Recall of Flavor at First E-cigarette Use and Its Association with E-cigarette Progression: The Mediating Effects of First Sensory Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the association between flavor at first vape and continued use is mediated through subjective experience at first vape. STUDY DESIGN: In a 2020 cross-sectional survey, 955 young adult ever-vapers recalled their first flavor vaped, subjective experiences at first use, current vaping behavior, nicotine dependence, and quit attempts. A latent class model grouped first-use subjective experiences into classes. Two-part negative binomial hurdle models for each vaping behavior evaluated whether the association of first flavor used with vaping outcomes was mediated by positive experience. RESULTS: Four latent classes (positive, positive and negative, negative, and minimal experience) were further reduced to "any positive experience" (only positive, positive and negative) vs "no positive experience" (negative or minimal). Class membership mediated the association of first flavor used (mint/menthol/ice [ie, "cooling"] or sweet vs other) with each vaping outcome. For example, cooling flavor (vs. other) was associated with positive class membership (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.5, 8.1), which was then associated with any past 30-day vaping (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.7, 5.8) and greater number of vaping days among current vapers (RR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.7) in the two-part hurdle model. Similar results were observed for nicotine dependence and quit attempts, and for sweet (vs other) flavor for any dependence or quit attempts, but not number of dependence symptoms or quit attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a cooling or sweet flavor at first use was associated with having a positive first vaping sensory experience, and then greater likelihood as a young adult of reporting past 30-day vaping, more vaping days, and greater risk for nicotine dependence, suggesting a key mediating role of first use experience.

Examining Tobacco-Related Social Media Research in Government Policy Documents: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Social media data have been used to describe tobacco industry marketing practices, user experiences with tobacco, and youth-oriented protobacco content. OBJECTIVE: Examine the extent to which tobacco-related social media research is cited in government policy documents. SEARCH METHODS: Peer-reviewed tobacco-related social media studies were searched for on Web of Science, PubMed, and other databases from 2004 to 2022. The DOI number for each identified article was then used to search the Overton database to find policy documents citing such research. A secondary, manual search of national and international governmental agency websites was also conducted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Documents were included in this study if they were tobacco-related, written in English, cited social media research in the document text and reference section, and were published by a governmental office or agency. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The analytic sample consisted of (n = 38) government policy documents, and were coded for content themes, agency type, document type, and subsequent citations. MAIN RESULTS: When this research was utilized, it was often in the context of highlighting tobacco industry marketing practices, bringing attention to an issue (eg, youth e-cigarette use), and/or describing how social media platforms can be used as a data source to understand tobacco-related attitudes and behaviors. Agencies that often cited this research were the WHO, FDA, and CDC. The document types included research reports, policy recommendations, industry guidance, legal complaints, and practice-based recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco-related social media research has been utilized by government agencies in the last decade to guide the policy process. IMPLICATIONS: Tobacco-related social media research has been used in government policy documents to detail tobacco industry marketing and bring attention to youth exposure to protobacco content online. Continued surveillance of social media may be necessary to track the changing tobacco landscape.

Young Adults' Exposure to and Engagement With Tobacco-Related Social Media Content and Subsequent Tobacco Use.

INTRODUCTION: Nicotine/tobacco social media content may increase young people's risk for use. This study examined prospective associations between exposure to and engagement with nicotine/tobacco-related social media content and nicotine/tobacco use among young adults. AIMS AND METHODS: Young adults (N = 2080) originally recruited from Southern California high schools for a prospective cohort study reported frequency of viewing and posting nicotine/tobacco content on four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube). Participants also reported frequency of seeing nicotine/tobacco posts from friends, seeing nicotine/tobacco posts from influencers or celebrities, and liking nicotine/tobacco posts. Within subsamples of nicotine/tobacco never users (n = 794), past users (n = 897) and current users (n = 389), analyses examined associations of baseline (May-October 2020) social media content exposure and engagement with follow-up (January-June 2021) tobacco use initiation (among never users), resumption (among past users), and continuation (among current users), adjusting for sociodemographic and socioenvironmental characteristics. RESULTS: Never users who saw nicotine/tobacco posts from friends (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.91 [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.46, 5.82], p = .002) or from celebrities or influencers (AOR = 2.77 [1.32, 5.84], p = .007) were significantly more likely to initiate nicotine/tobacco use than their peers. Among past users, posting nicotine/tobacco content at baseline was associated with use resumption (AOR = 1.77 [1.12, 2.80], p = .014). Content exposure and engagement were not associated with nicotine/tobacco use continuation among current users (p-values > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Seeing nicotine/tobacco posts from friends, influencers, or celebrities was associated with greater odds of tobacco use initiation, but not resumption or continuation, 6 months later. Young adults with past nicotine/tobacco use who post about nicotine/tobacco may be at elevated risk for resuming use. IMPLICATIONS: Young adults with exposure to nicotine/tobacco social media content were more likely than their peers to initiate nicotine/tobacco use 6 months later. Past nicotine/tobacco users who reported posting about nicotine/tobacco on social media at baseline were more likely than their peers to resume nicotine/tobacco use. Among young adults with current nicotine/tobacco use at baseline, social media activity did not predict odds of nicotine/tobacco use continuation at follow-up. Nicotine/tobacco content on social media should be restricted to reduce young people's chances of nicotine/tobacco use initiation or resumption.

