CHANGES IN CENTRAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AFTER TREATMENT OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB CORRELATION WITH CENTRAL MACULAR THICKNESS AND BEST-CORRECTED VISUAL ACUITY.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab on central choroidal thickness (CCT) and its relationship with central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) changes in eyes with center-involving diabetic macular edema. METHODS: This prospective interventional case series included 20 eyes of 20 patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema naive to treatment. The BCVA assessment, complete eye examination, enhanced depth optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography were performed at baseline followed by 3 monthly intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. The treated eyes underwent BCVA evaluation and enhanced depth optical coherence tomography at Months 1, 2, 3, and 6 after the first injection. Change of the CCT was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included BCVA and CMT changes and their relationship with CCT changes. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 63.1 ± 8.0 (range, 52-75) years. Mean baseline CCT was 265 ± 79 µm, which reduced to 251 ± 81 µm and 232 ± 82 µm at Months 3 and 6, respectively (P < 0.001). Corresponding values for CMT were 470 ± 107 µm, 392 ± 104 µm, and 324 ± 122 µm, respectively (P < 0.001). The BCVA improved from 20/60 at baseline to 20/50 at Month 3 and 20/40 at Month 6 (P = 0.007). Each 1 µm decrease in CCT was associated with 2.74 µm reduction in CMT and 0.1 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letter score improvement in BCVA (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: After treatment of diabetic macular edema with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, CCT decreased and this reduction significantly correlated with CMT reduction and vision improvement.

Effective antidiabetic and antioxidant fractions of Otostegia persica extract and their constituents.

CONTEXT: Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. (Lamiaceae), "Goldar" in Persian, is widely used in the folk medicine of south Iran for control of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of different fractions of the O. persica extract were investigated and constituents of effective fractions were elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Different concentrations (100-400 mg/kg) of aqueous infusion (AI) of flowering aerial parts of the plant (traditional preparation) and all fractions of the O. persica extract (i.p. injection) were tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozocin-induced diabetic NMRI mice. Blood glucose level was measured at time 0 and intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 6 h later. Antioxidant activities of different fractions of the plant extract and pure compounds (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) were determined with the DPPH method. Four compounds were isolated and identified from potent fractions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Antidiabetic activity demonstrated that the effect of the methanol fraction at a dose of 300 mg/kg was equivalent with glibenclamide, and at a dose of 400 mg/kg was comparable with glibenclamide and insulin (p > 0.05). The EC50 of the methanol fraction was 307.12 mg. Methanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed antioxidant activities (both IC50 equal to 0.49 mg/ml), so these fractions were selected for the purification of compounds. Chrysoeriol from ethyl acetate and three apigenin derivatives (6-methylapigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and echinaticin) from the methanol fraction were isolated and identified (new for the species). Chrysoeriol exhibited potent antioxidant activity comparable with vitamin E and BHT (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the folklore usage of O. persica for antidiabetic properties.

Exogenous melatonin prolongs raspberry postharvest life quality by increasing some antioxidant and enzyme activity and phytochemical contents.

There is a growing trend towards enhancing the post-harvest shelf life and maintaining the nutritional quality of horticultural products using eco-friendly methods. Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds, which are key contributors to their health-promoting properties. However, raspberries are prone to a relatively short post-harvest lifespan. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) on decay control and shelf-life extension. The results demonstrated that MEL treatment significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P ≤ 0.01). Based on the findings, MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). Furthermore, the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP). Additionally, the samples exhibited higher levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes compared to the control samples. Moreover, the levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50 were decreased in the MEL-treated samples (P ≤ 0.01). The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained. Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the treatments into three groups based on their characteristics. Based on the Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, TAC, and TAA, a positive correlation was observed with antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and enzyme (PAL and CAT) activities. The results of this study have identified melatonin as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activities.

Coumarin compounds of Biebersteinia multifida roots show potential anxiolytic effects in mice.

