Designing and Synthesis of Novel Fexofenadine-Derived Hydrazone-Schiff bases as Potential Urease Inhibitors: In-Vitro, Molecular Docking and DFT Investigations.

Thirteen novel hydrazone-Schiff bases (3-15) of fexofenadine were succesfully synthesized, structurally deduced and finally assessed their capability to inhibit urease enzyme (in vitro). In the series, six compounds 12 (IC50=10.19±0.16 µM), 11 (IC50=15.05±1.11 µM), 10 (IC50=17.01±1.23 µM), 9 (IC50=17.22±0.81 µM), 13 (IC50=19.31±0.18 µM), and 14 (IC50=19.62±0.21 µM) displayed strong inhibitory action better than the standard thiourea (IC50=21.14±0.24 µM), while the remaining compounds displayed significant to less inhibition. LUMO and HOMO showed the transferring of charges from molecules to biological transfer and MEP map showed the chemically reactive zone appropriate for drug action are calculated using DFT. AIM charges, non-bonding orbitals, and ELF are also computed. The urease protein binding analysis benefited from the docking studies.

Discovery of (S)-flurbiprofen-based novel azine derivatives as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-II inhibitors: Synthesis, in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, and their molecular docking.

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs currently used are associated with several adverse effects and found to be highly unsafe for long-term use. Currently, nineteen novel bis-Schiff base derivatives (1-19) of flurbiprofen have been designed, prepared and assessed for in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and in vivo acute toxicity evaluation. The structures of the acquired compounds were deduced through modern spectroscopic techniques including HR-ESI-MS, 13C-, and 1H NMR. Amongst the series, compounds 7, 9, and 10 attributed potent activities with 93.89, 92.50, and 90.47% decreased edema, respectively compared to flurbiprofen (90.01%), however, compounds 11 and 15 exhibited significant activity of 90.00% decrease. Out of them, fourteen compounds (1-6, 8, 12-14, and 16-19) displayed good activity in the range of 68.96-86.95%. In case of an analgesic study, all the derivatives significantly (p 0.001) increased the pain threshold time particularly compound 7 had the best analgesic effect (24 ± 2.08 s) in comparison with flurbiprofen (21.66 ± 2.02 s) using hot plate test. Similarly, in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, compound 7 determined a potent inhibitory effect (60.47 %) close to flurbiprofen (59.28%). All the synthesized derivatives were found safe up to the dose of 30 mg/kg, in acute toxicity study. On a molecular scale, the synthesized compounds were modeled through a ligand-based pharmacophore study and molecular docking to have insight into the different possible interactions leading to high inhibition levels against the COX-2 enzyme.

Incensole derivatives from frankincense: Isolation, enhancement, synthetic modification, and a plausible mechanism of their anti-depression activity.

Encouraged by the potent anti-depression activities of incensole (1) and incensole acetate (2) isolated from the resin of Boswellia papyrifera in our previous work, different derivatives of 1 and 2 were synthesized in the present study. The reaction of 1 with m-CPBA afforded the mono-epoxide derivative 3a, while the same reaction with 2 led to three different epoxide derivatives 3a, 3b, and 3c. Oxidation of 1 with PCC to get compound 3b, however along with the target 3b, the reaction gave three interesting side products (3c-3e). Oxime (3b-1) resulted from the reaction of 3b with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine, while epoxidation of 2 generate three epoxide products (4a-4c). The structures of all products were unambiguously confirmed using NMR and Mass spectrometry. Compounds 3a-e and 4a-c (0.1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrated promising anti-depression activities in classical mouse models of depression of FST and TST. The results showed that compounds 3a-e and 4a-c (0.1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) caused dose dependent reduction in immobility time compared to the vehicle control, with 3c-3e and 4b-4c demonstrating higher potency and efficacy. The findings of the open field test excluded the motor effects of these compounds, thus further confirming their anti-depression activity. Preliminary investigation into their mechanism of action using GABA antagonist, PTZ and molecular docking has predicted that compounds 3e and 4c bind at the GABA binding site of GABAA receptor to produce GABAergic effects. Furthermore, the promising anti-depression potency of compounds 1 and 2 and their derivatives make them lead compounds for drug discovery.

Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Novel 3-Phenyl-ß-Alanine-Based Oxadiazole Analogues as Potent Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitors.

Carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) is strongly related with gastric, glaucoma, tumors, malignant brain, renal and pancreatic carcinomas and is mainly involved in the regulation of the bicarbonate concentration in the eyes. With an aim to develop novel heterocyclic hybrids as potent enzyme inhibitors, we synthesized a series of twelve novel 3-phenyl-ß-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids (4a-l), characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR with the support of HRESIMS, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against CA-II. The CA-II inhibition results clearly indicated that the 3-phenyl-ß-alanine 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 4a-l exhibited selective inhibition against CA-II. All the compounds (except 4d) exhibited good to moderate CA-II inhibitory activities with IC50 value in range of 12.1 to 53.6 µM. Among all the compounds, 4a (12.1 ± 0.86 µM), 4c (13.8 ± 0.64 µM), 4b (19.1 ± 0.88 µM) and 4h (20.7 ± 1.13 µM) are the most active hybrids against carbonic CA-II. Moreover, molecular docking was performed to understand the putative binding mode of the active compounds. The docking results indicates that these compounds block the biological activity of CA-II by nicely fitting at the entrance of the active site of CA-II. These compounds specifically mediating hydrogen bonding with Thr199, Thr200, Gln92 of CA-II.

Identification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Scutellaria edelbergii: ESI-LC-MS and Computational Approach.

The recent study investigated the in vitro anti-diabetic impact of the crude extract (MeOH) and subfractions ethyl acetate (EtOAc); chloroform; n-butanol; n-hexane; and aqueous fraction of S. edelbergii and processed the active EtOAc fraction for the identification of chemical constituents for the first time via ESI-LC-MS analysis through positive ionization mode (PIM) and negative ionization mode (NIM); the identified compounds were further validated through computational analysis via standard approaches. The crude extract and subfractions presented appreciable activity against the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. However, the EtOAc fraction with IC50 = 0.14 ± 0.06 µg/mL revealed the maximum potential among the fractions used, followed by the MeOH and n-hexane extract with IC50 = 1.47 ± 0.14 and 2.18 ± 0.30 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the acarbose showed an IC50 = 377.26 ± 1.20 µg/ mL whereas the least inhibition was observed for the chloroform fraction, with an IC50 = 23.97 ± 0.14 µg/mL. Due to the significance of the EtOAc fraction, when profiled for its chemical constituents, it presented 16 compounds among which the flavonoid class was dominant, and offered eight compounds, of which six were identified in NIM, and two compounds in PIM. Moreover, five terpenoids were identified-three and two in NIM and PIM, respectively-as well as two alkaloids, both of which were detected in PIM. The EtOAc fraction also contained one phenol that was noticed in PIM. The detected flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenols are well-known for their diverse biomedical applications. The potent EtOAc fraction was submitted to computational analysis for further validation of α-glucosidase significance to profile the responsible compounds. The pharmacokinetic estimations and protein-ligand molecular docking results with the support of molecular dynamic simulation trajectories at 100 ns suggested that two bioactive compounds-dihydrocatalpol and leucosceptoside A-from the EtOAc fraction presented excellent drug-like properties and stable conformations; hence, these bioactive compounds could be potential inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase enzyme based on intermolecular interactions with significant residues, docking score, and binding free energy estimation. The stated findings reflect that S. edelbergii is a rich source of bioactive compounds offering potential cures for diabetes mellitus; in particular, dihydrocatalpol and leucosceptoside A could be excellent therapeutic options for the progress of novel drugs to overcome diabetes mellitus.

New Carbonic Anhydrase-II Inhibitors from Marine Macro Brown Alga Dictyopteris hoytii Supported by In Silico Studies.

In continuation of phytochemical investigations of the methanolic extract of Dictyopteris hoytii, we have obtained twelve compounds (1-12) through column chromatography. Herein, three compounds, namely, dimethyl 2-bromoterepthalate (3), dimethyl 2,6-dibromoterepthalate (4), and (E)-3-(4-(dimethoxymethyl)phenyl) acrylic acid (5) are isolated for the first time as a natural product, while the rest of the compounds (1, 2, 6-12) are known and isolated for the first time from this source. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by advanced spectroscopic 1D and 2D NMR techniques including 1H, 13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, NEOSY, and HR-MS and comparison with the reported literature. Furthermore, eight compounds (13-20) previously isolated by our group from the same source along with the currently isolated compounds (1-12) were screened against the CA-II enzyme. All compounds, except 6, 8, 14, and 17, were evaluated for in vitro bovine carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) inhibitory activity. Eventually, eleven compounds (1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, and 19) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against CA-II with IC50 values ranging from 13.4 to 71.6 µM. Additionally, the active molecules were subjected to molecular docking studies to predict the binding behavior of those compounds. It was observed that the compounds exhibit the inhibitory potential by specifically interacting with the ZN ion present in the active site of CA-II. In addition to ZN ion, two residues (His94 and Thr199) play an important role in binding with the compounds that possess a carboxylate group in their structure.