Oral Nicotine Gum Discussions on Twitter: Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oral nicotine gum such as LUCY, which comes in colorful packaging, mimicking traditional chewing gum, is becoming popular. Many brands of gum have not been approved by the FDA for smoking cessation. This study examined public discourse about, including sentiment toward, oral nicotine gum on Twitter. METHODS: We used Twitter's Streaming Application Programming Interface to collect data from January 1, 2021, to December 21, 2021, using "nicotine gum" and/or "#nicotinegum" search terms (N = 19 171 unique tweets were collected). We used an inductive approach to become familiar with the data, generated a codebook, and conducted a content analysis on (n = 2152) tweets. RESULTS: Cessation (n = 716, 33.3%), personal experience (n = 370, 17.2%), and addiction to gum (n = 135, 6.3%) were the most prevalent themes. Cessation tweets primarily discussed cigarette smoking cessation (n = 418, 58.4% of cessation tweets) and successful cessation experiences (n = 155, 21.6%). Other identified themes pertained to using nicotine gum for cognitive enhancement or catching a "buzz" (n = 102, 4.7%), marketing (n = 98, 4.6%), using nicotine gum with other substances (n = 90, 4.2%), and adverse effects (n = 63, 2.9%). Sentiment analysis results revealed that 675 (44.2%) tweets were categorized as neutral, 605 (39.6%) tweets were classified as positive, and 248 tweets (16.2%) were negative. CONCLUSIONS: About one-third of tweets in our corpus mentioned nicotine gum in the context of smoking cessation. Most nicotine gum-related posts conveyed positive and neutral sentiments. Future studies should consider adding novel nicotine gum-specific search terms as well as exploring other social media platforms to gain more insights about these products. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that Twitter has the potential to track and facilitate conversations between those seeking cigarette cessation advice and those who have successfully quit tobacco by using nicotine gum. Monitoring of promotional content from nicotine gum companies is needed to ensure these products are not appealing to youth and nonusers of tobacco.

Examining the Peer-Reviewed Literature on Tobacco-Related Social Media Data: Scoping Review.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco researchers have used social media data to examine tobacco industry marketing practices (eg, influencers), and to document user experience with tobacco products. This study summarized the literature that analyzed tobacco-related social media data, including domain, social media platform, tobacco product type, and themes of findings, among other variables. AIMS AND METHODS: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Communication Source were searched between 2004 and 2022. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they were written in English, included at least one tobacco-related term, and one social media-related term, and analyzed a social media post. Two coders screened all-titles and abstracts. The final sample consisted of (n = 255) articles. Studies were coded for domain, social media platform, tobacco product type, data source, type of data, coding and analytic method, and presence of validation procedure, among other variables. RESULTS: A total of 10 504 820 581 tobacco-related social media posts were assessed across 255 studies. User experience (54.1%) and promotion (23.1%) were the most researched domains. Researchers used data from Twitter the most (42.7%). Text (43.1%) was the most common type of data analyzed. Thematic analysis (80.8%) was the most common analytic technique. Themes of findings from content analyses often pertained to the health effects of tobacco use (61.0%) and promotion (44.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers have analyzed billions of tobacco-related social media posts to describe user experience with, and promotions related to, tobacco products like e-cigarettes on platforms like Twitter. Future research may examine tobacco-related social media data from newer platforms like TikTok. IMPLICATIONS: Real-time surveillance of tobacco-related content on social media can keep the tobacco control community abreast of tobacco industry promotional strategies, user experience with tobacco products, and perceived health effects of tobacco use. A framework may be developed to establish best-practices for social media data collection and analysis, including strategies to identify posts from bot accounts and validate methodological approaches used in thematic analysis.

Content Analysis of E-mail Marketing Communications Among Online E-cigarette Retailers.

INTRODUCTION: Online e-cigarette retailers use e-mail communications to promote products directly to consumers, which may facilitate e-cigarette use. Little is known about the content of these e-mails. As such, this study collected e-mails from online e-cigarette retailers in California to conduct a content analysis. AIMS AND METHODS: This study included 13 online e-cigarette retailers in California using Yelp. To be included in the study, e-cigarette retailers needed a live website, physical retail location (ie, vape shop), and e-cigarettes available for purchase online. The research team entered each website and signed up (if possible) for an e-mail newsletter. Data were collected from the Gmail Application Programming Interface over a 1-year study period (November 1, 2021-November 1, 2022). Members of the research team coded e-mails for the presence of e-cigarettes, other products, flavors, marketing categories, and promotional activities, among other variables. RESULTS: Seven hundred and forty-nine promotional e-mails (2.1 avg/day) were received over the 1-year study period. Second-generation e-cigarettes (n = 581, 77.6%) were the most observed product in e-mails followed by disposable e-cigarettes (n = 391, 52.2%). The most common flavor profile was fruit or sweet or liquor (n = 424, 56.6%). E-mails included links to social media pages (n = 366, 48.9%). Online coupons were found in 53.1% (n = 398) of the e-mails. Age warnings were displayed in 8.0% (n = 60) of the e-mails. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette retailers' e-mails promoted new products, flavors, and contained promotional discounts. Future research should examine the impact of exposure to such e-mails on e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors. IMPLICATIONS: Findings from this study may help inform prevention programs and interventions focused on increasing tobacco-related digital media literacy (ie, evaluate tobacco advertising messages on digital media) among gender and ethnic minorities. Future research should examine if exposure to e-mail marketing is causally linked with e-cigarette use among gender and ethnic minorities.

Sexual and Gender Identity Disparities in Nicotine and Tobacco Use Susceptibility and Prevalence: Disaggregating Emerging Identities Among Adolescents From California, USA.

INTRODUCTION: Prior studies report nicotine/tobacco use disparities for sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth but have insufficiently characterized SGM identity diversity. AIMS AND METHODS: Adolescents (mean age = 15.2) from 11 high schools in Southern California completed surveys in Fall 2021. Ever use of combustible (cigarettes, cigars, hookah) and noncombustible (e-cigarettes, e-hookah, heated tobacco, smokeless/snus, oral nicotine) nicotine/tobacco (among overall sample, n = 3795) and susceptibility to future initiation of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and flavored non-tobacco oral nicotine (among n = 3331 tobacco-naïve youth) were compared across four gender (male/masculine, female/feminine, transgender male/female, non-binary) and seven sexual (heterosexual, bisexual, pansexual, queer, questioning, gay/lesbian, asexual) identities. RESULTS: Non-binary (vs. cisgender male) youth had greater prevalence of ever combustible (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.86, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76 to 4.66) and non-combustible (PR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.31 to 2.86) nicotine/tobacco use, and susceptibility to future nicotine/tobacco initiation (PR range = 2.32-2.68). Transgender (vs. cisgender male) youth had greater susceptibility to nicotine/tobacco use (PR range = 1.73-1.95), but not greater tobacco use prevalence. There was greater prevalence of non-combustible nicotine/tobacco use (PR range = 1.78-1.97) and susceptibility to nicotine/tobacco initiation (PR range = 1.36-2.18) for all sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) identities, except for asexual. Bisexual (PR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.30 to 3.16) and queer (PR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.31 to 6.27) youth had higher ever combustible tobacco use than heterosexual youth. Questioning (vs. heterosexual) youth were more susceptible to future tobacco initiation (PR range = 1.36-2.05) but did not differ in ever use. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in nicotine/tobacco use and susceptibility were present with similar effect sizes across most, but not all, SGM identities. Inclusive measurement of SGM identities in research and surveillance may inform more precise tobacco control efforts to reduce disparities. IMPLICATIONS: Among high school students from Southern California with substantial diversity in sexual and gender identities, there was greater prevalence of tobacco use and susceptibility to future tobacco initiation for most, but not all, sexual and gender minority youth, including those with emerging sexual and gender identities such as non-binary, queer and pansexual. Additionally, findings indicate that tobacco control initiatives targeting youth who are questioning their sexual identities may be particularly important for preventing tobacco use initiation. This study reinforces the importance of measuring diversity within the LGBTQ + community for tobacco use research, and highlights how inclusive measurement can inform more precise tobacco control interventions.

US adolescents' response to nicotine warning labels in influencer e-cigarette marketing social media posts: a survey-based randomised between-subject experiment.

BACKGROUND: E-cigarette promotional posts with misleading nicotine warning labels on social media may lower adolescents' risk perceptions of e-cigarettes. A between-subject experiment assessed effects of influencers' e-cigarette promotional posts with different nicotine warning labels on adolescents' e-cigarette harm perceptions, susceptibility to e-cigarette use and perceptions of influencer credibility. METHODS: In 2022, adolescents (N=1864, Mage=17 (SD=0.6)) were randomised to view six images and videos featuring influencers promoting e-cigarettes in one of five experimental conditions: two conditions with a 'tobacco-free nicotine' warning label (placed on an e-cigarette in the post or at the top of the post), two conditions with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nicotine warning label (on an e-cigarette in the post or at the top of the post (control)) and one no-label condition. Participants rated influencers' credibility (eg, honesty). Harm perceptions of, and susceptibility to use, e-cigarettes were then assessed. RESULTS: Participants who viewed posts with the FDA warning label at the top of the post perceived influencers as more honest, trustworthy and informed than in all the other conditions. E-cigarette never-users who viewed posts with a 'tobacco-free nicotine' warning label pictured on an e-cigarette (compared with the FDA label at the top of a post) were more likely to report susceptibility to e-cigarette use (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.73). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of the required nicotine warning labels can make them less effective in deterring e-cigarette use behaviour. Tobacco control authorities could increase enforcement of the FDA-required nicotine warning labels and harness influencers for antitobacco messaging.

Effects of exposure to snus marketing with versus without modified risk tobacco product claims on snus use intention and perceived harm among young adults.

BACKGROUND: We tested whether snus marketing with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims: (a) promotes accurate knowledge about snus's health effects in young adults and (b) encourages use intentions in only those who use combustible tobacco without attracting other young adult populations. METHODS: A randomised between-subjects experiment was embedded in a 2020 web survey of participants from Los Angeles (aged 19-23 years). Participants viewed mass-marketed snus advertising materials with (n=1212) vs without (n=1225) US Food and Drug Administration-authorised MRTP claims. After advertising exposure, snus use intention and perceptions of snus harms relative to cigarettes or e-cigarettes were measured. RESULTS: Advertisements with versus without MRTP claims did not affect snus use intention (18.0% vs 19.4%) but produced a higher prevalence of perceptions that snus was less harmful than cigarettes (12.6% vs 9.1%; p=0.007) and e-cigarettes (8.0% vs 5.8%; p=0.04). MRTP claim exposure effects did not differ by past 30-day e-cigarette or combustible tobacco use. Snus use intentions after marketing exposure, collapsed across MRTP claim conditions, were higher in those who did versus did not report past 30-day use of e-cigarettes (38.4% vs 14.3%; adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.95 (2.28 to 3.81); p<0.001) or combustible tobacco (44.0% vs 16.2%; adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.26 (1.62 to 3.16); p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Although some young adults who vape or smoke may have snus use intentions, snus MRTP claims might not affect young adults' snus use intentions, regardless of whether they vape/smoke. MRTP claims might modestly increase the accuracy of perceived harms of snus relative to cigarettes while also slightly causing unsubstantiated perceptions of lower harm than e-cigarettes.

