Visualization and Cytotoxicity of Fluorescence-Labeled Dimeric Magnetite-Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Mouse Macrophages.

We demonstrated the possibility of penetration of magnetite-gold nanoparticles conjugated with prostate-specific membrane antigen into mouse macrophages. It was found that after 3-h incubation with nanoparticles in a concentration of 15 mg/liter at 37oC, they were seen in only 13% macrophages. In about 90% cells, the nanoparticles were detected within the cytoplasm. Under these conditions, membrane damage was revealed in 25% cells. These results should be taken into account in further development and application of nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in oncology.

Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide Activate the Antioxidant Defense System in Human Sperm Cells.

The effect of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (10-100 µM) on sperm motility and on the activity of the sperm enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDS) was investigated. Incubation of semen samples with 10 and 100 µM hydrogen peroxide increased the content of spermatozoa with progressive motility by 20 and 18%, respectively, and enhanced the activity of GAPDS in the sperm cells by 27 and 20% compared to a semen sample incubated without additions. It was also found that incubation with 10 µM hydrogen peroxide increased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in sperm cells by 50% on average compared to that in the control samples. It is supposed that low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide activate the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in NADPH synthesis and the reduction of the oxidized glutathione by glutathione reductase yielding GSH. The formed GSH reduces the oxidized cysteine residues of the GAPDS active site, increasing the activity of the enzyme, which in turn enhances the content of sperm cells with progressive motility. Thus, the increase in motile spermatozoa in the presence of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can serve as an indicator of normal functioning of the antioxidant defense system in sperm cells.

[Effect of the incubation medium pH on damage to macrophages plasma membranes].

In this paper we showed the pH-dependent change in the sensitivity of the membranes of murine peritoneal macrophages to UV-radiation. This relationship is discussed in terms of lipid bilayer membrane stability modification to the action of ROS and lipid peroxidation process (LPP) at different pH. Iron-ascorbate reinforced LPP also led to pH-dependent membranes damage. The increase of the cells incubation medium temperature up to 37 degrees C, which also stimulated LPP, did not change the picture of the pH-dependent damage. Decrease of the incubation medium pH did not reduce H2O2-induced cell damage. Increase of the pH intensified the cells damage.

[Effect of hydroxylated fullerene C60(OH)25 on macrophage plasma membrane integrity].

Our study has shown that the damaging effect of hydroxylated fullerene C60(OH)25 on mouse peritoneal macrophage plasma membranes increased when we enlarged the concentration of fullerene in the incubation media (from 0.005 to 0.5 mg/ml), the incubation temperature (from 22 degrees C to 37 degrees C) and the time of incubation (from 30 to 90 min). In conditions of the H2O2-induced membrane damage, fullerene was observed to intensify the H2O2-induced damaging effect at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml and reduce it at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. In conditions of the UV-induced membrane damage, it was discovered that the damaging effect of UV increased when C60(OH)25 nanoparticles were added to the incubation media before irradiation and decreased when they were added after irradiation. Eventual participation of ROS in damaging effects of C60(OH)25 was discussed.

[Damaging effect of "Poviargol" on mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membrane].

The damaging effect of "Poviargol", a substance containing silver nanoparts, was studied. It was shown that the damaging effect of "Poviargol" took place from the concentration of 2 mkg/ml and got its maximum at 10-12 microg/ml. Decrease of the incubation temperature from 30 to 4 degreesC led to amplification of the membrane-acting effect of "Poviargol"; however, inverse relation was observed in the range from 37 to 30 degreesC. The damaging effect of "Poviargol" increased when pH of the incubating medium was raised to 8.4 and also when the concentration of calcium ions in the incubation medium was raised to 8 mmol/l. The damaging effect decreased when pH of the incubation medium was reduced to 6.3, as well as in the presence of radioprotector serotonin. Our study allows us to suppose that reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation make a substantial contribution to the damaging effect of "Poviargol" on the macrophage plasma membrane.

[Alteration of UV-sensitivity of mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membranes by calcium ions].

Effect of Ca2+ ions on UV-induced mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membrane damage has been studied. Drop of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration has been found to result in a reduced expression of this damage. On the contrary, a raised intra- and extra-cellular Ca2+ level is associated with a higher number of cells with damaged plasma membranes. These findings make it possible to suggest that this change in the plasma membrane photosensitivity might be a result of alterations in the membrane lipid matrix electrical stability owing to UV-induced lipid photo-peroxidation. This study has also shown that free radical peroxidation of membrane lipids plays a significant part in UV-induced cell damage.

[The influence of hydrogene ion concentrations on peritoneal macrophage plasma membrane's photosensitivity].

It was demonstrated on macrophages treated with UV irradiation dose 9 J/sm2 (lamda max =306 nm) that intra- or extracellular pH reducing lead to decrease the number of cells with damaged membranes in macrophage population. An intra- or extracellular pH elevation leads to increase of UV-irradiation membrane-acting effect. It was also shown that pH-dependence of UV-irradiation damage effect has been lost after preliminary osmotic swelling of cells. The cells survived after UV-irradiation in doses 8 and 10 J/sm2 (lamda max =297 nm) have an intracellular pH lower than non-irradiated cells.

