Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes mexicanos: Ensanut Continua 2022.

OBJETIVO: Reportar prevalencias poblacionales actualizadas de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) con respecto a edad, sexo, condiciones de bienestar, tipo de localidad y región del país. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos de adolescentes (n = 3 547) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022) obtenidos mediante el cuestionario breve de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CBCAR) y datos sociodemográficos. Se obtuvieron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: El 1.6% (2.0% en mujeres y 1.2% en hombres) de los adolescentes tienen riesgo de un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, en aquéllos entre 14 y 19 años, 2.3%, en zonas urbanas 2.1%, en la región centro 2.9% y por tercer quintil de bienestar, 3.1%. Conclusión. Los datos mostrados señalan la importancia de continuar monitoreando las CAR en encuestas representativas nacionales, a diferencia de los estudios realizados en muestras no probabilísticas; la Ensanut permite contar con datos que reflejan la diversidad de la población mexicana.

Disordered eating behaviors and psychological correlates. Data from the Ensanut 2018-19

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, and alcohol and tobacco use in adolescents in a national survey in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19 were used. Three levels of DEB were established: no risk (DEB-NR), moderate risk (DEB-MR), and high risk (DEB-HR). An ordinal logistic regression model was performed with level of DEB risk as a dependent variable. RESULTS: National prevalence of DEB-MR was 6.0% (95%CI: 5.6, 6.5), while that of DEB-HR was 1.3% (95%CI: 1.1, 1.6). Suicide attempt (OR= 1.82, 95%CI: 1.02,3.25) and depressive symptoms (OR= 2.6, 95%CI: 1.40,4.98) were associated with being at a higher risk of DEB. CONCLUSION: Since both depressive symptoms and suicide attempt are associated with DEB, prevention strategies should consider interventions that simultaneously address the various mental health problems present in adolescence.

Validation of a new screening questionnaire for disordered eating behaviors in men.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to identify disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in college men (hereafter, DEBM-Q). METHODS: A two-stage project consisting of a diagnostic scale construction (n1 = 9 for interviews, n2 = 9 for cognitive laboratory) and a validation study with a cross-sectional sample (N = 570) was carried out. Both semi-structured interviews and a cognitive laboratory with nine participants were conducted to obtain DEBM-Q items. DEBM-Q was applied to 570 freshmen male in Mexico City. Psychometric characteristics and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) were analyzed. An item-total correlation value greater than 0.30 was determined, and factor loads greater than 0.40 were considered valid. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n1 = 297) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n2 = 273) were performed. RESULTS: Two fixed factors explaining 55.08% of the total variance were extracted. Factor 1, "Drive for Thinness" (8 items), explained 30.84% of the variance, whereas factor 2, "Drive for Muscularity" (8 items), explained 24.23% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.84. DEBM-Q was correlated with the Dutch Food Restriction Scale (RS) (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), Emotional Eating Scale (EES) (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), and Negative Affect Subscale (PANAS-X) (r = 0.11, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: DEBM-Q is a valid and practical short screening tool (16 items) allowing early identification of disordered eating in young men, thereby facilitating clinical management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V: Opinions of authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.

Sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points in the Brief Questionnaire for Measuring Disordered Eating Behaviors in Mexican Women.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that disordered eating behaviors can result in eating disorders, which is already a reality for the Mexican population, representing an increasingly complex public health problem. Early detection is therefore essential. AIM OF THE STUDY: To obtain the sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points of the Brief Questionnaire for Measuring Disordered Eating Behaviors to identify eating disorders in Mexican women. METHODS: The Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire and the Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors were applied to patients diagnosed with eating disorders at two public health institutions and university students. ROC analysis was performed to determine sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and cut-off points. RESULTS: Three cut-off points were obtained: first: eight points (Sensitivity = 60.7%, Specificity = 92.2%), showing low risk; second: 11 points (sensitivity = 24.1%; specificity = 98.9%), detecting moderate risk; and, finally, 15 points and over (sensitivity = 4.46%; specificity = 100%), indicating high risk. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument adequately identifies those individuals who are not at risk for eating disorders, making it possible to channel prevention efforts towards those who do have DEB, thus optimizing resources. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III: case-control analytic study.