Biomedical Applications of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. f.: In Vitro and In Vivo Approach.

In the current study, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. f. (crude extract and subfractions, i.e., n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chloroform, n-butanol (n-BuOH) and aqueous) were explored. Initially, extraction and fractionation of the selected medicinal plant were carried out, followed by phytochemical qualitative tests, which were mostly positive for all the extracts. EtOAc fraction possessed a significant amount of phenolic (79.2 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (84.0 ± 0.39 mg QE/g) content. The EtOAc fraction of S. edelbergii exhibited appreciable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) strains and significant zones of inhibition were observed against Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). However, it was found inactive against Candida Albicans and Fusarium oxysporum fungal strains. The chloroform fraction was the most effective with an IC50 value of 172 and 74 µg/mL against DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays, in comparison with standard ascorbic acid 59 and 63 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the EtOAc fraction displayed significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (54%) using carrageenan-induced assay and significant (55%) in vivo analgesic activity using acetic acid-induced writing assay. In addition, nine known compounds, ursolic acid (UA), ovaul (OV), oleanolic acid (OA), ß-sitosterol (BS), micromeric acid (MA), taraxasterol acetate (TA), 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy flavone (FL-1), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3'-dimiethoxyflavone (FL-2) and 7-methoxy catechin (FL-3), were isolated from methanolic extract of S. edelbergii. These constituents have never been obtained from this source. The structures of all the isolated constituents were elucidated by spectroscopic means. In conclusion, the EtOAc fraction and all other fractions of S. edelbergii, in general, displayed a significant role as antibacterial, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents which may be due to the presence of these constituents and other flavonoids.

Bio-Potency and Molecular Docking Studies of Isolated Compounds from Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. ex Burret.

In the study, two novel compounds along with two new compounds were isolated from Grewia optiva. The novel compounds have never been reported in any plant source, whereas the new compounds are reported for the first time from the studied plant. The four compounds were characterized as: 5,5,7,7,11,13-hexamethyl-2-(5-methylhexyl)icosahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol (IX), docosanoic acid (X), methanetriol mano formate (XI) and 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-methylbutanoic acid (XII). The anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, and antioxidant potentials of these compounds were determined using standard protocols. All the isolated compounds exhibited a moderate-to-good degree of activity against acetylcholinesterases (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). However, compound XII was particularly effective with IC50 of 55 µg/mL (against AChE) and 60 µg/mL (against BChE), and this inhibitory activity is supported by in silico docking studies. The same compound was also effective against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals with IC50 values of 60 and 62 µg/mL, respectively. The compound also significantly inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro. The IC50 values for inhibition of the two enzymes were recorded as 90 and 92 µg/mL, respectively. The in vitro potentials of compound XII to treat Alzheimer's disease (in terms of AchE and BChE inhibition), diabetes (in terms of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition), and oxidative stress (in terms of free radical scavenging) suggest further in vivo investigations of the compound for assessing its efficacy, safety profile, and other parameters to proclaim the compound as a potential drug candidate.

GC-MS Analysis and Biomedical Therapy of Oil from n-Hexane Fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii Rech. f.: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach.

The current study aimed to explore the crude oils obtained from the n-hexane fraction of Scutellaria edelbergii and further analyzed, for the first time, for their chemical composition, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vivo anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. For the phytochemical composition, the oils proceeded to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and from the resultant chromatogram, 42 bioactive constituents were identified. Among them, the major components were linoleic acid ethyl ester (19.67%) followed by ethyl oleate (18.45%), linolenic acid methyl ester (11.67%), and palmitic acid ethyl ester (11.01%). Tetrazolium 96-well plate MTT assay and agar-well diffusion methods were used to evaluate the isolated oil for its minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and zone of inhibitions that could determine the potential antimicrobial efficacy's. Substantial antibacterial activities were observed against the clinical isolates comprising of three Gram-negative bacteria, viz., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one Gram-positive bacterial strain, Enterococcus faecalis. The oils were also effective against Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum when evaluated for their antifungal potential. Moreover, significant antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 136.4 and 161.5 µg/mL for extracted oil was evaluated through DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and ABTS assays compared with standard ascorbic acid where the IC50 values were 44.49 and 67.78 µg/mL, respectively, against the tested free radicals. The oils was also potent, inhibiting the α-glucosidase (IC50 5.45 ± 0.42 µg/mL) enzyme compared to the standard. Anti-glucosidase potential was visualized through molecular docking simulations where ten compounds of the oil were found to be the leading inhibitors of the selected enzyme based on interactions, binding energy, and binding affinity. The oil was found to be an effective anti-inflammatory (61%) agent compared with diclofenac sodium (70.92%) via the carrageenan-induced assay. An appreciable (48.28%) analgesic activity in correlation with the standard aspirin was observed through the acetic acid-induced writhing bioassay. The oil from the n-hexane fraction of S. edelbergii contained valuable bioactive constituents that can act as in vitro biological and in vivo pharmacological agents. However, further studies are needed to uncover individual responsible compounds of the observed biological potentials which would be helpful in devising novel drugs.

