Evaluation of the bedside Quikread go® CRP test in the management of febrile infants at the emergency department.

Recently C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care tests have been developed. We aimed to validate a bedside CRP test (QuikRead go® CRP), to compare it with the laboratory CRP (ARCHITECT c8000 Abbott, Germany) test in children with fever without source (FWS), and to evaluate the optimal CRP cut-off value to identify those patients at a high risk for serious bacterial infection (SBI). The CRP bedside test was prospectively performed in capillary blood samples concurrently with the laboratory CRP testing for 283 well-appearing infants aged 1 to 24 months with FWS attending the emergency department (ED) between May 2013 and August 2015. The mean difference between the laboratory CRP and the QuikRead go CRP values was 0.71 mg/L (p = 0.444). Pearson's correlation coefficient between the CRPs was r = 0.929 (p < 0.001). SBI was diagnosed in 34 patients (12.0%). The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve obtained was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.82-0.90) for an optimal CRP cut-off value of > 10 mg/L (sensitivity: 94.1%, specificity: 49.0%, positive predictive value: 20.1%, negative predictive value: 98.4%), as a predictor of SBI. Nearly 45% of the patients were at a low risk for SBI according to CRP value; thus, additional laboratory tests would have been hypothetically avoided. There was a very strong, positive correlation between the QuikRead go CRP test and laboratory CRP determination. The QuikRead go CRP test provides reliable results to rule out SBI. Its implementation at the ED would improve the management of infants with FWS.

Outcomes and infectious etiologies of febrile neutropenia in non-immunocompromised children who present in an emergency department.

There are no unified protocols governing the management of healthy children with febrile neutropenia in the emergency department (ED). Conservative management is the norm, with admission and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed, although viral infections are considered the most frequent etiology. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical outcomes and identified etiologies of unsuspected neutropenia in febrile immunocompetent children assessed in the ED. This was a retrospective study: well-appearing healthy children <18 years old with febrile moderate [absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 500-999 neutrophils ×10(9)/l] or severe (ANC <500 neutrophils ×10(9)/l) neutropenia diagnosed in ED between 2005 and 2013 were included. Patients newly diagnosed with hematologic or oncologic disease were excluded. We included 190 patients: 158 (83.2 %) with moderate and 32(16.8 %) with severe neutropenia. One hundred and one (53.2 %) were admitted; 48(47.5 %) with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The median length of stay was 3 days (IQR 3-5) and the median duration of neutropenia was 6 days (IQR 3-12). An infectious agent was identified in 23(12.1 %); 21 (91.3 %) were viruses. Four (2.1 %) children had a serious bacterial infection (SBI): urinary tract infection and lobar pneumonia (two cases each). All blood cultures performed (144; 75.8 %) were negative. Over the 1-year follow-up, one or several blood tests were performed on 167 patients (87.9 %); two (1.2 %) were diagnosed with autoimmune chronic neutropenia. Previously healthy children with moderate or severe febrile neutropenia have a low risk of SBI and a favorable clinical outcome. Less aggressive management could be carried out in most of them. Although chronic hematological diseases are infrequently diagnosed, serial ANC are necessary to detect them.

Diagnostic accuracy of combining C-Reactive protein and Alvarado Score among 2-to-20-year-old patients with acute appendicitis suspected presenting to Emergency Departments.

OBJECTIVE: Main objective was whether the combination of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Alvarado Score (AS) increase the diagnosis accuracy of AS among 2-to-20-year-old patients with suspected acute appendicitis presenting to Emergency Departments. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of prospective cohort study consecutively including all patients from 2 to 20 years of age attended for suspected acute appendicitis in 4 Spanish Emergency Departments during 6-month period. We collected demographic, clinical, analytic and radiographic, and surgical data. AS categories were retrospectively calculated as low (0-4 points), intermediate (5-6 points) or high (7-10 points). The cut-off levels were >0.5 mg/dl for CRP. The outcome was diagnosis of acute appendicitis within 14 days of the index visit. RESULTS: A total of 331 patients with suspected of acute appendicitis (mean age 11.8 (SD 3.8) years; 52.9% males) were recruited. According to AS, 108 (32.6%) were at low risk, 76 at (23.0%) intermediate risk and 147 (44.4%) at high risk of acute appendicitis. One hundred and sixteen (35.0%) cases had confirmed histopathological diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The AUCs of ROC were 0.76 (0.70-0.81) for AS and 0.79 (95% CI 0.75-0.84) for CRP-AS being the difference statistically significant (p=0.003). The CRP for diagnosis acute appendicitis in low risk AS group had negative predictive value of 95.8% (95%CI 87.3-98.9) and likelihood ratio negative of 0.4 (95%CI 0.2-1.0).. CONCLUSIONS: CRP-AS has shown to increase the diagnostic accuracy of AS for acute appendicitis. This approach may be useful to rule out the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in paediatric patients attended for abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis.

Do retinal haemorrhages occur in infants with convulsions?

AIM: To determine the prevalence of retinal haemorrhages in infants presenting with convulsions and admitted to hospital, and to consider whether this finding indicates shaken baby syndrome. METHODS: Prospective study of children aged 15 days to 2 years admitted with a diagnosis of first convulsion over a 2-year period (May 2004-May 2006). All infants were examined by an experienced ophthalmologist using indirect ophthalmoscopy within 72 h of admission. RESULTS: 182 of 389 children seen in the accident and emergency department were admitted and two were found to have retinal haemorrhages. Both children were eventually diagnosed as being abused. CONCLUSIONS: Convulsions alone are unlikely to cause retinal haemorrhages in children under 2 years of age.

Retinal haemorrhages in- head trauma resulting from falls: differential diagnosis with non-accidental trauma in patients younger than 2 years of age.