[Damaging effect of digitonin on macrophage plasma membranes exposed to UV-irradiation].

It was shown that macrophage irradiation in 4.6 J/cm2 (lambda(max) = 306 nm) dose leads to small quantity of damaged cells in cell population, which doesn't change substantially during 60 min of incubation in darkness. So as detergent digitonin treatment (without irradiation) in 3 mkg/ml concentration doesn't lead to substantial cell damage. Also the result of combined influence of UV-irradiation and digitonin added after irradiation, 15 min before the damaged cells counting, has been got. It was shown that macrophage incubation for 15 minutes leads to cell damaging twice as much sum of UV (4.6 J/cm2) and digitonin (3 mkg/ml) damaging. However the level of cell damaging obtained 30 minutes later after finishing of irradiation doesn't exceed the sum of separate effects of this factors. Further increase of postradiation time leads to synergic effect again.

[Effect of mineral water on metabolic processes].

The paper comparatively analyzes the effect of the mineral water "Penta" on the biochemical parameters of blood and urine, which characterize the functional activity of renal metabolic processes. A group comprising 10 examinees without renal disease took water by the routine mineral water scheme for 4 days. Comparison of the biochemical parameters before and after water taking revealed a significant reduction in azotemia and uric acid levels with its simultaneously enhanced excretion, as well as an increasing tendency for the excretion of oxalates, i.e. the most important parameters determining the formation of urate and oxalate calculi. These findings allow use "Penta", to a certain degree, in the treatment of renal disease, urolithiasis in particular, and in the prevention of stone formation.

[Damage to macrophage membranes by exposure to middle-wave ultraviolet radiation]. / Povrezhdenie membran makrofagov pri deistvii srednevolnovogo ul'trafioletovogo izlucheniia..

An influence of middle-wave ultraviolet radiation (lambda max = 306 nm) on plasma membranes of mice peritoneal macrophages was studied by microfluorimetry analysis. It was found that a percentage of cells with damaged plasma membranes in the irradiated macrophage population reliably increased with the UVB dose starting with 6 J/cm2. Irradiation of cells with 4.2 J/cm2 UVR dose which does not cause evident damage to plasma membranes led to the latent damage which was detected by treatment with detergent digitonin (4.5 micrograms/ml).

[Modification of damaging effect of ultraviolet radiation on peritoneal macrophage membranes in mice]. / Modifikatsiia povrezhdaiushchego deistviia ul'trafioletovogo izlucheniia na membrany peritoneal'nykh makrofagov myshei.

Different factors modificating damaging effect of middle-wave ultraviolet radiation (lambda max = 306 nm) on mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membranes were studied. It was shown that damaging effect of ultraviolet declined when the cells were simultaneously treated by red light (lambda max = 713 nm). This protective effect increased when a red component of light became greater and achieved almost 100% when it consisted 28.6%. It was also found that the decrease in intra- and extracellular pH led to the decrease in damaging effect of UVR. The increase of pH bring to an elevation of UVR destructive effect.

[Influence of Ca2+ ions on UV-induced damage to mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membranes]. / Vliianie ionov na UF-indutsirovannoe povrezhdenie plazmaticheskikh membran peritoneal'nykh makrofagov myshei.

It was shown that UV-irradiation caused damage to mice peritoneal macrophage plasma membranes. A decrease in extracellular Ca2+ leads to a decrease of the damaging effect. An increase in extracellular Ca2+ or adding of calcium ionophore A23187 to the medium is accompanied by an increase in a number of damaged cells. These data allow us to suppose that modification of the damaging effect of UV-irradiation by Ca2+ ions can be bound with changing of electric stability of membrane lipid matrix.

[Influence of intracellular pH on character of mice peritoneal macrophage response to red light irradiation]. / Vliianie vnutrikletochnogo pH na kharakter otveta peritoneal'nykh makrofagov pri deistvii krasnogo sveta.

It was detected that exposure of macrophages to red light (600-740 nm) led to the changes in their intracellular pH and hydrolytic activity. The character of these changes depends on the initial level of pH in the cells. The maximum effect of irradiation is detected if the initial pH level is low. It is possible that Na/H-exchanger takes part in normalizing effect of red light on intracellular pH level.

[Alteration of intracellular pH of macrophages after UV-irradiation]. / Izmenenie vnutrikletochnogo pH makrofagov posle UF-oblucheniia.

It was shown that in vitro exposuse of mice peritoneal middle-wave ultraviolet radiation (lambdamax = 306 nm) in doses which don't damage to cause plasma membrane caused dose-dependent decreasing of their intracellular pH. After exposure of cells to 0.5 J/cm2 it was detected an acidification of intracellular contents followed by an increase of intracellular pH up to control level (after 40 min of incubation) and then above it (on 45 min of incubation). An increase of irradiation dose was accompanied by more evident reduction of intracellular pH and lack of its restoration on 45 min of postradiational incubation under irradiation with a dose of 3 J/cm2.