Effect of parental criticism on disordered eating behaviors in male and female university students in Mexico City.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of parental criticism of their offspring's bodies in the development of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in university students in Mexico City. METHODS: A sample of 892 freshmen (502 women and 390 men) was included. The prevalence of the internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and body mass index was estimated by sex. For each sex, the effect of parental criticism on DEBs, together with that of the other covariates, was measured through ordinal regression models. RESULTS: It was found that women received more criticism from their mothers than men. Among the participants, the likelihood of DEBs is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.5), criticism from the mother alone (OR = 2.0), overweight (OR = 1.7), obesity (OR = 2.1), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 8.3), and depressive symptoms (OR = 3.3). Among men, this risk is increased in the presence of criticism from both parents (OR = 2.7), being obese (OR = 2.4), wanting a slimmer body (OR = 3.4), and depressive symptoms (OR = 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to include issues linked to parental criticism of their bodies in interventions to prevent eating disorders in college students. Level of evidence V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Validation of eating disorders examination questionnaire in Mexican women.

BACKGROUND: Efficient assessment of eating disorders (ED) is indispensable for research and clinical practice in Mexico. One of the most commonly used questionnaires, the EDE-Q, has a self-applicable questionnaire format with 28 questions and four subscales drawn from the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), a semistructured interview developed to evaluate the specific symptomatology of eating disorders. OBJECTIVE: Obtain the factorial structure and construct validity of the EDE-Q questionnaire in Mexican women. METHOD: The language in the EDE-Q was adapted. It was applied to university students (N = 330) and a sample of patients with ED (N = 165) from two ED outpatient treatment services. The anthropometric data of the participants was obtained. Internal consistency was explored using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by group. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 for the full scale in all groups, while the reliability of each of the subscales fluctuated between 0.8 and 0.9. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit of the seven-item model in three factors was better than that of the original 22-item one and that of the eight-item model for one factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information supporting the seven-item and three-factor version, rather than the original or eight-item versions of the EDE-Q. In the future, the adapted version of the EDE-Q will make it possible to draw comparisons between Mexican samples in other socio-cultural contexts. Future research is required to continue refining the instruments to achieve more representative results from the general ED population.

Variables associated with disordered eating behaviors among freshman students from Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and identify their associations with demographic and psychological variables among freshman students at a public university in Mexico City. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: A sample of 892 subjects participated in the study. Bivariate and multinomial models were performed to determine associations between DEB and covariates. RESULTS:: Of those surveyed, 6.8% of the women and 4.1% of the men exhibited DEB (p<0.05). The variables increasing the risk of eating disorders (ED) for women were internalization of the aesthetic thin ideal (IATI), body mass index (BMI), self-esteem and physical activity, while for men they were IATI, drive for muscularity, and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS:: The frequency of DEB among women and men and the internalization of the thin ideal in both sexes suggest the possibility of a change in the precursor conditions for eating disorders, particularly for men, who exhibit increased risk of such behaviors.

Eating disorders associated risk factors: trends from 2007 to 2010.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the trends on risk factors associated to eating disorders in bachelor students from an urban setting in Hidalgo in the period 2007-2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Students were censored both in 2007 and in 2010, and registered as 455 (50.5% female, 49.5% male) students in 2007 and 434 (49.8% female, 50.2% male) in 2010, aged 15-19 years in both cases. Three questionnaires were used to assess sociocultural factors, disordered eating behaviors, and body aesthetic thin-ideal internalization. Body dissatisfaction was measured with nine body figure analogic. To assess body mass index, each subject was weighed and height measured. Comparisons by year and gender were obtained. RESULTS: Body shape distress increased from 20.8% in 2007 to 21.7% in 2010; disordered eating behaviors trends increased from 2007 to 2010 both in females and males, but were statistically significant only in males. The percentage of subjects with body dissatisfaction in the sense to be thinner was the same in both years (39.8%). The risk analysis showed an increase in those with disordered eating, in thin-ideal internalization, advertising influence, and body shape distress, mainly in women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings must be considered in the design of preventive programs and early case detection in adolescents from Hidalgo.

