Investigation of sexual dysfunction and depression prevalence in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction (SD) and depression in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. METHODS: A total of 110 NMO patients and 112 healthy individuals were included as a control group, and their SD was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Inventory (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for women and men, respectively. The FSFI categorizes female sexual dysfunction into six subscores, including libido, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain, while the IIEF categorizes male sexual dysfunction into five subscores, including sexual desire, erection, orgasm, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: SD was prevalent among NMO patients, with 78% of female patients and 63.2% of male patients reporting SD in at least one subscore. The severity of the disease, as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), was found to be significantly correlated with SD in all subscores, while the duration of the disease was only correlated with the overall satisfaction subscore in men and the pain subscore in women. Furthermore, SD was found to be significantly correlated with depression in these patients. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of addressing SD and depression in NMO patients, as they adversely affect the quality of life. The findings suggest that the physical aspects of SD are mostly affected by the severity of the disease, while psychological aspects are highly correlated with the chronicity of the disease.

Ischemic Stroke in Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Report of 10 Cases from Iran.

Ischemic stroke seems to be one of the most serious neurologic complications in patients with COVID-19 infection. Herein, we report a series of 10 ischemic stroke patients with concomitant COVID-19 disease. Out of 10, 8 had large infarcts (3 massive middle cerebral artery, 2 basilar artery, 2 posterior cerebral artery, and 1 internal carotid artery infarct territory). Two had cardiogenic embolic stroke due to atrial fibrillation. Almost half of our patients did not have a vascular risk factor. Nine did not have fever and were diagnosed with COVID-19 upon admission for stroke. Stroke occurred in the first week of respiratory symptoms with moderate pulmonary involvement. Most Patients did not have hypoxia and did not establish respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome. The blood pressures were low and hemorrhagic transformation did not occur even after antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Patients had markedly increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer. Three patients died. It seems that ischemic strokes in COVID-19 patients tend to occur as large infarct and can be seen in patients with mild to moderate pulmonary involvement.

COVID-19-related refractory status epilepticus with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 (RNA) in the CSF: a case report.

Amongst the neurologic complications of COVID-19 disease, very few reports have shown the presence of the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Seizure and rarely status epilepticus can be associated with COVID-19 disease. Here we present a 73-year-old male with prior history of stroke who has never experienced seizure before. He had no systemic presentation of COVID-19 disease. The presenting symptoms were two consecutive generalized tonic-clonic seizures that after initial resolution turned into a nonconvulsive status epilepticus despite antiepileptic treatment (a presentation similar to NORSE (new-onset refractory status epilepticus)). There was no new lesion in the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The CSF analysis only showed an increased protein levels and positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 2019-nCoV. Patient recovered partially after anesthetic, IVIG, steroid, and remdesivir. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a refractory status epilepticus with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the CSF.

Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review.

The terminology "gut-brain axis "points out a bidirectional relationship between the GI system and the central nervous system (CNS). To date, several researches have shown that migraine is associated with some gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and celiac disease (CD). The present review article aims to discuss the direct and indirect evidence suggesting relationships between migraine and the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms explaining how the gut and the brain may interact in patients with migraine are not entirely clear. Studies suggest that this interaction seems to be influenced by multiple factors such as inflammatory mediators (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), gut microbiota profile, neuropeptides and serotonin pathway, stress hormones and nutritional substances. Neuropeptides including CGRP, SP, VIP, NPY are thought to have antimicrobial impact on a variety of the gut bacterial strains and thus speculated to be involved in the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the brain. According to the current knowledge, migraine headache in patients harboring HP might be improved following the bacteria eradication. Migraineurs with long headache history and high headache frequency have a higher chance of being diagnosed with IBS. IBS and migraine share some similarities and can alter gut microflora composition and thereby may affect the gut-brain axis and inflammatory status. Migraine has been also associated with CD and the condition should be searched particularly in patients with migraine with occipital and parieto-occipital calcification at brain neuroimaging. In those patients, gluten-free diet can also be effective in reducing migraine frequency. It has also been proposed that migraine may be improved by dietary approaches with beneficial effects on gut microbiota and gut-brain axis including appropriate consumption of fiber per day, adhering to a low glycemic index diet, supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3 and probiotics as well as weight loss dietary plans for overweight and obese patients.

Can upper cervical manual therapy affect the blink reflex in subjects with migraine and neck pain?

BACKGROUND: Neck pain is a common complaint among migraineurs possibly due to the anatomic connections between cervical and trigeminal afferents in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC). Manual therapy (MT) is used in the management of headache disorders, with demonstrable neurophysiological effects. The blink reflex (BR) is one method of analyzing neurophysiological effects in headache patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of upper cervical spine MT on BR in subjects with migraine and neck pain. METHODS & MATERIALS: Twenty subjects were assigned to a medication plus MT (MedMT) group (n = 10) and medication plus sham MT (sham MT) group (n = 10). After random assignment, all patients underwent testing for the BR (R1, R2, R2c responses). Then, subjects in group MedMT and group sham MT received either 4 sessions of MT or sham MT to the upper cervical spine. After completion of the intervention, BR testing was repeated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in both side R1 latency between group MT and group sham MT (P > 0.050). For both sides, R2 latencies were significantly prolonged in MedMT group compared with sham MT group (P < 0.050). Subjects in MedMT group showed significant prolongation in right and left R2c latency compared with sham MT group (P < 0.050). DISCUSSION: The present study demonstrated that upper cervical MT affected trigeminal nociceptive neurotransmission in subjects with migraine and neck pain as reflected by changes in the BR. The increase in BR late response latencies of BR indicates an inhibitory effect of upper cervical spine MT on the TCC in these subjects. Trial Registration: The trial design was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT ID: IRCT20160621028567N2, url: https://www.irct.ir/) before the first patient was enrolled.

Prevalence and Features of Post-stroke Urinary Incontinence: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term complications of stroke, persisting for more than 6 months after the initial event, substantially reduce the quality of life (QoL) in a significant percentage of stroke survivors. In this paper, we studied the prevalence of long-term urinary incontinence (UI) in post-stroke patients. In addition, we attempted to identify patient characteristics which were associated with higher UI prevalence, higher UI severity, and less UI-associated QoL. METHODS: Medical records in a tertiary referral hospital were used to contact patients who had experienced a stroke between 6 to 32 months before the study date. The patients were given the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF) questionnaire for determining the presence of UI and its severity. UI-positive patients were then given the I-QOL questionnaire to determine their QoL. RESULTS: The prevalence of UI in our study population (n=189) was 31%. Older age at the time of stroke was associated with higher UI severity (r=0.290) and lower QoL (r=-0.265). Furthermore, the presence of movement limitation was associated with higher UI prevalence (P<0.001, OR=3.89) and severity (P=0.002, d=1.05). Movement limitation also significantly impacted the psychological and social aspects of UI-associated QoL (P=0.035, d=-0.74). Conversely, higher body mass indices (BMIs) were associated with lower UI severity (r=-0.346) and higher QoL (r=0.281). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, UI continues to be prevalent in stroke survivors long after the cerebrovascular accident (CVA). As a result, these patients require continuous monitoring and UI prevention.

Clinical characteristics of 365 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of COVID-related neurological manifestations have been reported. We aimed to categorize the features of hospitalized COVID-19 patients who experienced neurological symptoms. METHODS: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we enrolled all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who experienced neurological symptoms in two hospitals in Tehran. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was established by PCR tests or computed tomography of the chest combined with COVID-19 clinical findings. The clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and imaging findings from 365 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The average patient age was 59.2 ± 16.7 years and included 213 males and 152 females. The most prevalent neurological symptoms were headache (56.2%), impaired consciousness (55%), and dizziness (20.5%). During hospitalization, most of the patients did not require mechanical ventilation (81.9%). The percentage of patients with end-organ damage was 9% and mortality was 15%. Regression analysis on the neurological symptoms indicated that the mortality rate of patients with headaches was 84% lower than for the other neurological symptoms. Hyperglycemia was significantly related with end-organ damage and mortality (p = 0.029, p = 0.08, respectively). New vascular lesions were evident on brain MRIs of 9 patients and brain CTs of 16 patients. CONCLUSION: Among the neurological symptoms of patients with COVID-19, headache appeared to indicate a protective factor against development of end-organ damage as well as mortality.

Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis: two case reports and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis is a newly emerged entity characterized by frequent faciobrachial dystonic seizures and a wide spectrum of subacute clinical symptoms such as other seizure types, mood and behavioral changes, and memory loss. We should be aware of differentiating this diagnosis from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Mesial temporal, limbic structures, and basal ganglia are the most commonly involved regions. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we review the available data, and report on two young Iranian (White) females, 24 and 18 years old, who represent distinct aspects of the disease. The clinical presentation and degree of tissue involvement varies to some extent in the two reported cases. Case 1 had prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms and suffered from frequent faciobrachial dystonic seizures with more significant basal ganglia involvement, whereas case 2 suffered from severe memory decline and dialeptic seizures along with mesial temporal involvement. Symptoms were refractory to usual treatment and prompt immunotherapy was needed. CONCLUSIONS: This disease has a rather favorable outcome provided that treatment is initiated early. However, resistance to first-line treatment, relapses, and long-term complications highlight the need to establish reliable biomarkers to distinguish different subtypes of this disorder to predict the clinical outcome and prognosis, and to refine management.

Evaluation of liver injury in multiple sclerosis patients receiving pulsed steroid therapy.

OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of literature about the methylprednisolone induced liver injury in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In this study, we intended to investigate the incidence, severity, and risk factors for liver injury in MS patients treated with pulsed methylprednisolone therapy. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study on MS patients treated with methylprednisolone pulses. All MS subjects with relapses who were referred to Sina Hospital between May 2020 to May 2021 were included in the study. They were evaluated for the demographic, clinical characteristics, and liver function tests. Liver injury was diagnosed if there was an elevation of serum aminotransferase levels above the upper normal limit (45 IU/L). RESULTS: A total of 314 individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of liver injury after treatment with pulsed methylprednisolone therapy was 2.86%. None of the cases with liver injury were severe. Univariate regression analysis demonstrated that the patients with liver injury had a significantly higher frequency of hyperlipidemia (p: 0.002), alcohol abuse (p: 0.021), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (p: 0.005) compared to those without liver injury. Multivariate regression analysis showed that hyperlipidemia (p: 0.04, odds ratio (OR): 6.31), and history of alcohol abuse (p: 0.007, OR: 36.71) were significantly associated with liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of a close follow-up of the liver function tests in MS patients following pulsed methylprednisolone therapy, particularly in patients with NAFLD, hyperlipidemia, and history of alcohol-abusing.

Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: Report of four patients.

Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy (SLONM) is a rare, acquired muscle disease presenting with subacute progression in adulthood. It can be accompanied by a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We describe clinical and histopathological findings of four SLONM patients with MGUS. In all patients, nemaline rod, inter-myofibrillary network disruption, atrophic changes, peripheral basophilic discoloration, vacuole without rim, and cytoplasmic body without inflammation were seen. Three out of four patients were treated with prednisolone in combination with IVIG monthly and had an appropriate response to the treatment. The optimal first-line treatment remains unclear in SLONM-MGUS, although corticosteroids plus IVIg is associated with favorable clinical response. These treatment modalities might be used as an optional treatment before autologous stem cell transplantation; however, further studies with a higher number of patients are required.