BACKGROUND: Traditional preparations of the root of Biebersteinia multifida DC (Geraniaceae), a native medicinal plant of Irano-Turanian floristic region, have been used for the treatment of phobias as anxiolytic herbal preparation. METHODS: We utilized the phobic behavior of mice in an elevated plus-maze as a model to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of the plant extract and bio-guided fractionation was applied to isolate the active compounds. Total root extract, alkaline and ether fraction were administered to mice at different doses 30 and 90 min prior to the maze test. Saline and diazepam were administered as negative and positive controls, respectively. The time spent in open and closed arms, an index of anxiety behavior and entry time, was measured as an index of animal activity. RESULTS: The total root extract exhibited anxiolytic effect which was comparable to diazepam but with longer duration. This sustained effect of the crude extract was sustained for 90 min and was even more after injection of 45 mg/kg while the effect of diazepam had been reduced by 90 min. The anxiolytic effect factor was only present in the alkaline fraction and displayed its effect at lower doses than diazepam while pure vasicinone as the previously known alkaloid did not shown anxiolytic effect. The effect of the alkaline fraction was in a dose dependent manner starting at 0.2 mg/kg with a maximum at 1.0 mg/kg. Bio-guided fractionation using a variety of chromatographic methods led to isolation and purification of three coumarin derivatives from the bioactive fraction, including umbelliferone, scopoletin, and ferulic acid. CONCLUSION: For the first time, bio-guided fractionation of the root extract of B. multifida indicates significant sustained anxiolytic effects which led to isolation of three coumarin derivatives with well-known potent MAO inhibitory and anti-anxiety effects. These data contribute to evidence-based traditional use of B. multifida root for anxiety disorders.

Elucidation of flavonoids from potent Iranian Scutellaria species against Influenza A (H1N1) virus.

Objectives: Influenza A virus (IAV) is a contagious illness. Different species of Scutellaria genus are used as a traditional remedy to reduce influenza symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the anti-influenza capacity of several species of Iranian Scutellaria and identify active compounds of the most potent species for the first time. Materials and Methods: Some Iranian species of Scutellaria were collected from different regions of Iran, including S. pinnatifida with mucida, viridis, and alpina subspecies; S. tournefortii; S. tomentosa; S. persica. They were fractionated to chloroform and methanol. The total phenols and flavonoids of samples were examined by the folin-ciocalteau and aluminum-flavonoid complex methods, respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) on MDCK cells and non-cytotoxic concentrations (NCTC) were determined by MTT assay. The percentage of cell protection against IAV and their effect on virus titer were investigated in pre-, post-, and co-penetration treatment groups. Phytochemicals of the most effective species were isolated by various chromatographic methods and identified by different spectroscopic methods. Results: Methanol fraction of S. pinnatifida subsp. viridis demonstrated the highest amounts of flavonoid content and best activity against influenza A virus in all combination treatments, which reduced the virus titer by 5 logs with no cytotoxicity. Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, apigenin-4'-methoxy-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were purified and identified from this species. Conclusion: Scutellaria pinnatifida subsp. viridis can be introduced as a source of flavonoids with acceptable anti-influenza activity. S. tomentosa also showed potent antiviral effects and is a candidate for elucidation in further studies.

Trigonella teheranica: a valuable source of phytochemicals with antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties.

Trigonella genus is a member of Fabaceae family, which is used as medicinal plant. The aim of this study was investigation of phytochemicals and some biological activities of Trigonella teheranica for the first time. The essential oils (EOs) of different parts (leaves, fruits and roots) were obtained and analyzed by GC-MS. Also, their chloroform and methanol extracts were prepared, too. The antimicrobial effects, antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effects against cancer (MDA-MB-231, MRC5 and HT-29) cell lines were investigated. N-hexadecanoic acid was the major compound of leaves and fruits EOs, and hexanal was abundant component of roots EO. The extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects than volatile oils against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. All methanol extracts showed strong antioxidant effects, while the volatile oils, especially of leaves was the most effective in cytotoxic assay. Also, three derivatives of coumaric acid were isolated and identified from T. teheranica.

Possible potential of Astrodaucus genus in development of anticancer drugs.