Discussion of Heated Tobacco Products on Twitter Following IQOS's Modified-Risk Tobacco Product Authorization and US Import Ban: Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding public opinions about emerging tobacco products is important to inform future interventions and regulatory decisions. Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are an emerging tobacco product category promoted by the tobacco industry as a "better alternative" to combustible cigarettes. Philip Morris International's IQOS is leading the global HTP market and recently has been subject to important policy events, including the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) modified-risk tobacco product (MRTP) authorization (July 2020) and the US import ban (November 2021). Although limited in their legal implications outside the United States, these policy events have been quoted in global news outlets and Philip Morris International's promotional communications, showing how they may potentially impact global tobacco regulation. Given the impending return of IQOS to the US market, understanding how the policy events were received through social media discourse will provide valuable insights to inform global tobacco control policy. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine HTP-related social media discourse around important policy events. METHODS: We analyzed HTP-related posts on Twitter during the time period that included IQOS's MRTP authorization in the United States and the US import ban, examining personal testimonial, news/information, and direct marketing/retail tweets separately. We also examined how the tweets discussed health and policy. A total of 10,454 public English tweets (posted from June 2020 to December 2021) were collected using HTP-related keywords. We randomly sampled 2796 (26.7%) tweets and conducted a content analysis. We used pairwise co-occurrence analyses to evaluate connections across themes. RESULTS: Tweet volumes peaked around IQOS-related policy events. Among all tweets, personal testimonials were the most common (1613/2796, 57.7%), followed by news/information (862/2796, 30.8%) and direct marketing/retail (321/2796, 11%). Among personal testimonials, more tweets were positive (495/1613, 30.7%) than negative (372/1613, 23.1%), often comparing the health risks of HTPs with cigarettes (402/1613, 24.9%) or vaping products (252/1613, 15.6%). Approximately 10% (31/321) of the direct marketing/retail tweets promoted international delivery, suggesting cross-border promotion. More than a quarter of tweets (809/2796, 28.9%) discussed US and global policy, including misinterpretation about IQOS being a "safer" tobacco product after the US FDA's MRTP authorization. Neutral testimonials mentioning the IQOS brand (634/1613, 39.3%) and discussing policy (378/1613, 23.4%) showed the largest pairwise co-occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the need for careful communication about the meaning of MRTP authorizations and relative risks of tobacco products. Many tweets expressed HTP-favorable opinions referring to reduced health risks, even though the US FDA has denied marketing of the HTP with reduced risk claims. The popularity of social media as an information source with global reach poses unique challenges in health communication and health policies. While many countries restrict tobacco marketing via the web, our results suggest that retailers may circumvent such regulations by operating overseas.

Substance use among Latinx youth: The roles of sociocultural influences, family factors, and childhood adversity.

Substance use among youth is associated with adverse consequences and may increase vulnerability to addiction and psychiatric disorders later in life. Sociocultural factors such as discrimination have been associated with substance use, while positive cultural resources, such as enculturation and familism, have demonstrated protective outcomes. However, few studies have highlighted how family factors influence substance use among Latinx youth during their transition from adolescence to young adulthood. This study used longitudinal data to explore the associations between sociocultural factors, family factors, childhood adversity, and substance use among Latinx youth. The data were from a longitudinal study of acculturation and substance use among Latinx youth in Southern California (n = 1257, 52.1% female, mixed socioeconomic status). The average age was 14.5 (SD = 0.39). Data collection began in 2005 and ended in 2016. Hierarchical regression models showed that discrimination was associated with higher problematic alcohol susceptibility. Childhood adversity was associated with higher odds of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Parental communication was associated with lower odds of problematic alcohol and marijuana use. To promote youth well-being, preventive efforts should prioritize reducing childhood adversity and discrimination, while fostering positive family relationships. Overall, our findings suggest the need for interventions targeting various systemic levels to effectively address substance use among Latinx youth.

Disentangling the directionality among cultural stressors and psychosocial outcomes in recently immigrated Hispanic families: A random intercept cross-lagged panel model approach.

Research shows the impact of cultural stressors (e.g. perceived discrimination, bicultural stressors, negative context of reception) on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes. Given the presence of multiple cultural stressors in many Hispanic adolescents' lives, it is essential to examine the (a) developmental sequencing of cultural stressors among recent immigrant youth and (b) predictive effects of cultural stressors on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes. We employed a random intercept cross-lagged panel model to examine the longitudinal interplay among cultural stressors and their effects on youth outcomes using longitudinal data with six waves among 302 recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents (47% girls, Mage = 14.51, SD = .88). We observed bidirectional within-person relations and between-person associations among cultural stressors. At the within-person level, bidirectional cross-lagged effects emerged between perceived discrimination and bicultural stress, between perceived discrimination and negative context of reception, and between negative context of reception and bicultural stress. At the between-person level, bidirectional cross-lagged effects emerged only between perceived discrimination and bicultural stressors. Our findings indicate that cultural stressors explain heterogeneity in psychosocial outcomes: self-esteem was inversely predicted by all cultural stressors, whereas depressive symptoms were predicted only by perceived discrimination. In addition, optimism was predicted only by bicultural stressors, and externalizing behavior was predicted by both bicultural stressors and perceived discrimination. These results suggest that the longitudinal relationships among cultural stressors are (partly) bidirectional. Additionally, cultural stressors demonstrated differential predictive effects on psychosocial outcomes, indicating the added value of considering multiple cultural stressors and their longitudinal effects on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes.

Gene-environment transactions between peer cigarette use, parental supervision, and Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation.

INTRODUCTION: The initiation and continued use of tobacco products constitute an ongoing source of preventable disease that continues to pose a significant risk to global adolescent health. Scarce research has sought to explore the influences of two well-known environmental risk factors, parental supervision and peer cigarette use, on genetic and environmental contributions to adolescent cigarette use, especially in non-Western populations. METHODS: Following 602 Chinese twin pairs (52% female, N = 1204) from early to middle adolescence at two-time points (Mage = 12 and 15) from 2006 to 2009 and using multivariate biometric modeling, this study examined gene-environment interplay (i.e., gene-environment correlation and interaction) between perceived parental supervision, peer cigarette use, and adolescent cigarette smoking initiation. RESULTS: From early to middle adolescence, genetic influences on cigarette smoking initiation became more pronounced, whereas shared environmental influences that promote similarity between family members diminished. Genetic factors primarily explained the links between parental supervision and cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. Peer cigarette use displayed stronger associations with and moderating potential in adolescent cigarette smoking initiation than parental supervision. High levels of peer cigarette use amplified genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation involves dynamic gene-environment transactions primarily with peer processes over development. Mid-adolescence constitutes a developmental period wherein underlying genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation is particularly sensitive to peer influences. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation should focus on peer processes during this developmental period.

Fentanyl harm reduction strategies among Latinx communities in the United States: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: Fueled by the prescription opioid overdose crisis and increased influx of illicitly manufactured fentanyl, fentanyl overdoses continue to be a public health crisis that has cost the US economy over $1 trillion in reduced productivity, health care, family assistance, criminal justice, and accounted for over 74,000 deaths in 2023. A recent demographic shift in the opioid crisis has led to a rise in overdose deaths among the Latinx population. Harm reduction interventions, including the use of naloxone and fentanyl test strips, have been shown to be effective measures at reducing the number of opioid overdose deaths. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize naloxone and fentanyl test strip interventions and public health policies targeted to Latinx communities. METHODS: PubMed, CINHAL, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO research databases using the keywords "fentanyl," "Latinx," "Harm Reduction," "Naloxone," and "Fentanyl Test Strips'' to identify studies published between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2023. Endnote and Covidence software were used to catalog and manage citations for review of studies. Subsequently, studies that met inclusion criteria were then summarized using resulting themes. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria and were further abstracted for the scoping review. Of these articles, 77.7% (n = 21) included a naloxone intervention, while only 11.1% (n = 3) included a fentanyl test strip intervention. Furthermore, 30.1% (n = 8) of these studies were Latinx targeted, and 7.7% (n = 2) of the studies were adapted for Latinx populations. Four themes, including an overall lack of knowledge and awareness, a lack of access to harm reduction or opioid overdose prevention resources, an overall lack of culturally adapted and/or targeted interventions, and restrictive and punitive policies that limit the effectiveness of protective factors were highlighted in this scoping review. CONCLUSION: Limited published research exists on the use of emerging harm reduction behaviors, such as the use of naloxone and fentanyl test strips as community intervention strategies to prevent opioid overdose deaths. Even fewer publications exist on the targeting and cultural adaptation of harm reduction interventions responsive to Latinx communities, especially those using theoretical approaches or frameworks to support these interventions. Future research is needed to assess the unique needs of Latinx populations and to develop culturally responsive programs to prevent opioid-related overdose deaths among this population.

Vaping Devices with Video Games.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other agencies have warned e-cigarette to companies to stop selling vaping products that look like toys because these products could attract youth to nicotine use. The vaping industry has gone a step further, producing vaping devices that are fully functional video games. We have observed several new vaping devices that contain youth-oriented video games such as Pac-Man, Tetris, Mario, Q*bert, and virtual pets. Some of these games reward users for each puff of nicotine. The incorporation of video games into vaping devices raises public health concerns regarding the potential appeal to younger users and the potential to escalate nicotine use and dependence. It is crucial to address these devices through robust policy, educational initiatives, and enforcement of existing policies.

Proximity to Cannabis Retailers and Recent Cannabis Use among a Diverse Sample of California Adolescents.

Background: As of May 2023, 23 states and Washington, DC have legalized the sale of cannabis for adults aged 21+, and 38 states, three territories, and D.C. have legalized medical cannabis. Exposure to cannabis retailers could increase adolescent cannabis use. Few studies have examined the impact of residential proximity to cannabis retailers on adolescent cannabis use, and previous findings are inconsistent. Methods: This study examined associations between proximity to cannabis retailers and past 30-day cannabis use. Data were from Project Cal Teens, a statewide survey of California adolescents regarding cannabis-related opinions/behaviors (N = 1406, mean age = 15.5 years, 48% female, 38% Hispanic/Latinx, 33% White, 15% Asian/Pacific Islander, 10% Black/African American, 5% Other/Multiracial). Participants were recruited via schools/social media in 2018-2020. Results: For every additional 5 driving miles to the nearest cannabis retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 3.6% [IRR: 0.964; 95% CI: 0.935-0.994]. For every additional 5 miles from a licensed retailer, the risk of past 30-day cannabis use was reduced by 4.3% [IRR: 0.957; 95% CI: 0.926-0.989]. Interaction analyses revealed that among Hispanic/Latinx students, every 5 miles from a licensed retailer was associated with an 11.9% reduction in the risk of past 30-day cannabis use [IRR: 0.881; 95% CI: 0.820-0.945]. Conclusions: As the number of cannabis retailers in the U.S. increases with the continued legalization of adult cannabis use, research examining the effects of these policies on underage use is crucial. Interventions could include enforcement of zoning laws in/near residential areas to reduce accessibility of adolescents to cannabis retailers.

Contextualizing experiences of cultural stress: A qualitative exploration among Hispanic/Latinx youth in Miami and Los Angeles.

OBJECTIVES: Hispanic/Latinx youth vary in their immigration heritage (e.g., country of origin, familial migration history, etc.) and the structure of their communities. This study is a qualitative exploration of Hispanic/Latinx youth experiences of cultural stress in Miami and Los Angeles in 2021. METHOD: A total of 23 Hispanic/Latinx adolescents in Los Angeles (n = 12) and Miami (n = 11) provided in-depth interviews to assess: (a) appraisals of family immigration history and (b) experiences across three cultural stressors: sociopolitical, language brokering, and intragroup marginalization. Interviews were analyzed using a general inductive analytic approach and case comparison methodology to assess differences across sites. RESULTS: For appraisals of family immigration history, gratitude and hope emerged as positive emotions experienced when youth reflected on their immigrant origins. Miami participants reported perceived worsening of sociopolitical stress as a result of changes in political administration whereas participants in Los Angeles felt a sense of relief. Participants in Miami and Los Angeles reported similar strengths and challenges in language brokering with COVID-19 variedly impacting youth's perceived language brokering stress. Last, to youth intragroup marginalization experienced from family members was experienced as more detrimental than from peers, and they reported the use of cognitive reframes to cope. CONCLUSION: Cultural stressors are dynamic and diverse. This study further informs cultural stress theory by cataloging how families' immigration history and national current events inform experiences of stress among youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol Use and Life Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults.

Objective: To estimate the extent to which drinking to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic and experiencing pandemic-related life stressors are associated with alcohol use escalation among young adults. Methods: Respondents in Los Angeles, CA, USA (N=2,130) completed prospective cohort study surveys before (baseline; October 2018-November 2019; mean age: 19.7[SD=0.4) and during (follow-up; May-August 2020) the COVID-19 outbreak. Past 30-day drinking days and number of drinks per drinking day were assessed from baseline to follow-up. At follow-up, participants reported drinking to cope with social isolation and pandemic-related stressors. Results: Pandemic-related stressor prevalence ranged from 5.5% (evicted/lost home) to 72.6% (worried about education) and 27.1% drank to cope with social isolation during the pandemic. Respondents who did (vs. did not) report pandemic-related coping drinking were more likely to increase past 30-day drinking days and drinks per drinking day from baseline to follow-up after adjustment for possible confounders. Employment loss/reduction, financial problems, and perceived likelihood of contracting COVID-19 or handling the pandemic poorly were each associated with increases in drinking days or drinks per drinking day. Conclusions: Experiencing certain life stressors and drinking to cope with social isolation may be associated with drinking escalation among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

An Analysis of Twitter Posts About the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Menthol Ban.