Covid-19 pandemic-prevalence of depression, anxiety and insomnia during Covid-19 lockdown and its associated factors in Karachi, Pakistan.

We aimed to determine the frequency of depression, anxiety and insomnia; identify associated factors; and compare these outcomes amongst a privileged and underprivileged class of Pakistan. A cross-sectional online and face to face survey was conducted in Karachi from April 2020 to May 2020. Validated depression (World Health Organization self-reporting questionnaire), anxiety (general anxiety and depression scale) and insomnia (insomnia severity index) scales were used. Out of 447 participants, the majority were less than 30 years (63.8%) and females (57.7%); 20.8% study participants belonged to poor or very poor socioeconomic status; 17% respondents were from lower middle status and 38% belonged to the higher middle or rich class. Depression, anxiety and insomnia were identified in 30%, 30.63% and 8.5% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and insomnia among privileged people was 37.8%, 16.6% and 11.3% respectively whereas among underprivileged were 17.8%, 16.6% and 4.1% respectively. There were significant differences in frequencies of depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001) and insomnia (p=0.009) among the privileged and underprivileged classes. We found a high prevalence of depression, anxiety and insomnia among both the privileged and underprivileged Pakistani population and a policy needs to be devised to ensure the mental health of Pakistani population.

Evaluation of in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and antidiabetic effect of Myrica salicifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

The study was aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and in vivo antidiabetic activities of Myrica salicifolia root extracts. The powdered roots of M. salicifolia were extracted with 80% methanol and then dried. The dried extract was further fractionated into chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions. The phytochemical screening of the crude extract was performed using standard chemical identification tests. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by in vitro method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as radical scavenging reagent. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity was performed using the chromogenic3,5-dinitrosalicylic (DNSA) method. The antidiabetic activity of M. salicifolia root crude extract (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) and fractions (400 mg/kg) were evaluated in normal, glucose loaded hyperglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The crude root extract of M. salicifolia showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 4.54µg/ml) which was comparable with the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. In α-amylase inhibitory activity, the crude extract and butanol fraction showed highest enzyme inhibition. In the antidiabetic activity, daily administration of the crude extract, aqueous and butanol fractions for fifteen days showed highest significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level (BGL) compared to diabetic control in STZ-induced diabetic mice model. The root extract and fractions of M. salicifolia exhibited significant antihyperglycemic, α-amylase inhibitory and antioxidant activity with no sign of toxicity. The antidiabetic effect of the plant could be due to the synergistic effect of various classes of constituents present in the root part of the plant.

α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Molecular Docking Studies of Natural Brominated Metabolites from Marine Macro Brown Alga Dictyopteris hoytii.

Bioassay guided isolation of the methanolic extract of marine macro brown alga Dictyopteris hoytii afforded one new metabolite (ethyl methyl 2-bromobenzene 1,4-dioate, 1), one new natural metabolite (diethyl-2-bromobenzene 1,4-dioate, 2) along with six known metabolites (3-8) reported for the first time from this source. The structure elucidation of all these compounds was achieved by extensive spectroscopic techniques including 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (NOESY, COSY, HMBC and HSQC) NMR and mass spectrometry and comparison of the spectral data of known compounds with those reported in literature. The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition studies confirmed compound 7 to be the most active against α-glucosidase enzyme with IC50 value of 30.5 ± 0.41 µM. Compounds 2 and 3 demonstrated good inhibition with IC50 values of 234.2 ± 4.18 and 289.4 ± 4.91 µM, respectively, while compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed moderate to low inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies of the active compounds were performed to examine their mode of inhibition in the binding site of the α-glucosidase enzyme.