OBJECTIVE: Many pharmaceutical factories have dramatically improved the quality of herbal remedies in cancer treatment. The results of somestudies have shown anticancer effect of Astrodaucus genus. Therefore, the aim of this article was to review the chemical ingredients and biological effects of Astrodaucus genus especially A. persicus from the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords Astrodaucus, Apiaceae, Biologic, Phytochemistry, and Benzodioxole to retrieve studies published between 1970 and 2020. RESULTS: The Astrodaucus genus has two species, Astrodaucus persicus (Boiss.) Drude and Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude. In this genus, 5 new biologically active phytochemicals with benzodioxole structure were introduced and their biological effects were assessed. CONCLUSION: Since many of the most commonly used anticancer drugs such as etoposide, teniposide, podophyllotoxin and sanguinarine have benzodioxole structureand according to the results of biological tests, it seems that more researchwith these perspectives should be done on this genus.

Potential antiviral effects of some native Iranian medicinal plants extracts and fractions against influenza A virus.

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a continual threat to the health of animals and humans globally. Consumption of the conventional drugs has shown several side effects and drug resistance. This study was aimed to screen some Iranian medicinal plants extracts and their fractions against influenza A virus. METHODS: Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome), Myrtus commonis (leaves), Melissa officinalis (leaves), Hypericum perforatum (aerial parts), Tilia platyphyllos (flower), Salix alba (bark), and Camellia sinensis (green and fermented leaves) were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with chloroform and methanol, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the compounds were determined by MTT colorimetric assay on MDCK cells. The effective concentrations (EC50) of the compounds were calculated from the MTT results compared to the negative control with no significant effects on cell viability. The effects of EC50 of the compounds on viral surface glycoproteins and viral titer were tested by HI and HA virological assays, respectively and compared with oseltamivir and amantadine. Preliminary phytochemical analysis were done for promising anti-IAV extracts and fractions. RESULTS: The most effective samples against IAV titer (P ≤ 0.05) were crude extracts of G. glabra, M. officinalis and S. alba; methanol fractions of M. communis and M. officinalis; and chloroform fractions of M. communis and C. sinensis (fermented) mostly in co- and pre-penetration combined treatments. The potential extracts and fractions were rich in flavonoids, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. CONCLUSION: The outcomes confirmed a scientific basis for anti-influenza A virus capacity of the extracts and fractions from the selected plants for the first time, and correlated their effects with their phytochemical constituents. It is worth focusing on elucidating pure compounds and identifying their mechanism(s) of action.

Polyherbal combination for wound healing: Matricaria chamomilla L. and Punica granatum L.

BACKGROUND: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) with astringent activities and Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are natural remedies used for various skin disorders, including wound healing. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined wound healing activity of the methanol extracts of pomegranate and chamomile flowers. METHODS: After preparing the menthol fraction of pomegranate and chamomile flowers, the content of total phenols, total tannins, and total flavonoids of fractions was measured. For standardization of pomegranate and chamomile fractions, Gallic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside contents of them were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, their antioxidant activities were examined using DPPH and FRAP tests. The antimicrobial assay was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three different concentrations of methanol fraction of each plant and one combination dose of fractions were investigated for their wound healing activities in an excision wound model on the rats' dorsum. Finally, histopathological studies were done at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: Phytochemical examinations showed high amounts of phenolic compounds in pomegranate flowers, while chamomile flower fractions contained a high amount of total flavonoids. Both fractions, especially pomegranate, had potent antioxidant activity. The best results for wound closure were observed 7 days after wound induction. All treated groups exhibited superior wound contraction compared to their placebo at all measurement times. The combined form of pomegranate and chamomile had better wound healing properties compared to a single therapy, especially on time earlier to wound induction. CONCLUSION: This study represented high antioxidant and wound healing activities for methanol fraction of pomegranate and chamomile flowers, which could be related to their high content of phytochemicals. In comparison with single herb treatment, the combined form of these two fractions in lower concentrations accelerated wound closure.

Diterpenoids from Zhumeria majdae roots as potential heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) modulators.

Four undescribed and 17 known diterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Zhumeria majdae Rech.f. & Wendelbo. Using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ECD spectroscopy, and HRESIMS data analysis, the structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated. The anti-proliferative activity of isolated compounds was evaluated against HeLa and MCF7 cancer cell lines. The binding affinity of all compounds to HSP90, one of the targets for the modern anticancer therapy, was investigated using surface plasmon resonance. The results demonstrated that lanugon Q interacted with the chaperone. To explain its mechanism of action, experimental and computational tests were also conducted.

Cuminum cyminum fruits as source of luteolin- 7-O-glucoside, potent cytotoxic flavonoid against breast cancer cell lines.