INTRODUCTION: Falls are a common chief complaint among children seeking medical attention in emergency departments and are the leading cause of injuries requiring hospitalisation. Falls are also a frequent excuse to conceal cases of maltreatment in small children. Retinal haemorrhages could be a useful marker for their differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence and characteristics of retinal haemorrhages in children with head trauma resulting from a vertical fall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of children younger than 2 years of age admitted to the hospital with head trauma from a vertical fall. The circumstances of the falls and injuries were analysed. All children were evaluated by an ophthalmologist for retinal haemorrhage. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-four patients were included. Eighty-three percent of the falls were from a height equal to or less than 120 cm. The most common mechanism of injury was fall from a stroller followed by rolling off the bed. Sixteen children had evidence of intracranial injuries. Three patients had retinal haemorrhages (prevalence 1.9%; 95%CI, 0.4-5.6%), all unilateral, in association with severe epidural haematoma with a midline shift. The detection of retinal haemorrhages could be related to the presence of intracranial injury but not with the circumstances of the fall. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Any cranial injury from a vertical fall that produces severe epidural bleeding can also cause retinal haemorrhages, mainly unilateral. The finding of diffuse and bilateral retinal haemorrhages or their presence in the absence of this type of intracranial haemorrhage must continue to point out another cause different from the fall as origin of the traumatism, being necessary to exclude non-accidental trauma.

Late-onset form of beta-electron transfer flavoprotein deficiency.

Multiple acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) or glutaric aciduria type II (GAII) are a group of metabolic disorders due to deficiency of either electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO). We report the clinical features and biochemical and molecular genetic analyses of a patient with a mild late-onset form of GAII due to beta-ETF deficiency. Biochemical data showed an abnormal urine organic acid profile, low levels of free carnitine, increased levels of C(10:1n-6), and C(14:1n-9) in plasma, and decreased oxidation of [9,10-3H]palmitate and [9,10-3H]myristate in fibroblasts, suggesting MAD deficiency. In agreement with these findings, mutational analysis of the ETF/ETFDH genes demonstrated an ETFB missense mutation 124T>C in exon 2 leading to replacement of cysteine-42 with arginine (C42R), and a 604_606AAG deletion in exon 6 in the ETFB gene resulting in the deletion of lysine-202 (K202del). The present report delineates further the phenotype of mild beta-ETF deficiency and illustrates that the differential diagnosis of GAII is readily achieved by mutational analysis.

Bronquiolitis: factores predictivos de la duración del ingreso hospitalario / Predictive factors of duration of hospital admission for bronchiolitis

Objetivo. Determinar qué parámetros son más útiles en el momento del ingreso de niños con bronquiolitis para prever la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Metodología. Estudio retrospectivo por revisión de historias clínicas. Se incluyen los pacientes ingresados en nuestro centro por bronquiolitis durante el año 1999. Los enfermos se dividen en dos grupos según la duración de la estancia hospitalaria: el grupo I con una estancia de 3 días o menos y el II, con más de 3 días. Se analizan datos clínicos, analíticos y radiológicos según el protocolo realizado para este estudio. Resultados. Se incluyen un total de 271 pacientes, 73 pertenecen al primer grupo y 198 al segundo. Se objetivan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la duración de la estancia hospitalaria con relación al antecedente de prematuridad, la edad del paciente, la existencia de VRS positivo, la presencia de fiebre, la puntuación en la escala de gravedad para bronquiolitis HSJD, el hallazgo de alteraciones radiológicas, la realización de analítica y la necesidad de tratamiento con antibióticos, oxígeno y alimentación por sonda nasogástrica. No hay diferencias en cuanto al sexo, los antecedentes de cardiopatía o displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), los resultados analíticos y la necesidad de tratamiento con broncodilatadores. La presencia de tres de los siguientes factores de riesgo: prematuridad, VRS positivo, fiebre, radiografía de tórax alterada, edad 6, tiene una sensibilidad del 63.5% y una especificidad del 79.5% como predictor de la duración superior a 72 horas de un ingreso por bronquiolitis. Si se tienen en cuenta sólo dos de los factores, aumenta la sensibilidad hasta el 89.8% en detrimento de la especificidad, que baja al 46.6%. Conclusión. Analizar conjuntamente determinados factores de riesgo en el momento del ingreso de una bronquiolitis mejora las previsiones en cuanto a la duración de la estancia en el hospital y facilita una distribución más adecuada de los recursos disponibles

Objectives. To determine the clinical factors that may help anticipate the length of hospital stay in children with bronchiolitis. Methods. Retrospective study based on the analysis of medical records of all children admitted to St Joan de Deu Hospital (SJDH) with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis in 1999. Patients were divided into two groups according to the duration of the admission. Group I: children who were hospitalized for >= 3 days. Group II: children who were hospitalised for > 3 days. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were reviewed. Results. 271 cases (Group I, 73; Group II, 198) were reviewed. We identified a significant relationship between the length of stay and the following parameters: prematurity, age, respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) infection, fever, high score in the SJDH bronchiolitis scale, abnormal imaging, need for laboratory evaluation, administration of antibiotics, need for oxygen supplementation, and need for nasogastric tube feeding. No relationship with duration of admission was found for gender, presence of congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), results of laboratory evaluation, and need for bronchodilators. These results indicate a sensitivity of 63.5% and a specificity of 79.5% as predictor of admission > 72 hours if the patient has 3 of the following risk factors: prematurity, RSV infection, fever, radiological abnormalities, age < 2 months, and more than 6 points in the SJDH bronchiolitis score at the time of admission. The presence of two risk factors increases sensitivity to 89.8%, but the specificity decreases to 46.6%. Conclusion. The analysis of risk factors at the time of admission of patients with bronchiolitis may help in anticipating the duration of stay and facilitates the allocation of resources