Risk of eating disorders in Mexican university students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of the risk of developing an eating disorder, other psychological variables, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in Mexican university students. The second aim was to determine the association between the risk of developing an eating disorder and all variables by sex. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out. SETTING: The Health Sciences Institute and the Agricultural Sciences Institute within the Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: 395 university students (65 % women) aged 18 to 29. ANALYSIS: Descriptive, correlational and binary regression model. RESULTS: The risk of developing an eating disorder (moderate and high) was 37.3 % for women and 32.6 % for men. A logistic regression analysis of women showed that thin-ideal internalization (12.9 times), BMI (3.5 times) and inactivity (2.6 times) increased the risk of developing an eating disorder. In men, the drive for muscularity (7.5 times) and BMI (2.3 times) increased the risk. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The variables associated with the risk of developing an eating disorder differed by sex, except for BMI, which increased the risk in both sexes. Findings should be considered in the design of future interventions to prevent the risk of eating disorders and associated factors.

[Continuum of risky eating behaviors in Mexican adolescents]. / Continuo de conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes de México.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship between the variables of self-esteem (SE), body dissatisfaction (BD), and body mass index (BMI) in a continuum of risky eating behaviors (REB) that ranges from normal behavior to the risk of eating disorders (ED), thus facilitating early detection of adolescents with ED symptomatology and the degree to which such variables have an influence. METHODS: A total of 1 982 young women aged 15-19 were selected through stratified random sampling. Self-esteem (Pope, McHale, and Craighead scale), body dissatisfaction (Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale), and body mass index were measured. A brief REB questionnaire was administered. Three categories of REB were defined: no risk, moderate risk, and high risk. A multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A direct relationship was found between risk of REB and BD, with significant differences between the groups (P < 0.001): no risk (83.6% of sample), 54.1% had BD; moderate risk (11.9% of sample), 84.8% had BD; and high risk (4.5% of sample), 89.9% had BD. There were significant differences in SE and BMI only between the group with no risk and each of the risk groups. Self-esteem played a role in predicting REB in all the regression models evaluated, whereas BMI did not. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to identify adolescents at moderate risk of REB who have prodromic features of ED such as low SE and BD. When these features occur simultaneously, they can mediate a negative effect of BMI on REB.

[Association of childhood sexual abuse and disordered eating in a sample of Mexican adolescents]. / Asociación entre abuse sexual infantil y conducta alimentaria de riesgo en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and disordered eating (DE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A probabilistic sample of 2,358 female high school students of public schools in the Estado de Mexico was used. RESULTS: DE was more prevalent among CSA sufferers (p < or = 0.05). Preoccupation with gaining weight, binging and restrictive behaviors were associated to CSA (p < or = 0.05). The probability of DE was 7 times higher when the CSA experience had not been revealed and 36 times when CSA happened before 14 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The association between CSA and DE is clear in the sample studied, as well as with some of its specific characteristics, which highlights the need to deepen in this research field and to incorporate the evaluation of CSA and its consequences in adolescents' mental health.

[Disordered eating behaviors: prevalence among Mexican students aged 15-19]. / Conductas alimentarias de riesgo: prevalencia en estudiantes mexicanas de 15 a 19 años.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) among student female adolescents from public high schools in 17 urban settings in the Mexican Republic, across age, setting and region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 4358 female students 15 to 19 years of age. DE was evaluated with a validated and standardized questionnaire for Mexican adolescents with 2 cutoff points: moderate-DE and high-DE. RESULTS: The total prevalence of moderate-DE was 14.2% and 6.8% for high-DE. Significant statistical differences were found only for high-DE across settings, were the Estado de Mexico reached the highest score (12.1%) and Aguascalientes the lowest (2.1%). The north region obtained the highest scores for both moderate (17.2%) and high-DE (9.7%), whereas the center-west region obtained the second place for moderate-DE (15.1%) and the center region for high-DE (11.5%). The center region showed the lowest scores for moderate-DE (11.5%) and the south-southeast region the lowest for high-DE (4.5%). The analysis across age showed a positive relationship for both moderate and high-DE. CONCLUSIONS: The total prevalence of DE was 6.8%. Age, socioeconomic status and the place of residence seem to be variables that relate to disordered eating.