Cuminum cyminum is famous for its spicy fruits used for culinary and therapeutic properties worldwide. Brine shrimp test was performed for detecting cytotoxic fractions and subfractions. Ethyl acetate (EA) and hexane (HE) fractions demonstrated LC50 of 52.40 and 60.77 µg/ml against Artemia salina while other fractions showed no toxicity (LC50> 500 µg/ml). Bioguided elucidation of EA and HE fractions were carried out and cytotoxicity of pure compounds were investigated against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and normal cell line (NIH/3T3) by MTT assay. Four flavone structures as luteolin, apigenin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside from EA and cuminoid A from HE were purified and identified. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside demonstrated potent anticancer activities against MCF-7 cell line (IC50 of 3.98 µg/ml) with selectivity index of 8.0. In conclusion, flavonoids especially luteolin-7-O-glucoside play a significant role in cytotoxic effect of C. cyminum fruits and can be introduced as candidate for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs.

Evaluation of Anti-oxidant and Anti-biofilm Activities of Biogenic Surfactants Derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Biosurfactants, the microbial originated surface active agents, can modify the physicochemical properties of surfaces and reduce the bacterial adhesion via changing bacterial adhesion interactions on surfaces. They were also able to block oxidative chain reactions and might show antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of biosurfactants which were derived from two autochthonous biosurfactant-producing strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NS6 (surfactin), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MN1 (rhamnolipids). Their antioxidant activities were determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay was used for determination of their lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity. Their effect to reduce the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on polystyrene surfaces and disruption of its pre-formed biofilms were also investigated. Our results indicated that surfactin showed higher antioxidant activity than rhamnolipids and showed relatively similar efficiency to BHA that suggests it as a good alternative for synthetic antioxidants. In other hand, rhamnolipid conditioned surfaces showed higher antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity in comparison with surfactin treated surfaces.

Antiprotozoal activity of diterpenoids isolated from Zhumeria majdae- absolute configuration by circular dichroism.

PURPOSE: Zhumeria majdae, a unique species of the Zhumeria genus, is an endemic Iranian plant in the Lamiaceae family. Phytochemical investigation and biological activity of this plant are rarely reported. The current study aimed to find new antiprotozoal compounds from the roots of Z. majdae and to determine the absolute configuration of isolated compounds by circular dichroism. METHODS: The extraction process from roots and aerial parts of Z. majdae was carried out by hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol followed by testing their antiprotozoal effects against Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, and Plasmodium falciparum, respectively. Structure elucidation was done using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HREIMS spectrometry. In addition, experimental and theoretical circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to establish absolute configuration. RESULTS: In comparison with aerial parts, the hexane extract from roots showed superior activity against T. b. rhodesiense, L. donovani and P. falciparum with IC50 values of 5.4, 1.6 and 2.1 µg/ml, respectively. From eight abietane-type diterpenoids identified in roots, six were reported for the first time in the genus Zhumeria. 11,14-dihydroxy-8,11,13-abietatrien-7-one (6) exhibited a promising biological activity against P. falciparum (IC50 8.65 µM), with a selectivity index (SI) of 4.6, and lanugon Q (8) showed an IC50 value of 0.13 µM and SI of 15.4 against T. b. rhodesiense. CONCLUSION: Altogether, according to the results, of 8 isolated compounds, dihydroxy-8,11,13-abietatrien-7-one (6) and lanugon Q (8) exhibited a promising activity against T. b. rhodesiense and P. falciparum. In conclusion, these compounds could be potential candidates for further analysis and may serve as lead compounds for the synthesis of antiprotozoal agents. Graphical abstract.

Intravitreal injection of a Rho-kinase inhibitor (fasudil) combined with bevacizumab versus bevacizumab monotherapy for diabetic macular oedema: a pilot randomised clinical trial.