[Effect of linoleic acid and products of its free radical oxidation on succinate dehydrogenase]. / Vliianie linolevoi kisloty i produktov ee svobodnoradikal'no okisleniia na suktsinatdegidrogenazu.

Effects of linoleic acid and its oxidation products (with 75--80% content of hydroperoxide) on isolated succinate dehydrogenase were studied by means of spectrophotometry and ESR-spectroscopy. It was shown that unlike the unoxidized acid, low concentrations of its oxidation products increased catalytic activity, while its high concentrations of its oxidation products increased catalytic activity, while its high concentrations brought about a decrease of SH-group content and the amplitude of ESR signal of reduced nonheme iron in the enzyme.

[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. VIII. Effect of linoleic acid and its oxidation products on the functional parameters of mitochondria]. / Svobodnoradikal'noe akislenie lipidov biologicheskikh membran. VIII. Deistvie linolevoi kisloty i produktov ee okisleniia na funktsional'nye parametry mitokhondrii.

Effects of linoleic acid and its oxidation products (with 75--80% content of hydroperoxide) on rat liver mitochondria were studied by polarographic and spectrophotometric methods. Both agents according to their concentration are able to uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation and to inhibit the electron transport in the initial region of the respiration chain as well. Unlike the unoxidized linoleic acid, its oxidation products increase the activity of some enzymatic systems of mitochondria, and at high concentrations they produce a more pronounced effect on the electron transport.

[Oscillations of intracellular pH values and the character of its distribution in immunocompetent cell populations]. / Kolebaniia vnutrikletochnogo znacheniia pH i kharakter ego raspredeleniia v populiatsii immunokompetentnykh kletok.

Experimental measurements of intracellular pH kinetics detect intracellular pH (pHin) rhythms with a period about an hour and an amplitude comparable with the standard deviation of pHin in cell population. It was shown that pHin oscillations were probably to affect the experimental pH-distribution pattern. The pH-distribution of the population at normal physiological state is usually close to the normal pattern. The time-course of the pHin value for the cell population was shown to have a pattern of a kind of beatings to get the normal pH-distribution. Distributions of several "beating"--functions were used to approximate an experimental pH-distribution of immunocompetent cell population.

[Effect of a low-frequencey magnetic field on esterase activity and change in pH in wheat germ during swelling of wehat seeds]. / Vliianie nizkochastotnogo magnitnogo polia na aktivnost' ésteraz i izmenenie pH u zarodysha v khode nabukhaniia semian pshenitsy.

The role of nonsteady phenomena determined by a low velocity of ion movements in a weak external field is considered in relation to their possible nonlinear effects on processes occurring in boundary layers near the membrane, particularly, on the release of membrane-bound proteins and pH value. It is shown that a short-term treatment of wheat seeds with low-frequency magnetic field at the stage of esterase activation during seed swelling enhances the activation of esterases; the effect observed at final stages of activation depends on the time after the treatment with electromagnetic field. Treatment of seeds with electromagnetic field at this stage changed qualitatively the time course of the release of reaction products into the medium: the reaction rate increased initially and then decreased below the control level. At earlier stages of swelling in treated seeds and at all stages in control seeds, the time course of the product release was linear. The retardation of the release of the reaction products at terminal stages of esterase activation is presumably related to the release of proteins and their complexes under the action of electromagnetic field and the resulting restoration of the barrier properties of membranes. Treatment with electromagnetic field also caused a noticeable acceleration of proton flow form the medium, which was judged from pH changes in the bulk medium and in the vicinity of germ surface. The difference between the treated and control samples after 23-24 h of imbibition became statistically significant and was as high as 0.4 pH units. By taking into account the nonsteady phenomena occurring upon action of low-frequency electromagnetic field, it is possible to explain unusual dependences of biological effects on the amplitude of the electromagnetic field, including the atypical enhancement of these effects by the action of weak low-frequency fields.

[Microfluorometric study of pH in frog nerves at rest and during rhythmic stimulation]. / Mikrofluorimetricheskoe izuchenie pH v nerve liagushki v pokoe i pri ritmicheskom vozbuzhdenii.

With the use of microspectrofluorimetry the pH-dynamics in the frog nerve at rest and during rhythmic excitation was investigated. Rhythmic excitation results in an increase of hydrogen ion concentration in the nerve fibres. Metabolic and ion channel inhibitors affect intracellular pH changes. The results obtained suggest different role of various transport systems (sodium pump and ion channels) in the regulation of pH at rest and during rhythmic excitation.

[The study of role of membrane-bound Ca2+ in the regulation of relationship between neuron and glia during rhythmic excitation]. / Issledovanie roli membranosviazannogo Ca2+ v reguliatsii vzaimootnoshenii neirona i glii pri ritmicheskom vozbuzhdenii.

The role of membrane-bound Ca2+ in the regulation of Ca2+ transport through voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, and NMDA-glutamate and n-acetylcholine receptors upon interaction of a neuron with glia during rhythmic excitation was studied. It was found that the redistribution and transport of Ca2+ play a crucial role in the conductance of rhythmic excitation in both a "neuron-neuron" system and the processes providing the maintenance of a stationary level of rhythmic excitation in the system "neuron-glia".