Visual and semiautomated evaluation of epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasias - An intracranial EEG study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was the evaluation of the added value of depth to subdural electrodes in delineating epileptogenicity of focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) and to test the Epileptogenicity Index (EI) in this setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with FCD underwent iEEG with subdural and depth electrodes. Visual/EI analysis was performed in up to three habitual seizures per patient. RESULTS: Visual analysis: Grid onset seizures (n=10) started in electrodes overlying the lesion in 7 and remote from it in 3 cases. Depth onset seizures (n=7) affected only intralesional contacts in 4, intra- and extralesional in 2, and exclusively extralesional in 1 patient. Seizures started in depth and grid contacts simultaneously in 2 cases. EI analysis: The EI completely confirmed visual localization of seizure onset in 8 cases and depicted ictal onset-time accurately in 13. Beta/gamma ictal patterns were most reliably captured. Impact on surgical decision: Resection outline differed from MRI lesion in 7 patients based on grid and in three based on depth electrode information. DISCUSSION: In FCD, seizures can be generated within gyral/deep tissue appearing normal on imaging. CONCLUSION: Investigating FCD with subdural and depth electrodes is efficient to outline the seizure onset zone. The EI is a helpful additional tool to quantify epileptogenicity. Specific ictal patterns are prerequisite for reliable results.

Association between pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective study. / Associação entre o escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease e mortalidade em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica: um estudo retrospectivo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between acute kidney injury through the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study assessed all children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a reference hospital in Brazil from January to December 2016. Patients were screened for the presence of acute kidney injury through the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score. Patients were subdivided into the stages of Risk, Injury and Kidney Failure. RESULTS: The sample comprised 192 children, of whom 45.8% developed acute kidney injury, with 79.5% of the cases identified up to 72 hours after admission. Patients with acute kidney injury showed a 3.74 increase risk of death (p = 0.01) than the control group. Patients with kidney failure had a mortality rate that was 8.56 times greater than that of the remaining sample (p < 0.001). The variables that were associated with the stages of acute kidney injury were nephrotoxic drugs (p = 0.025), renal replacement therapy (p < 0.001), vasoactive drugs (p < 0.001), pediatric risk of mortality 2 score (p = 0.023), fluid overload (p = 0.005), pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (p = 0.001) and death (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score proved to be a useful tool for the early identification of severely ill children with acute kidney injury, showing an association with mortality. We thus suggest its use for pediatric intensive care unit patient admission.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre a presença de lesão renal aguda, por meio do escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease, e mortalidade em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo que incluiu todas as crianças internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital de referência no Brasil, entre os meses de janeiro e dezembro de 2016. Os pacientes foram triados quanto à presença de lesão renal aguda por meio do escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease. Elas foram subdivididas segundo os estádios risco, lesão e falência renal. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 192 crianças, das quais 45,8% desenvolveram lesão renal aguda, tendo a identificação desta lesão ocorrido em até 72 horas após a admissão em 79,5% dos casos. Pacientes com lesão renal aguda apresentaram 3,74 mais chances de morrer (p = 0,01) em comparação às crianças do grupo controle. Pacientes com falência renal apresentaram mortalidade 8,56 vezes maior que a do restante da amostra (p < 0,001). As variáveis que apresentaram associação com os estádios de lesão renal aguda foram: uso de fármacos nefrotóxicos (p = 0,025), terapia de substituição renal (p < 0,001), uso de fármacos vasoativos (p < 0,001), escore Pediatric Risk of Mortality 2 (p = 0,023), sobrecarga de fluidos (p = 0,005), tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (p = 0,001) e morte (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, o escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease mostrou-se ferramenta útil para a identificação precoce de crianças com lesão renal aguda grave, mostrando associação com a mortalidade. Sugerimos seu uso rotineiro na admissão de pacientes à unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica.

Associação entre o escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease e mortalidade em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica: um estudo retrospectivo / Association between pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective study

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a presença de lesão renal aguda, por meio do escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease, e mortalidade em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo que incluiu todas as crianças internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital de referência no Brasil, entre os meses de janeiro e dezembro de 2016. Os pacientes foram triados quanto à presença de lesão renal aguda por meio do escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease. Elas foram subdivididas segundo os estádios risco, lesão e falência renal. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 192 crianças, das quais 45,8% desenvolveram lesão renal aguda, tendo a identificação desta lesão ocorrido em até 72 horas após a admissão em 79,5% dos casos. Pacientes com lesão renal aguda apresentaram 3,74 mais chances de morrer (p = 0,01) em comparação às crianças do grupo controle. Pacientes com falência renal apresentaram mortalidade 8,56 vezes maior que a do restante da amostra (p < 0,001). As variáveis que apresentaram associação com os estádios de lesão renal aguda foram: uso de fármacos nefrotóxicos (p = 0,025), terapia de substituição renal (p < 0,001), uso de fármacos vasoativos (p < 0,001), escore Pediatric Risk of Mortality 2 (p = 0,023), sobrecarga de fluidos (p = 0,005), tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (p = 0,001) e morte (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Neste estudo, o escore pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease mostrou-se ferramenta útil para a identificação precoce de crianças com lesão renal aguda grave, mostrando associação com a mortalidade. Sugerimos seu uso rotineiro na admissão de pacientes à unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between acute kidney injury through the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed all children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a reference hospital in Brazil from January to December 2016. Patients were screened for the presence of acute kidney injury through the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score. Patients were subdivided into the stages of Risk, Injury and Kidney Failure. Results: The sample comprised 192 children, of whom 45.8% developed acute kidney injury, with 79.5% of the cases identified up to 72 hours after admission. Patients with acute kidney injury showed a 3.74 increase risk of death (p = 0.01) than the control group. Patients with kidney failure had a mortality rate that was 8.56 times greater than that of the remaining sample (p < 0.001). The variables that were associated with the stages of acute kidney injury were nephrotoxic drugs (p = 0.025), renal replacement therapy (p < 0.001), vasoactive drugs (p < 0.001), pediatric risk of mortality 2 score (p = 0.023), fluid overload (p = 0.005), pediatric intensive care unit length of stay (p = 0.001) and death (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage Renal Disease score proved to be a useful tool for the early identification of severely ill children with acute kidney injury, showing an association with mortality. We thus suggest its use for pediatric intensive care unit patient admission.