[Body aesthetic model, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in adolescents]. / Modelo estético corporal, insatisfacción con la figura y conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between the ideal aesthetic body shape model, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in adolescent women. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytic design research was carried out in a sample of 257, 15 to 19 year old female high school students. Data were compiled with the Brief Questionnaire for Risky Eating Behaviors (BQREB), the Visual Scale of Body Satisfaction for adolescents and the Sociocultural Influences on the Aesthetic Body Shape Model Questionnaire (ABSMQ). RESULTS: 8.3 % of participants were high scorers for the BQREB, from the restrictive type mainly. The ABSMQ subscales positively correlated with body dissatisfaction and risky eating behaviors, the strongest being body image dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of publicity and social models, were found to be related to body image dissatisfaction and to eating disorder among the adolescents from the sample.

[Exactitude of self-reported weight and height in 15 to 19 year old female adolescents of the State of Mexico]. / Exactitud del autorreporte de peso y talla en mujeres de 15 a 19 años del Estado de México.

OBJECTIVE: To know the accuracy of weight and height in 15 to 19 years old women in relation to age, marginalization and migratory intensity level of localities and father's academic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out with a probabilistic sample of public high school students at the State of Mexico (N=2 357), to whom self-reported weight and height were asked and were directly measured afterwards. Data were collected from January to April 2007. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that these adolescents overestimate their height not significantly, and significantly underestimate their weight, with similar trends analyzing age, marginalization levels, migratory intensity and father's education status. CONCLUSIONS: Results show the validity of self-reported height but not of self-reported weight among this sample.

Prevalence of abnormal eating behaviors in adolescents in Mexico: Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of abnormal eating behaviors in a population-based nationwide survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A stratified, probabilistic, multistage design sampling process was used. The Brief Questionnaire for Risky Eating Behaviors was included in the Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006) and administered to participants 10-19 years old (n= 25 166). The study had the power to describe nationwide characteristics by age, regions and urban/rural settings. RESULTS: A high risk for having an eating disorder was found in 0.8% of the total participants (0.4% male adolescents and 1.0% female). Inhabitants in large cities showed higher risk for having an abnormal eating behavior compared to subjects living in other settings. The highest prevalences were found in males > 15 years old and females > 13 years old for all evaluated behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Results show less prevalence of risky eating behaviors among adolescents in comparison to other populations. The female/male ratio was 3:1, far different from the 9:1 shown in a previous study in Mexico City, but similar to results from the US national eating disorders screening.

[Prevalence and associated factors related to disordered eating in student adolescents of Guadalajara across sex]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados a las conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes escolares de Guadalajara según sexo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associated factors to disordered eating (DE) in adolescents by sex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal and analytic study was carried out with 1,134 first grade students at a public high school. Self esteem, impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, entertainment, locus of control, relationship with father/ mother, stress and DE were assessed with previously validated and standardized scales. RESULTS: A prevalence of 7.2% of risky eating behaviors was obtained; 2.8% for men and 10.3% for women. In men in the risk analysis the association was maintained for impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and stress. After the multivaried analysis only depression and stress showed any association. In women in the risk analysis, the association was maintained for impulsivity, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and stress, and after the multivaried analysis only impulsivity, suicidal ideation and stress maintained the association. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of DE was higher among women. The associated factors in men were depressive symptoms and stress, whilst for women was impulsivity, suicidal ideation and stress.

Sex and Body Mass Index differences after one-year follow-up of an eating disorders risk factors universal prevention intervention in university students in Mexico City / Diferencias por sexo e índice de masa corporal a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal para disminuir factores de riesgo para los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de México