New α-Glucosidase inhibitors from the resins of Boswellia species with structure-glucosidase activity and molecular docking studies.

Phytochemical investigation of the oleo-gum resins from Boswellia papyrifera afforded one new triterpene, named 3α-hydroxyurs-5:19-diene (1) together with twelve known compounds including eight triterpenoids (2-9), two diterpenoids (10 and 11) and two straight chain alkanes (12 and 13). Similarly ten more known compounds were isolated from the resin of Boswellia sacra including one triterpene (20) and nine boswellic acids (14-19 and 21-23). Herein the compound 2 was first time reporting from natural source along with complete NMR assignment, while compounds 3-11 are known, but reported for the first time from the resin of B. papyrifera. The structure elucidation was done by advance spectroscopic 1D and 2D NMR techniques viz., 1H, 13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, and COSY, and NEOSY, ESI-MS and compared with the reported literature. All compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and as result eight of them 1, 3, 10, 11, 15, and 17-19 were found significantly active against α-glucosidase with an IC50 value ranging from 15.0 ±â€¯0.84 to 80.3 ±â€¯2.33 µM, while 21 exhibited moderate activity with IC50 of 799.9 ±â€¯4.98 µM. Furthermore, two compounds 24 and 25 were synthesised from 16 and 17 to see the effect of carboxyl group in structural-activity relationship (SAR) study. Compounds 24 and 25 retained good α-glucosidase inhibition as compared to 16 and 17, indicating that carboxylic group play a key role in SAR. In addition, the aforementioned activity of all the active compounds was first time reported for their α-glucosidase inhibition potential. The molecular docking studies showed that all the active compounds well accommodate in the active site of the enzyme. Moreover pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted in silico, suggesting that the compounds possess drug like properties and excellent ADMET profile.

Dual Inhibition of Ca(+2) Influx and Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Provides Scientific Base for the Medicinal Use of Chrozophora prostrata Dalz. in Respiratory Disorders.

The crude ethanolic extract of Chrozophora prostrata (Cp.Cr) was tested using in vivo and ex vivo assays for its possible bronchodilatory effects in order to validate its medicinal use in respiratory disorders, like asthma and cough. Cp.Cr exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of carbachol (CCh)-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized rats, similar to aminophylline. When tested on guinea-pig tracheal preparations, Cp.Cr caused relaxation of both CCh (1 µM) and high K(+) (80 mM)-induced contractions with comparable potencies, similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterse (PDE) and Ca(+2) influx. Pre-treatment of the tracheal tissues with Cp.Cr resulted in potentiation of the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline on CCh-induced contractions, like that caused by papaverine indicative of PDE inhibitory activity, which was confirmed when Cp.Cr concentration dependently (1 and 3 mg/mL) increased intracellular cAMP levels of the tracheal preparations, like papaverine. Cp.Cr shifted concentrationresponse curves of Ca(+2) constructed in guinea-pig tracheal preparation towards right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to both verapamil and papaverine. These data indicate bronchodilator activity of Chrozophora prostrata mediated possibly through dual inhibition of PDE and Ca(+2) influx, thus, showing therapeutic potential in asthma with effect enhancing and side-effect neutralizing potential Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of rhizomes of Polygonatum verticillatum maneuvered predominately through activation of K⁺ channels: Components identification through TLC.

Polygonatum verticillatum has traditionally been used for various purposes. The present study was aimed to validate the antispasmodic and antidiarrheal properties of crude methanolic extract of rhizomes of P. verticillatum (PR). Isolated rabbit jejunum preparations were suspended in tissue baths to measure the isotonic responses using Power Lab data acquisition system for the antispasmodic activity of PR, while the antidiarrheal activity was conducted in vivo in mice. PR caused complete relaxation of the spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum preparations in a dose-dependent mode. A complete inhibition was observed against low potassium (K(+); 25 mM)-induced contractions, while the plant extract partially inhibited the high K(+)(80 mM)-induced contractions. From a mechanistic point of view, the spasmolytic effect of PR against low K(+)was antagonized by glibenclamide similar to the effect of cromakalim, thus showing the presence of constituents in PR mediating spasmolytic activity predominantly through the activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K(+)channels. When tested against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, oral administration of the plant extract manifested marked antidiarrheal activity at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg similar to loperamide. This study provided a pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of PR in abdominal colic and diarrhea.