INTRODUCTION: Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes in 2009, this initial ban exempted menthol. After examining numerous reports on the adverse health effects of menthol cigarettes, the FDA proposed a menthol ban in April 2022. This study analyzed Twitter data to describe public reaction to this announcement. AIMS AND METHODS: Posts containing the word "menthol" and/or "#menthol" were collected from April 21, 2022 to May 5, 2022 from Twitter's Streaming Application Programming Interface (API). A random sampling procedure supplied 1041 tweets for analysis. Following an inductive approach to content analysis, posts were classified into one or more of 11 themes. RESULTS: Posts discussed the FDA announcement (n = 153, 14.7%), racial discrimination (n = 101, 9.7%), distrust in government (n = 67, 6.4%), inconsistencies between policies (n = 52, 5.0%), public health benefits (n = 42, 4%), freedom of choice (n = 22, 2.1%), and health equity (n = 21, 2.0%). Posts contained misinformation (n = 20, 1.9%), and discussed the potential for illicit markets (n = 18, 1.7%) and the need for cessation support (n = 4, 0.4%). 541 (52.0%) tweets did not fit into any of the prescribed themes. CONCLUSIONS: Twitter posts with the word "menthol" commonly discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion on a menthol ban. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control health communication campaigns in the future. IMPLICATIONS: The U.S. FDA proposed a ban on menthol cigarettes in April 2022. This study's content analyzed Twitter posts over a 2-week period to understand the public's response to the proposed menthol ban. Twitter posts with the word "menthol" often discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion of regulatory action. Findings underscore the need to educate the public about the potential health benefits of banning menthol from cigarettes, particularly for populations that experience tobacco-related health disparities.

Scalable surveillance of e-cigarette products on Instagram and TikTok using computer vision.

INTRODUCTION: Instagram and TikTok, video-based social media platforms popular among adolescents, contain tobacco-related content despite the platforms' policies prohibiting substance-related posts. Prior research identified themes in e-cigarette-related social media posts using qualitative or text-based machine learning methods. We developed an image-based computer vision model to identify e-cigarette products in social media images and videos. METHODS: We created a dataset of 6,999 Instagram images labeled for 8 object classes: mod or pod devices, e-juice containers, packaging boxes, nicotine warning labels, e-juice flavors, e-cigarette brand names, and smoke clouds. We trained a DyHead object detection model using a Swin-Large backbone, evaluated the model's performance on 20 Instagram and TikTok videos, and applied the model to 14,072 e-cigarette-related promotional TikTok videos (2019-2022; 10,276,485 frames). RESULTS: The model achieved the following mean average precision scores on the image test set: e-juice container: 0.89; pod device: 0.67; mod device: 0.54; packaging box: 0.84; nicotine warning label: 0.86; e-cigarette brand name: 0.71; e-juice flavor name: 0.89; and smoke cloud: 0.46. The largest number of TikTok videos - 9,091 (65%) - contained smoke clouds, followed by mod and pod devices detected in 6,667 (47%) and 5,949 (42%) videos respectively. Prevalence of nicotine warning labels was the lowest, detected in 980 videos (7%). CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning-based object detection technology enables automated analysis of visual posts on social media. Our computer vision model can detect the presence of e-cigarettes products in images and videos, providing valuable surveillance data for tobacco regulatory science. IMPLICATIONS: Prior research identified themes in e-cigarette-related social media posts using qualitative or text-based machine learning methods. We developed an image-based computer vision model to identify e-cigarette products in social media images and videos.We trained a DyHead object detection model using a Swin-Large backbone, evaluated the model's performance on 20 Instagram and TikTok videos featuring at least two e-cigarette objects, and applied the model to 14,072 e-cigarette-related promotional TikTok videos (2019-2022; 10,276,485 frames).The deep learning model can be used for automated, scalable surveillance of image- and video-based e-cigarette-related promotional content on social media, providing valuable data for tobacco regulatory science. Social media platforms could use computer vision to identify tobacco-related imagery and remove it promptly, which could reduce adolescents' exposure to tobacco content online.