Abstract Introduction Interventions based on cognitive dissonance theory are the most effective for preventing eating disorders. Objective To identify the changes at one year follow-up of a universal prevention intervention in disordered eating behaviors (DEB), thin-ideal internalization (TII), and drive for muscularity (DM). Method A pre-experimental, pretest-posttest study was conducted on 602 university student subjects (76.1% women and 23.9% men) with an average age of 20.74 years at a public (30.6%) and a private university (69.4%) in Mexico City. A Split Plot ANOVA was performed with the intrasubject variable equal to each measurement (pretest, posttest, and follow-up), as well as the sex and body mass index (BMI) intersubject variables to analyze whether there was a significant interaction between these variables and the changes in dependent variables, as well as the changes through each measurement by group. Results In the intrasubject analyses, statistically significant differences were found for DEB through the various measurements, without taking the interactions into account. Statistically significant interactions were observed between each measurement and BMI, and between each measurement and sex and BMI for the DM variable. Discussion and conclusion Since a reduction of TII in women and DM in men was achieved, together with a decrease in DEB in women, the workshop can be said to have fully achieved its objectives for women and partly so for men.

Resumen Introducción Las intervenciones basadas en la teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva son las más efectivas para la prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Objetivo Conocer los cambios a un año de seguimiento de una intervención de prevención universal en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización del ideal estético de la delgadez (IED) y la motivación por la musculatura (MM). Método Se llevó a cabo un estudio pre-experimental pretest-postest en 602 (76.1% mujeres y 23.9% hombres) sujetos estudiantes universitarios con una edad promedio de 20.74 años en una universidad pública (30.6%) y una privada (69.4%) de la Ciudad de México. Se realizó un ANOVA split plot con la variable intrasujetos igual a cada medición (pretest, postest y seguimiento) así como el sexo y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) variables intersujetos, para analizar si existía una interacción significativa entre dichas variables y los cambios sobre las variables dependientes, así como los cambios a través de cada medición por grupo. Resultados en los análisis intrasujetos se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las CAR a través de las distintas mediciones, sin tomar en cuenta las interacciones. Se observaron interacciones estadísticamente significativas entre cada medición y el IMC, y entre cada medición con el sexo y el IMC para la variable MM. Discusión y conclusión Se logró la reducción de la IED en las mujeres y de la MM en los hombres, así como la disminución de las CAR en las mujeres por lo que se considera que el taller logra sus objetivos para las mujeres y parcialmente para los varones.

[Risky eating behaviors in student population in Mexico City: trends 1997-2003]. / Conductas alimentarias de riesgo en población estudiantil del Distrito Federal: tendencias 1997-2003.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to identify the trends of risky eating behaviors among student population in Mexico City in the period 1997-2003 and its relationship with sex age and family head educational level. METHODS: Data from the 1997 (N = 9,755), 2000 (N = 3,286) and 2003 (N = 3,062) Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Student Population of Mexico City Survey's were analyzed. These are representative data of students of junior high, high school and technical schools in Mexico City, with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD = 1.9). Eating behaviors were assessed with a brief questionnaire developed following DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Risky eating behaviors and the number of risk indicators were compared by sex, age and family head educational level. RESULTS: The results showed an overall increase in the percentage of males (from 1.3% in 1997 to 3.8% in 2003), and females (3.4% in 1997 to 9.6% in 2003) who showed 3 or more risky eating behaviors. The analysis by age groups showed an increase in all but 16-17 year old males, and in all females, being 12-13 year old males and 18-19 year old females the most affected. Regarding the type of risk indicators in both sexes and across all age groups, an increase in preoccupation towards gaining weight and the use of purging and restrictive methods to loose weight was observed. Body weight overestimation decreased in males, while in females showed an increase along with binges in the 2000 survey but showed a decrease after that (2003 survey). The relationship between the family head educational level and risky eating behaviors did not show a regular pattern among males, while a positive relationship between both variables was found among females. CONCLUSIONS: A first overall view of the situation of risky eating behaviors among adolescent students in Mexico City and the changes observed in the period studied. An increase of these behaviors was observed along the period of study, being younger males and older females the most affected, as well as women whose family head showed higher educational level.

