating quality (MSA Index) and lean cut yield (LCY%). Bone-out data from 112 Bos taurus steer carcasses, grain finished for 100 days with a hormonal growth promotant were analyzed. Carcass values were calculated using 1) flat cut prices, 2) cut prices weighted for MSA grades, and 3) cut prices weighted for MSA grades for four high value primals. To extend the range in eating quality, analyses were re-run assuming no HGP implants. When all cuts were valued according to eating quality grade, the impact of the MSA Index and LCY% varied in their importance in determining carcass value. However, if only four high value cuts were harvested, carcass value was largely a function of LCY%. The importance of eating quality and carcass yield in determining carcass value was dependent upon the type of cattle, the cuts being harvested and the grade premiums/discounts realized.

Development and validation of the Safe Sleep Calculator to assess risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy.

We describe the development and validation of a Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI) risk assessment clinical tool. An initial SUDI risk assessment algorithm was developed from an individual participant data meta-analysis of five international SIDS/SUDI case-control studies. The algorithm was translated into a clinical web tool called the Safe Sleep Calculator, which was tested at the routine infant 6-week check-up in primary care clinics in New Zealand. Evidence was gathered through mixed-methods research to inform the revision of the algorithm and the clinical tool. The revised algorithm performance was validated on a new contemporary New Zealand SUDI case-control study dataset and the pilot population data set. The area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve is 0.89, with a sensitivity of 83.0% and a specificity of 80.9% in the NZ infant population when 0.3 per 1000 live births or more risk is used to define 'at higher risk'. The Safe Sleep Calculator SUDI risk assessment tool provides individualized evidence-based specific SUDI prevention advice for every infant and enables the concentration of additional SUDI prevention efforts and resource for infants at higher risk.

Maternal Mid-Gestation Cytokine Dysregulation in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterised by deficits in social interactions and communication, with stereotypical and repetitive behaviours. Recent evidence suggests that maternal immune dysregulation may predispose offspring to ASD. Independent samples t-tests revealed downregulation of IL-17A concentrations in cases, when compared to controls, at both 15 weeks (p = 0.02), and 20 weeks (p = 0.02), which persisted at 20 weeks following adjustment for confounding variables. This adds to the growing body of evidence that maternal immune regulation may play a role in foetal neurodevelopment.

QTL and gene expression analyses identify genes affecting carcass weight and marbling on BTA14 in Hanwoo (Korean Cattle).

Causal mutations affecting quantitative trait variation can be good targets for marker-assisted selection for carcass traits in beef cattle. In this study, linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis (LDLA) for four carcass traits was undertaken using 19 markers on bovine chromosome 14. The LDLA analysis detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carcass weight (CWT) and eye muscle area (EMA) at the same position at around 50 cM and surrounded by the markers FABP4SNP2774C>G and FABP4_µsat3237. The QTL for marbling (MAR) was identified at the midpoint of markers BMS4513 and RM137 in a 3.5-cM marker interval. The most likely position for a second QTL for CWT was found at the midpoint of tenth marker bracket (FABP4SNP2774C>G and FABP4_µsat3237). For this marker bracket, the total number of haplotypes was 34 with a most common frequency of 0.118. Effects of haplotypes on CWT varied from a -5-kg deviation for haplotype 6 to +8 kg for haplotype 23. To determine which genes contribute to the QTL effect, gene expression analysis was performed in muscle for a wide range of phenotypes. The results demonstrate that two genes, LOC781182 (p = 0.002) and TRPS1 (p = 0.006) were upregulated with increasing CWT and EMA, whereas only LOC614744 (p = 0.04) has a significant effect on intramuscular fat (IMF) content. Two genetic markers detected in FABP4 were the most likely QTL position in this QTL study, but FABP4 did not show a significant effect on both traits (CWT and EMA) in gene expression analysis. We conclude that three genes could be potential causal genes affecting carcass traits CWT, EMA, and IMF in Hanwoo.

Does a single adjustment in the meat standards Australia beef grading model cater for different hormonal growth promotant formulations?

This paper investigated whether a single Hormonal Growth Promotant (HGP) adjustment in the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) beef grading model adequately predicted consumer eating quality of beef from cattle treated with different HGP formulations. This paper used consumer sensory data from two experiments. In experiment one, a total of 300 steers were allocated to three treatments; control (CON-100-F), 100 day oestradiol only HGP (OES-100-F), or a combination of trenbolone acetate and oestradiol HGP (TBA+OES-100-F) and finished in a feedlot for 73 days. In experiment two, a total of 200 steers were allocated either control or 400 day oestradiol only HGP treatments and finished on pasture for 389 days. Steers were slaughtered by finishing regime and carcass traits recorded. The anterior and posterior portions of the m. longissimus lumborum (LL-A and LL-P, respectively) and m. gluteus medius (GM) were collected and aged for five or 35 days. Grilled meat samples were scored for tenderness, juiciness, liking of flavour and overall acceptability using untrained consumers. Sensory scores were weighted by 0.3. 0.1, 0.3 and 0.3, respectively and summed to calculate a meat quality (MQ4) score. Residual MQ4 scores were calculated (observed MQ4 minus the predicted MQ4 score). The MSA model accounts for varied impacts of different HGPs on eating quality through a single HGP adjustment, and indirect impacts on carcass traits. For the majority of the HGP treatment samples, the residual MQ4 scores were not different to zero (5/18), or were positive i.e. the MSA model under-predicted these samples (11/18). Under-prediction was predominately for 35 day aged (7/9) and GM HGP treatment samples (6/6) and was considered low, with the majority less than ±5 MQ4 units. Under-prediction could be considered as advantageous through providing an additional safeguard to protect the interests of the consumers, rather than if the model had over-predicted and resulted in a more negative eating quality experience than expected. Some over-prediction was observed in the CON-100-F and TBA+OES-100-F treatment samples, which may be due to factors such as genetic variation and/or production environment. Minimal bias was observed when residual MQ4 was regressed against predicted MQ4 for the range of feeding regimes, muscles, ageing periods and treatment groups. This study showed that a single HGP adjustment in the MSA beef grading model, combined with the indirect effects of the different HGP formulations on carcass traits, provided a reasonable prediction of meat eating quality for different HGP formulations.

The impact of different Hormonal Growth Promotants (HGP) on desmin degradation and collagen content of various muscles from pasture and feedlot finished steer carcasses.

The impacts of several hormonal growth promotants (HGP) on Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), desmin degradation ratio (DDR) and collagen content (COLL) were assessed. Treatments within feedlot and pasture finished steer carcasses (n = 60, n = 40, respectively) were control (CON-100-F and CON-400-P), oestradiol HGPs (OES-100-F and OES-400-P) and trenbolone acetate/oestradiol HGPs (TBA+OES-100-F only). The longissimus lumborum (LL), gluteus medius (GM), infraspinatus (IS), semitendinosus (ST,) and the LL and biceps femoris (BF) were collected from feedlot and pasture finished steers, respectively. All muscles were aged between 3 and 35 days. The LL from TBA+OES-100-F carcasses had increased WBSF and decreased DDR, which varied in magnitude with ageing (P < 0.05). The GM from OES-100-F steers also had lower DDR (P < 0.05). The feedlot HGP treatments had no impact on the WBSF of the IS, ST or GM and no impact on COLL in the LL. The OES-400-P had no impact on WBSF, DDRor COLL for both muscles (P > 0.05).

Prediction of consumer palatability in beef using visual marbling scores and chemical intramuscular fat percentage.

With development of objective technologies that can predict chemical intramuscular fat percentage (IMF%), there is a need to understand the relationships between existing marbling traits, IMF% and eating quality. This study utilised historical carcass data (n = 9641 observations) from the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) industry research dataset and included MSA grading data, chemical IMF% data and weighted composite eating quality scores (MQ4). Several analyses were performed to assess the prediction of MQ4 by MSA marbling, M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (striploin) IMF% and cut specific IMF%. Results demonstrated that there was similar precision between chemical IMF% (R2 = 0.32, RSE = 11.8) and MSA marbling (R2 = 0.28, RSE = 11.9) in the prediction of grilled 14 day aged striploin MQ4, with similar results across other cut by cook by days aged combinations. These results support the development of objective technologies that predict chemical IMF% in parallel with MSA marbling for carcass grading and the prediction of eating quality.