Seimisochromenes A and B: two new dihydroisochromenes from the endophytic fungus, Seimatosporium sp.

Two new dihydroisochromenes, named seimisochromenes A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from an endophytic fungus, Seimatosporium sp. The structures of seimisochromenes A and B have been determined from 1D ((1)H and (13)C NMR spectra) and 2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR experiments.

Phytochemical and biological activities of four wild medicinal plants.

The fruits of four wild plants, namely, Capparis decidua, Ficus carica, Syzygium cumini, and Ziziphus jujuba, are separately used as traditional dietary and remedial agents in remote areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results of our study on these four plants revealed that the examined fruits were a valuable source of nutraceuticals and exhibited good level of antimicrobial activity. The fruits of these four investigated plants are promising source of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. These four plants' fruits are good sources of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and chromium. It was also observed that these fruits are potential source of antioxidant agent and the possible reason could be that these samples had good amount of phytochemicals. Hence, the proper propagation, conservation, and chemical investigation are recommended so that these fruits should be incorporated for the eradication of food and health related problems.

11α-Ethoxy-ß-boswellic acid and nizwanone, a new boswellic acid derivative and a new triterpene, respectively, from Boswellia sacra.

A new boswellic acid derivative, 11α-ethoxy-ß-boswellic acid (EBA; 1) and a new ursane-type triterpene, named nizwanone (2), were isolated from Omani frankincense Boswellia sacra Flueck. together with two known compounds papyriogenin B and rigidenol. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis using (1) H- and (13) C-NMR, (1) H,(1) H-COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and HR-EI-MS techniques. The relative configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned by comparative analysis of the NMR spectral data with those of known analogs together with NOESY experiments. Structures of known compounds were identified by comparison with the reported data.

Effect of Boswellic acids on T cell proliferation and activation.

Boswellic acids have been recognized as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents with potentials to control autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, their effects on T cell proliferation and activation are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated effects of individual compounds including ß-Boswellic acids (ß-BA), 11-keto-ß-Boswellic acid (ß-KBA), 3-O-acetyl ß-Boswellic acids (ß-ABA), and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-ß-Boswellic acid (ß-AKBA) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their potential role in modulating immune responses. We showed that ß-BA, KBA, and AKBA at a 0.025 µM concentration significantly reduced T cell proliferation without inducing cytotoxicity, however, ABA showed cytotoxic effects at this concentration. ß-BA and KBA showed significantly reduced T cell proliferation at 0.05 µM concentration without cytotoxic effects. Interestingly, we found that AKBA at 0.025 µM concentration significantly reduced CD25 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without cytotoxic effects. Additionally, ß-BA reduced CD25 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 0.05 µM concentration with no cytotoxicity. In this study, we determined the optimum concentration of each of these compounds that have the potential to reduce T cell activation without cytotoxic effects. Our findings show that both ß-BA and AKBA have the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation and activation without inducing cytotoxicity. Further investigations are required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential therapeutic benefits of these compounds in different autoimmune and inflammatory settings.

Bioactive Compounds from Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis Strain EP1 with Their Antibacterial Activities.

Endophytic bacteria boost host plant defense and growth by producing vital compounds. In the current study, a bacterial strain was isolated from the Boswellia sacra plant and identified as Bacillus subtilis strain EP1 (accession number: MT256301) through 16S RNA gene sequencing. From the identified bacteria, four compounds-1 (4-(4-cinnamoyloxy)phenyl)butanoic acid), 2 (cyclo-(L-Pro-D-Tyr)), 3 (cyclo-(L-Val-L-Phe)), and 4 (cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val))-were isolated and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy. Moreover, antibacterial activity and beta-lactam-producing gene inhibition (δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (ACVS) and aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT)) assays were performed. Significant antibacterial activity was observed against the human pathogenic bacterial strains (E. coli) by compound 4 with a 13 ± 0.7 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI), followed by compound 1 having an 11 ± 0.7 mm ZOI. In contrast, the least antibacterial activity among the tested samples was offered by compound 2 with a 10 ± 0.9 mm ZOI compared to the standard (26 ± 1.2 mm). Similarly, the molecular analysis of beta-lactam inhibition determined that compounds 3 and 4 inhibited the two genes (2- to 4-fold) in the beta-lactam biosynthesis (ACVS and AADAT) pathway. From these results, it can be concluded that future research on these compounds could lead to the inhibition of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains.