Insights from intravascular pressure measurement of renal artery revascularization in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: The DYSART study.

OBJECTIVE: The indication of percutaneous renal transluminal angioplasty (PTRA) in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is mainly based on renal artery stenosis (RAS) due to atherosclerosis criteria, which are not specific to FMD. Consequently, the selection of patients who could benefit from this treatment and its effectiveness remain uncertain. The aims of this study were to: (1) report the effects of PTRA guided by trans-stenotic pressure measurements on hypertension 7 months after treatment; (2) assess the impact of pressure measurement to guide treatment efficacy in comparison to visual angiographic parameters; and (3) evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of the stenosis measurement using a 4F catheter in comparison to a pressure guidewire. METHODS: This prospective multi-centric study analyzed 24 patients with hypertension with RAS due to FMD that required PTRA. Clinical, duplex ultrasound, and angiographic indices were collected, and patients were followed up for 7 months (±1 month). Angiographic indices were measured twice both by a pressure guidewire and a 4F catheter. Assessment of procedural and clinical success of angioplasty was performed for all patients. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (96%) had procedural success (considered as a post-PTRA translesional systolic gradient ≤10 mmHg or reduced by at least 80%) with a significant decrease in the systolic gradient after angioplasty (26.50 mmHg; [interquartile range, 16.75-38.75] vs 0.00 [interquartile range, 0.00-2.00]; P < .01). Three patients (12%) had complications, including two renal artery dissections and one partial renal infarction. Twenty-one patients (88%) were clinical responders to angioplasty at follow-up. Visual stenosis assessment showed a poor correlation with systolic gradient measurement before and after PTRA (R from -0.05 to 0.41; P = 0.06-0.82). High correlations were found between pressure measurements made by a 4F catheter and guidewire (R from 0.64 to 0.89; P ≤ .003). CONCLUSIONS: In patients selected by clinical indicators and duplex ultrasound, reaching a translesional systolic gradient ≤10 mmHg or reduced by at least 80% after angioplasty, promotes a high success rate for PTRA in hypertension due to FMD RAS.

Management of Symptomatic Vascularized Retained Products of Conception by Proximal Uterine Artery Embolization with Gelatin Sponge Torpedoes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of temporary proximal uterine artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of highly vascularized retained products of conception (RPOCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis included women who underwent treatment for vaginal bleeding after abortion, miscarriage, or delivery, with highly vascularized RPOCs detected by Doppler ultrasound (US) (ie, presence of an enhanced myometrial vascularity, a low resistance index of <0.5, and a peak systolic velocity of ≥0.7 m/s). A unilateral or bilateral embolization with torpedoes of gelatin foam was performed. From November 2017 to January 2021, 24 women with a median age of 30 years (interquartile range, 26.0-34.5 years) with symptomatic highly vascularized RPOCs were included. Clinical success was defined as bleeding arrest between the UAE and 1-month follow-up. Technical success was defined as the complete obstruction of at least 1 uterine artery supplying vascular abnormalities. The safety of the procedure according to the classification of the Society of Interventional Radiology and evolution of lesions on US were also reported. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all 24 (100%) patients, with bilateral arterial embolization in 19 (79%) patients and unilateral embolization in 5 (21%) patients. Clinical success was achieved in all 24 (100%) patients. Five patients still had uterine retention at the 1-month follow-up, including 2 patients with highly vascularized RPOCs. Two patients benefited from hysteroscopy, and 3 had noninvasive management. Four minor adverse events were reported (1 patient had infectious endometritis and 3 patients had a postembolization syndrome). CONCLUSIONS: Proximal UAE with torpedoes of gelatin foam is safe and effective for the management of symptomatic highly vascularized RPOCs.

Clinical Judgment Is Not Reliable for Reducing Whole-body Computed Tomography Scanning after Isolated High-energy Blunt Trauma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test the diagnostic performance of clinical judgment for the prediction of a significant injury with whole-body computed tomography scanning after high-energy trauma. METHODS: The authors conducted an observational prospective study in a single level-I trauma center. Adult patients were included if they had an isolated high-energy injury. Senior trauma leaders were asked to make a clinical judgment regarding the likelihood of a significant injury before performance of a whole-body computed tomography scan. Clinical judgments were recorded using a probability diagnosis scale. The primary endpoint was the diagnosis of a serious-to-critical lesion on the whole-body computed tomography scan. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 354 included patients, 127 patients (36%) had at least one injury classified as abbreviated injury score greater than or equal to 3. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the clinical judgment to predict a serious-to-critical lesion was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.75%). The sensitivity of the clinical judgment was 82% (95% CI, 74 to 88%), and the specificity was 49% (95% CI, 42 to 55%). No patient with a strict negative clinical examination had a severe lesion (n = 19 patients). The sensitivity of the clinical examination was 100% (95% CI, 97 to 100%) and its specificity was 8% (95% CI, 5 to 13%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical judgment alone is not sufficient to reduce whole-body computed tomography scan use. In patients with a strictly normal physical examination, whole-body computed tomography scanning might be avoided, but this result deserves additional study in larger and more diverse populations of trauma patients.