Click here to listen to the Podcast BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the efficacy of combined intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and a Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil (intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB)/intravitreal fasudil (IVF)), with IVB alone for centre-involving diabetic macular oedema (DME). METHODS: In this prospective randomised clinical trial, 44 eyes with centre-involving DME were randomised into two groups. The combined group received three consecutive injections of IVB (1.25 mg) and IVF (50 µM/L) monthly, while the monotherapy group received only one IVB (1.25 mg) injection per month for 3 months. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were compared between the two groups at months 3 and 6. The primary outcome measure was the mean change in BCVA at month 6. RESULTS: Mean BCVA was significantly improved in both groups at month 3 (P<0.001), but it persisted up to month 6 only in the IVB/IVF group. Improvement of BCVA was greater in the IVB/IVF group at both time points (P=0.008, P<0.001). In the IVB/IVF and IVB groups, 54.5% versus 10% of the eyes gained≥15 ETDRS letters at month 6 (P=0.026). Between months 3 and 6, mean BCVA significantly decreased by 5±7 ETDRS letters in the IVB group (P=0.002), while no significant deterioration was observed in the IVB/IVF group. Corresponding with the BCVA changes, CMT was significantly reduced in both groups at month 3 (p=0.006, p<0.001) but this reduction sustained only in the IVB/IVF group up to month 6 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive intravitreal injection of a Rho-kinase inhibitor may enhance and prolong the therapeutic effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs for centre- involving DME.

Strong insecticidal potential of methanol extract of Ferulago trifida fruits against Anopheles stephensi as malaria vector.

Many researchers have focused on controlling pest insects and vectors by natural products because of their low environmental pollution. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and larvicidal activities of chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaves, fruits, roots, and isolated coumarin compounds (prantschimgin, oxypeucedanin, and 6-hydroxymethylherniarin) of Ferulago trifida from the Apiaceae family against Anopheles stephensi as one of the main malaria vectors. For insecticidal evaluation, A. stephensi larvae were exposed to different concentrations of the extracts and pure compounds (0.625-1280 ppm) according to the WHO protocol. The mortality percentages were measured 24 h after treatment and lethal concentration values were calculated. In addition, radical scavenging activities of the mentioned extracts and compounds were measured by the DPPH method. The methanol extract of fruits showed potent insecticidal properties with LC50 and LC90 values of 2.94 and 18.12 ppm, respectively. The chloroform extracts of the fruits and leaves were the second and third extracts with larvicidal effects. Among pure compounds, only oxypeucedanin showed moderate toxicity against A. stephensi with LC50 and LC90 values of 116.54 and 346.41 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were stronger than other extracts with IC50 values of 155.83 and 159.32 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the methanol extract of F. trifida fruits can be used as a potent bio-insecticide in green control programs of mosquitoes, especially A. stephensi.

Astrodaucus persicus as a new source of bioinsectisides against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi). METHODS: Twenty five third instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations (10-160 g/L) of fractions and were assayed according to World Health Organization protocol. The larval mortality was calculated after 24 h treatment. RESULTS: Among tested fractions, the highest larvicidal efficacy was observed from ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract with 50% and 90% mortality values (LC50 and LC90) of 34.49 g/L and 108.61 g/L, respectively. Chloroform fraction of fruits extract was the second larvicidal sample with LC50 of 45.11 g/L and LC90 of 139.36 g/L. Petroleum ether fractions of fruits and roots and methanol fraction of fruits showed moderate toxicity against An. stephensi. CONCLUSIONS: Astrodaucus persicus is a potential source of valuable and natural larvicidal compounds against malaria vector, An. stephensi and can be used in mosquitoes control programs as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of roots and fruits fractions of Astrodaucus persicus extract.

OBJECTIVES: Astrodaucus persicus (Apiaceae) is one of the two species of this genus which grows in different parts of Iran. Roots of this plant were rich in benzodioxoles and used as food additive or salad in Iran and near countries. The aim of present study was evaluation of antimalarial and cytotoxic effects of different fractions of A. persicus fruits and roots extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ripe fruits and roots of A. persicus were extracted and fractionated by hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, separately. Antimalarial activities of fractions were performed based on Plasmodium berghei suppressive test in mice model and percentage of parasitemia and suppression were determined for each sample. Cytotoxicity of fruits and roots fractions were investigated against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colorectal carcinoma (SW480) and normal (L929) cell lines by MTT assay and IC50 of them were measured. RESULTS: Hexane fraction of roots extract (RHE) and ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract (FEA) of A. persicus demonstrated highest parasite inhibition (73.3 and 72.3%, respectively at 500 mg/kg/day) which were significantly different from negative control group (P<0.05). In addition, RHE showed potent anticancer activities against MCF-7 (IC50 of 0.01 µg/ml), SW480 (IC50 of 0.36 µg/ml) and L929 (IC50 of 0.70 µg/ml) cell lines. CONCLUSION: According to the results, RHE and FEA fractions of A. persicus could be introduced as excellent choice for antimalarial drug discovery. In addition, cytotoxic activity of RHE was noticeable.