Parental negative weight/shape comments and their association with disordered eating behaviors: A systematic review / Comentarios negativos paternos acerca de peso/forma corporal y su asociación con las conductas alimentarias de riesgo: Una revisión sistemática

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find the association between receiving negative parental weight and shape comments, and the presence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in young adults. A systematic review was conducted answering the following PECO question: Population / young adults; Exposure / negative comments, criticism or teasing about weight and shape by parents; Comparison groups / not applicable; and Outcome / DEBs. Due to the use of different statistical measurements, a narrative was chosen to present the results. An association between negative comments and DEBs was found in male and female university students. Women reported more negative comments, higher body dissatisfaction and DEBs than men. Body dissatisfaction was found as a mediator of negative comments and DEBs, and sex as a moderator between body dissatisfaction and DEBs. The results have implications for the influence social pressure has on the internalization of the thin-ideal and on body dissatisfaction as risk factors for the development of disordered eating behaviours.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre ser receptor de comentarios negativos paternos acerca del peso y la figura corporal, y la presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) en adultos jóvenes. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática respondiendo a la pregunta PECO siguiente: Población / adultos jóvenes; Exposición / comentarios negativos, críticas o ridiculización por parte de los padres por el peso y la figura corporal; Comparación / no aplicó; y Resultado / CAR. Debido a las diferentes medidas estadísticas utilizadas, se eligió un formato narrativo para presentar los resultados. Estos indicaron asociación entre los comentarios negativos paternos y las CAR en hombres y mujeres estudiantes universitarios. Las mujeres reportaron recibir más comentarios negativos, así como presentar mayor insatisfacción corporal y CAR que los hombres. Entre los comentarios negativos y las CAR se encontró como mediadora a la imagen corporal, y al sexo como un moderador entre la insatisfacción corporal y las CAR. Los resultados tienen implicaciones acerca de la influencia de la presión sociocultural en la interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y de la insatisfacción corporal como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de CAR.

Dissonance-based Program for Eating Disorders Prevention in Mexican University Students / Un programa de prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria basado en la técnica de disonancia cognitiva en alumnos universitarios mexicanos

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the risk of eating disorders after a one-year follow-up of a dissonance-based eating disorders prevention program. The Body Project was implemented in a sample of male and female university students: 133, 110, and 74 at baseline, post-test, and follow-up respectively, and we tested the change in disordered eating behaviors (DEB) over time, and by levels of variables that according to the theoretical model lie on the path between the intervention and DEB, with one-way MANOVA analyses of repeated measures for the associations between internalization of the esthetic thin ideal, depressive symptoms, and DEB. The average value of DEB was 5.23 at pre-test, 3.45 at post-test, and 2.80 at follow-up. The model with DEB at each time point, as dependent variables, and internalization of the esthetic thin ideal and depressive symptoms, as independent variables, showed a significant effect of internalization of the esthetic thin ideal, F(2, 136) = 7.66, p = .0011, while there was no significant effect of depressive symptoms, F(2, 136) = 0.45, p = .6191, indicating that the intervention exerted its effect on DEB via the former variable. The intervention proved to produce effects after a one-year follow-up. These findings support the implementation of universal prevention programs using dissonance-based techniques

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los cambios en el riesgo de desarrollar trastornos de la conducta alimentaria después de un año de seguimiento de un programa de prevención basado en la técnica de la disonancia cognitiva para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. El Body Project fue implementado en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios, hombres y mujeres: 133, 110 y 74 en el pre-test, post-test y seguimiento, respectivamente. Se comprueba el cambio en las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) a lo largo del tiempo y según las variables que, de acuerdo con el modelo teórico, se encuentran entre la intervención y las CAR, con un análisis MANOVA de medidas repetidas para las asociaciones entre interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez, los síntomas depresivos y las CAR. El valor promedio de las CAR en el pre-test fue 5.23, 3.45 en el post-test y 2.80 en el seguimiento. El modelo de las CAR como variable dependiente e interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y los síntomas depresivos como variables independientes mostró un efecto significativo de la internalización del ideal estético de delgadez, F(2, 136) = 7.66, p = .0011, mientras que no hubo un efecto significativo de los síntomas depresivos, F(2, 136) = 0.45, p = .6191, lo que indica que la intervención tuvo un efecto en las CAR por vía de la variable antecedente. Se mostró que la intervención produce efectos después de un año de seguimiento. Este hallazgo sustenta la implementación de programas universales de prevención que utilicen la técnica de disonancia cognoscitiva