A Femoral Common Vein Aneurysm in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis Syndrome Type 1.

Neurofibromatosis type I (NFI), also called Von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant disease secondary to a genetic mutation on the long arm of chromosome 17. This disorder affects neural crest cells. Cutaneous clinical forms are the most frequent with multiple benign skin neurofibromas, associated with café au lait skin spots and iris hamartomas. Vascular abnormalities in NF1 are rare but have also been well described. The most frequent abnormalities are characterized by arterial aneurysm degeneration, stenosis, and malformations. Venous locations are rare, but some cases of venous aneurysms were described with ruptures as complications. We present a rare case of thrombosed venous femoral aneurysm associated with a pulmonary embolism in a patient affected by NF1.

A regional trauma system to optimize the pre-hospital triage of trauma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-hospital triage is a key element in a trauma system that aims to admit patients to the most suitable trauma center, and may decrease intra-hospital mortality. We evaluated the performance of a pre-hospital procedure in a regional trauma system through measurements of the quality of pre-hospital medical assessment and the efficacy of a triage protocol. METHODS: Our regional trauma system included 13 hospitals categorized as Level I, II or III trauma centers according to their technical facilities. Each patient was graded A, B or C by an emergency physician, according to the seriousness of their injuries at presentation on scene. The triage was performed according to this grading and the categorization of centers. This study is a registry analysis of a three-year period (2009 to 2011). RESULTS: Of the 3,428 studied patients, 2,572 were graded using the pre-hospital grading system (Graded group). The pre-hospital gradation was closely related with injury severity score (ISS) and intra-hospital mortality rate. The triage protocol had a sensitivity of 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90% to 93%) and a specificity of 41% (95% CI 39% to 44%) to predict adequate admission of patients with ISS more than 15. A total of 856 patients were not graded at the scene (Non-graded group). Undertriage rate was significantly reduced in the Graded group compared with the Non-graded group, with a relative risk of 0.47 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.56) according to the definition of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (P <0.001). Where adjusted for trauma severity, the expected mortality rate at discharge from hospital was higher than observed mortality, with a difference of +2.0% (95% CI 1.4 to 2.6%; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a regional trauma system with a pre-hospital triage procedure was effective in detecting severe trauma patients and in lowering the rate of pre-hospital undertriage. A beneficial effect on outcome of such an organization is suggested.

Is adrenal venous sampling mandatory before surgical decision in case of primary hyperaldosteronism?

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) is a cause of secondary arterial hypertension potentially curable by laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy. We describe the follow-up of these patients according to their medical or surgical treatment. METHODS: We report a retrospective single-center study of 91 patients with PHA from 1998 to 2012. Treatment was guided by computed tomography (CT) scans. Preoperative adrenal vein sampling (AVS) was performed when the CT scan did not show single solitary unilateral nodules on the adrenal glands. During the follow-up, we considered hypertension to be cured in patients with normal blood pressure without antihypertensive medication (AM), and improvement was defined by a decrease in AM. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients received only AM. Of the 62 patients who underwent a unilateral adrenalectomy, 46 (74 %) had an adrenal adenoma, 14 (22 %) a hyperplasia, and the adrenal gland was normal in two cases. Hypertension was cured in 24 cases (38 %), and 28 patients (45 %) showed improvement with a reduction in AM. Predictive factors for a cure were gender, age, number of preoperative AMs, preoperative arterial systolic blood pressure, and plasma renin activity. All patients who presented with hypokalemia were cured postoperatively. We performed 38 AVS and nine of these patients were operated on based on the AVS findings, with an improvement of 100 % of arterial blood pressure after surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy for PHA cured or improved hypertension in 84 % of patients. Preoperative AVS is mandatory for surgical decision making if the CT scan shows bilateral or no lesions associated with PHA.

Venous recanalisation in the setting of post-thrombotic syndrome: An expert consensus from the French Society of Vascular Medicine (SFMV) and the French Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and Interventional Radiology (SFICV).

Several aspects of the management of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) are still a matter of debate, or not yet addressed in international guidelines. The objective of this expert consensus from the French Society of Vascular Medicine (SFMV) and the French Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (SFICV) was to define the main elements of diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome, and to develop a proposal for its preoperative, procedural and follow-up management. In this consensus, the following issues were addressed: clinical and ultrasound diagnosis; pre-procedural workup; indications and contraindications to venous recanalisation; procedures; clinical and duplex ultrasound reports; follow-up; long-term treatment; management of great saphenous vein incompetency; anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy after venous stenting.

Pulmonary arterial compliance and exercise capacity after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Objective: To determine whether changes in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and changes in pulmonary artery compliance (C pa) are associated with changes in exercise capacity assessed either by changes in peak oxygen consumption (V'O2 ) or by changes in 6-min walk distance (6MWD) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA). Methods: Invasive haemodynamic parameters, peak V'O2 and 6MWD were measured within 24 h, before and after BPA (interval 3.1±2.4 months) in 34 CTEPH patients without significant cardiac and/or pulmonary comorbidities, of whom 24 received at least one pulmonary hypertension-specific treatment. C pa was calculated according to the pulse pressure method: C pa=((SV/PP)/1.76+0.1), where SV is the stroke volume and PP is the pulse pressure. The resistance-compliance (RC)-time of the pulmonary circulation was calculated as the PVR and C pa product. Results: After BPA, PVR decreased (562±234 versus 290±106 dyn·s·cm-5; p<0.001); C pa increased (0.90±0.36 versus 1.63±0.65 mL·mmHg-1; p<0.001); but RC-time did not change (0.325±0.069 versus 0.321±0.083 s; p=0.75). There were improvements in peak V'O2 (1.11±0.35 versus 1.30±0.33 L·min-1; p<0.001) and in 6MWD (393±119 versus 432±100 m; p<0.001). After adjustment for age, height, weight and gender, changes in exercise capacity, assessed either by peak V'O2 or 6MWD, were significantly associated with changes in PVR, but not with changes in C pa. Conclusions: Contrary to what has been reported in CTEPH patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy, in CTEPH patients undergoing BPA, changes in exercise capacity were not associated with changes in C pa.

Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis Through a Jugular Approach with a Rotational Device.

PURPOSE: To report the effectiveness of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (PCDT) in the management of acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT) via the jugular vein using a slow rotation and large-tip device (SRD) in a large cohort of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2011 to 2021, 277 patients (mean age 45 years, 59.2% women) were treated in 6 centres with PCDT for ilio-fémoral DVT. PCDT was performed via the jugular vein and consisted of one session of fragmentation-fibrinolysis, aspiration and, if needed, angioplasty with stenting. The aim of PCDT was to achieve complete clearance of the venous thrombosis and to restore iliofemoral patency. Residual thrombotic load was assessed by angiography, venous patency by duplex ultrasound and clinical effectiveness by the rate of post-thrombotic syndrome (Villalta score > 4). RESULTS: All patients were treated via the jugular vein using an SRD, and all but one were treated with fibrinolysis. Angioplasty with stenting was performed in 84.1% of patients. After the procedure, the residual thrombotic load at the ilio-fémoral region was < 10% in 96.1% of patients. The rate of major complications was 1.8% (n = 5), the rate of minor complications was 4% (n = 11), and one patient died from pulmonary embolism (0.4%) At a median follow-up of 24 months, primary and secondary iliofemoral patency was 89.6% and 95.8%, respectively. The rate of PTS was 13.8% at 12 months. CONCLUSION: PCDT via the jugular vein using an SRD is an efficient treatment for acute iliofemoral DVT and results in high long-term venous patency and low PTS rates. Level of evidence Level 4, Case series.

Patient-Reported Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome: Ancillary Study of a French Cohort.

Excellent outcomes of angioplasty/stenting for the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) have been reported, notably regarding objective criteria in the vast French SFICV cohort. Differences may exist between patient-reported and objective outcomes. We investigated this possibility by using validated scales because significative correlations are discordant in the literature between patency and patient-reported characteristics. Patient-reported outcomes seem to be a more consistent tool than radiologic patency for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients displaying PTS. We retrospectively reviewed the Villalta scale and 20-item ChronIc Venous dIsease quality-of-life Questionnaire (CIVIQ-20) scores recorded after endovascular stenting for PTS at 14 centres in France in 2009-2019. We also collected patency rates, pre-operative post-thrombotic lesion severity, and the extent of stenting. We performed multivariate analyses to identify factors independently associated with improvements in each of the two scores. The 539 patients, including 324 women and 235 men, had a mean age of 44.7 years. The mean Villalta scale improvement was 7.0 ± 4.7 (p < 0.0001) and correlated with the thrombosis sequelae grade and time from thrombosis to stenting. The CIVIQ-20 score was available for 298 patients; the mean improvement was 19.2 ± 14.8 (p < 0.0001) and correlated with bilateral stenting, single thrombosis recurrence, and single stented segment. The objective gains demonstrated in earlier work after stenting were accompanied by patient-reported improvements. The factors associated with these improvements differed between the Villalta scale and the CIVIQ-20 score. These results proved that clinical follow-up with validated scores is gainful in patients treated for PTS thanks to a mini-invasive procedure.

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Evaluation of haemodynamic effects, complication rates and radiation exposure over time.

BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), single-centre series from expert centres have recognized a learning curve for the magnitude of haemodynamic benefits. OBJECTIVE: To report our 7-year experience with BPA, focusing on haemodynamic effects, complication rates and radiation exposure over time. METHODS: Patients with CTEPH who were treated with BPA between May 2013 and February 2020 were analysed during the 'initial period' versus the 'recent period' (split date: March 2017). RESULTS: Among 192 patients who underwent at least one BPA procedure, 156 were included in the safety/radiation analysis and 119 were included in the efficacy analysis. During the 'recent period' versus the 'initial period', the median [interquartile range] number of procedures per patient was higher (4.5 [4.0-6.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0-4.0]; P=0.03), as was the number of dilated vessels per procedure (4.0 [3.5-5.0] vs. 3.5 [3.0-4.0]; P=0.002). Changes in haemodynamic parameters were also greater (mean pulmonary artery pressure: -22% [-31% to -14%] vs. -37% [-44% to -29%]; P=0.001; pulmonary vascular resistance: -38% [-51% to -8%] vs. -53% [-69% to -33%]; P=0.002); complication rates were similar (5.7% vs. 9.3% of procedures; P=0.38); and radiation exposure was lower (effective dose per patient: 43.9 [31.6-66.5] vs. 67.8 [47.9-101.9] mSv; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our analysis is consistent with a learning curve for the magnitude of haemodynamic improvements. The complication rate was low and did not change over time, but radiation exposure decreased.

Neural respiratory drive in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Effect of balloon pulmonary angioplasty.

Excessive ventilation (V̇E) during exercise, ascribed to heightened neural ventilatory drive and/or to increased "wasted" ventilation, is a feature of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In selected CTEPH patients, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) allows near-normalization of resting haemodynamic parameters but does not allow excess exercise hyperventilation to normalize. Neural ventilatory drive can be estimated by studying how arterial PCO2 (PaCO2), end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2), V̇E and CO2 output (V̇CO2) change across the exercise-to-recovery transition during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Increased "wasted" ventilation can be quantified by the physiological dead space fraction of tidal volume (VD/VT) calculated with the Enghoff simplification of the Bohr equation. These measurements were made before and after BPA in 22 CTEPH patients without significant cardiac and/or pulmonary comorbidities. Our observations suggest that before BPA, excessive hyperventilation was secondary to both heightened neural ventilatory drive and increased "wasted" ventilation; after BPA, measurements made across the exercise-to-recovery transition suggest that heightened neural ventilatory drive was no longer present.

Feasibility of Endovascular Recanalization in Post-Thrombotic Syndrome of Intentionally Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava.

PURPOSE: Surgical plication of inferior vena cava was commonly used until the 1980s for prevention of pulmonary embolism, associated with high incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). This study aims to assess the feasibility and safety of endovascular iliocaval recanalization after intentionally surgically interrupted inferior vena cava by external plicating clip. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endovascular iliocaval recanalizations in relation to previous vena cava clip plication were extracted from the retrospective French multicentre database and further analysed. All procedure data were retrospectively reviewed, including technical aspects, technical success and outcomes (clinical response and ultrasound stent patency). RESULTS: From 2016 to 2018, 8 patients from 4 different centres underwent endovascular iliocaval recanalization for PTS in relation to previous caval interruption by clip. Recanalization of iliocaval occlusion through the clip and stent reconstruction were successfully performed for all of them without complications. After angioplasty, plicating clip was opened in U shape (n = 3) or ovalized without significant residual stenosis (n = 5). Patency of the inferior vena cava was maintained for all patients with a mean follow-up of almost two years after stenting. All patients clinically improved. CONCLUSIONS: In this small cases series, endovascular recanalization and stenting of surgical vena cava clip plication seem technically feasible without morbidity. Restoration of blood flow through the iliocaval occlusion, using non-invasive endovascular technique, even as late treatment may be durable, with improvement of patient's venous symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4, Short Communication.

Safety and Efficacy of Embolization with Microspheres in Chronic Refractory Inflammatory Shoulder Pain: A Pilot Monocentric Study on 15 Patients.