Securigenin glycosides as hypoglycemic principles of Securigera securidaca seeds.

Seeds of Securigera securidaca (Fabaceae) are used in Iranian folk medicine as an antidiabetic treatment. In this study, the antihyperglycemic activity of chloroform and methanol fractions (CF and MF) from S. securidaca seed extract was investigated and their bioactive constituents were identified. The antidiabetic effects of fractions were assessed by streptozocin-induced diabetic Naval Medical Research Institute mice. The hypoglycemic activity of MF at 100 mg/kg and CF at 400 mg/kg was comparable with glibenclamide (3 mg/kg). MF at 400 mg/kg and CF at 600 mg/kg showed equal hypoglycemic responses to 12.5 IU/kg insulin (P > 0.05). Three cardiac glycosides were isolated as active constituents responsible for the hypoglycemic activity. Securigenin-3- O -ß-glucopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 4)-ß-xylopyranoside (1) was a major compound in seeds. Securigenin-3- O -inositol-(1 â†’ 3)-ß-glucopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 4)-ß-xylopyranoside (2) and securigenin-3- O -α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 â†’ 4)-α-glucopyranoside (3) were found as new natural products. When 1-3 were tested at 10 mg/kg there was a significant reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, comparable to that of 3 mg/kg glibenclamide (P > 0.05). The hypoglycemic effect was due to an increase in insulin secretion; the insulin levels in the diabetic mice significantly improved and were comparable with those in healthy animals (P > 0.05). Compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic properties of S. securidaca seeds were identified as cardiac glycosides and were found to act via an increase of insulin levels in a diabetic mouse model.

Intravitreal bevacizumab role in the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vasoproliferative tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Objective: To report a case of neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) with retinal vasoproliferative tumor (RVPT) and macular edema and exudation that was successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). Method: A retrospective case report of patient with neurofibromatosis, retinal vasoproliferative tumor and macular edema who received three monthly intravitreal injections of bevacizumab. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FAG) before and three months after treatment were done. Results: Macular edema and exudation of the right eye was effectively resolved with IVB injection and vascularity of RVPT significantly decreased after treatment with IVB. Conclusion: Macular edema and exudation secondary to RVPT in patients with NF-1 could be successfully treated with IVB.

Essential oils chemical composition, antioxidant activities and total phenols of Astrodaucus persicus.

OBJECTIVES: Astrodaucus persicus, Apiaceae, is used as vegetable or food additive in some parts of Iran. The essential oils of different parts of Astrodaucus persicus from Kordestan province were analyzed for the first time and compared with other regions. In this study, antioxidant activities and total phenols determination of aerial parts essential oils and root fractions of A. persicus were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation from flowers/fruits, leaves/stems, ripe fruits and roots of plant and analyzed by GC-MS. Crude root extract was fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods and total phenols by Folin-ciocalteu assay were measured. RESULTS: The abundant compounds of flowers/fruits blue essential oil were α-thujene, ß-pinene and α-pinene. The predominant components of blue leaves/stems essential oil were α-thujene, α-pinene and α-fenchene. The major volatiles of ripe fruits blue essential oil were ß-pinene, α-thujene and α-pinene. The chief compounds of root yellow essential oil were trans-caryophyllene, bicycogermacrene and germacrene-D. Total root extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed potent antioxidant activities and high amount of total phenols in comparison to other samples. Among volatile oils, the flowers/fruits essential oil showed potent reducing capacity. CONCLUSION: The major compounds of aerial parts essential oils were hydrocarbon monoterpenes while the chief percentage of roots essential oil constituents were hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes. α-Eudesmol and ß-eudesmol were identified as responsible for creation of blue color in aerial parts essential oils. A. persicus was known as a potent antioxidant among Apiaceae.