PURPOSE: Musculoskeletal (MSK) embolization is emerging in tendinopathy treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of MSK embolization with microspheres in the treatment of chronic shoulder pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective monocentric study included patients with chronic shoulder pain resistant to 6 months or more of conventional therapies who were treated with MSK embolization between 2017 and 2021. Embolization was performed using calibrated 100-250 µm microspheres. Clinical success was defined as pain reduction, i.e., a decrease in the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score of ≥50% at 3 months after MSK embolization as compared to baseline. Adverse events were collected. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (11 women, 4 men) were included, with a median age of 50.3 years (IQR: 46.7-54.5). The median duration of symptoms was 26.6 months (20.6-39.8). The median VAS pain scores were 7.0 (7.0-8.0) at baseline, 6.0 (3.5-7.0) at 1 month, 5.0 (4.5-6.5) and 5.0 (3.0-7.4) at 3 months and 6 months (p = 0.002). Three patients (20%) reported clinical success at 3 months. Three patients experienced minor complications after embolization (paresthesia, n = 2; transient osteo-medullary edema, n = 1) and two patients had moderate complications (transient skin ischemia). CONCLUSION: MSK embolization with microspheres for treatment of refractory chronic shoulder pain showed moderate results in terms of clinical success and safety.

Exercise hyperventilation and pulmonary gas exchange in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Effects of balloon pulmonary angioplasty.

BACKGROUND: Excessive ventilation (V̇E) and abnormal gas exchange during exercise are features of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In selected CTEPH patients, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) improves symptoms and exercise capacity. How BPA affects exercise hyperventilation and gas exchange is poorly understood. METHODS: In this longitudinal observational study, symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise tests and carbon monoxide lung diffusion (DLCO) were performed before and after BPA (interval, mean (SD): 3.1 (2.4) months) in 36 CTEPH patients without significant cardiac and/or pulmonary comorbidities. RESULTS: Peak work rate improved by 20% after BPA whilst V̇E at peak did not change despite improved ventilatory efficiency (lower V̇E with respect to CO2 output [V̇CO2]). At the highest identical work rate pre- and post-BPA (75 (30) watts), V̇E and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (P(Ai-a)O2) decreased by 17% and 19% after BPA, respectively. The physiological dead space fraction of tidal volume (VD/VT), calculated from measurements of arterial and mixed expired CO2, decreased by 20%. In the meantime, DLCO did not change. The best correlates of P(Ai-a)O2 measured at peak exercise were physiological VD/VT before BPA and DLCO after BPA. CONCLUSIONS: Ventilatory efficiency, physiological VD/VT, and pulmonary gas exchange improved after BPA. The fact that DLCO did not change suggests that the pulmonary capillary blood volume and probably the true alveolar dead space were unaffected by BPA. The correlation between DLCO measured before BPA and P(Ai-a)O2 measured after BPA suggests that DLCO may provide an easily accessible marker to predict the response to BPA in terms of pulmonary gas exchange.

Short- and Mid-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Stenting for the Treatment of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome due to Iliofemoral and Caval Occlusive Disease: A Multi-Centric Study from the French Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiovascular Imaging (SFICV).

PURPOSE: To assess the results of endovascular treatment in a large population of patients suffering from post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) due to iliocaval occlusive disease. METHODS: In this retrospective multi-center study, 698 patients treated by stenting for PTS in 15 French centers were analyzed. Primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates were assessed, and clinical efficacy was evaluated using Villalta and Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire in 20 questions (CIVIQ-20) scores. Outcomes were compared against pre-operative CT-based severity of the post-thrombotic lesions in the thigh (4 grades). RESULTS: Technical success, defined as successful recanalization and stent deployment restoring rapid anterograde flow in the targeted vessel, was obtained in 668 (95.7%) patients with a complication rate of 3.9%. After a mean follow-up of 21.0 months, primary patency, primary assisted patency, and secondary patency were achieved in 537 (80.4%), 566 (84.7%), and 616 (92.2%) of the 668 patients, respectively. Venous patency was strongly correlated to the grade of post-thrombotic changes in the thigh, with secondary patency rates of 96.0%, 92.9%, 88.4%, and 78.9%, respectively, for grades 0 to 3 (p = .0008). The mean improvements of Villalta and CIVIQ-20 scores were 7.0 ± 4.7 points (p < .0001) and 19.1 ± 14.8 points (p < .0001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stenting as a treatment option for PTS due to chronic iliocaval venous occlusion generates a high technical success, low morbidity, high midterm patency rate, and clinical improvement. Venous patency was strongly correlated to the severity of post-thrombotic lesions in the thigh.