The Golgi Outpost Protein TPPP Nucleates Microtubules and Is Critical for Myelination.

Oligodendrocytes extend elaborate microtubule arbors that contact up to 50 axon segments per cell, then spiral around myelin sheaths, penetrating from outer to inner layers. However, how they establish this complex cytoarchitecture is unclear. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes contain Golgi outposts, an organelle that can function as an acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). We identify a specific marker for Golgi outposts-TPPP (tubulin polymerization promoting protein)-that we use to purify this organelle and characterize its proteome. In in vitro cell-free assays, recombinant TPPP nucleates microtubules. Primary oligodendrocytes from Tppp knockout (KO) mice have aberrant microtubule branching, mixed microtubule polarity, and shorter myelin sheaths when cultured on 3-dimensional (3D) microfibers. Tppp KO mice exhibit hypomyelination with shorter, thinner myelin sheaths and motor coordination deficits. Together, our data demonstrate that microtubule nucleation outside the cell body at Golgi outposts by TPPP is critical for elongation of the myelin sheath.

Distinct Chronic Post-Viral Lung Diseases upon Infection with Influenza or Parainfluenza Viruses Differentially Impact Superinfection Outcome.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma remain prevalent human lung diseases. Variability in epithelial and inflammatory components that results in pathologic heterogeneity complicates the development of treatments for these diseases. Early childhood infection with parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus is strongly associated with the development of asthma and COPD later in life, and exacerbations of these diseases correlate with the presence of viral RNA in the lung. Well-characterized animal models of postviral chronic lung diseases are necessary to study the underlying mechanisms of viral-related COPD and asthma and to develop appropriate therapies. In this study, we cross-analyzed chronic lung disease caused by infection with Sendai virus (SeV) or influenza A virus in mice. Differences were observed in lesion composition and inflammatory profiles between SeV- and influenza A virus-induced long-term lung disease. In addition, a primary SeV infection led to worsened pathologic findings on secondary heterologous viral challenge, whereas the reversed infection scheme protected against disease in response to a secondary viral challenge >1 month after the primary infection. These data demonstrate the differential effect of primary viral infections in the susceptibility to disease exacerbation in response to a different secondary viral infection and highlight the usefulness of these viral models as tools to understand the underlying mechanisms that mediate distinct chronic postviral lung diseases.

IL-27 Limits Type 2 Immunopathology Following Parainfluenza Virus Infection.

Respiratory paramyxoviruses are important causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly of infants and the elderly. In humans, a T helper (Th)2-biased immune response to these infections is associated with increased disease severity; however, little is known about the endogenous regulators of these responses that may be manipulated to ameliorate pathology. IL-27, a cytokine that regulates Th2 responses, is produced in the lungs during parainfluenza infection, but its role in disease pathogenesis is unknown. To determine whether IL-27 limits the development of pathogenic Th2 responses during paramyxovirus infection, IL-27-deficient or control mice were infected with the murine parainfluenza virus Sendai virus (SeV). Infected IL-27-deficient mice experienced increased weight loss, more severe lung lesions, and decreased survival compared to controls. IL-27 deficiency led to increased pulmonary eosinophils, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs), and the emergence of Th2 responses. In control mice, IL-27 induced a population of IFN-γ+/IL-10+ CD4+ T cells that was replaced by IFN-γ+/IL-17+ and IFN-γ+/IL-13+ CD4+ T cells in IL-27-deficient mice. CD4+ T cell depletion in IL-27-deficient mice attenuated weight loss and decreased AAMs. Elimination of STAT6 signaling in IL-27-deficient mice reduced Th2 responses and decreased disease severity. These data indicate that endogenous IL-27 limits pathology during parainfluenza virus infection by regulating the quality of CD4+ T cell responses and therefore may have therapeutic potential in paramyxovirus infections.

[Obesity: risk factor or primary disease?] / Obesidad: ¿Factor de riesgo o enfermedad?

Obesity is a global health problem. Its worldwide prevalence has tripled between 1975 and 2016, reaching a prevalence in Chile of 34.4%, according to the National Health Survey 2016-2017. If this condition corresponds to a risk factor or primary disease is a widely discussed issue. It is recognized as a disease by the American Medical Association and World Health Organization, based on its metabolic and hormonal features, such as dysregulation of appetite, abnormal energy balance and endocrine dysfunction, among others. Its main environmental risk factors are the consumption of ultra-processed foods and sedentariness. Preventive measures at the population level are fundamental, emphasizing promotion and prevention using a transdisciplinary approach. The individual approach in the management of obesity should improve the quality of life, avoid early mortality, reduce cardiovascular risk, and reduce the progression to type 2 diabetes and incidence of cancer. Thus, an adequate management and control of obesity would have a great impact in our society.

Challenges in the diagnosis and management of acromegaly: a focus on comorbidities.

INTRODUCTION: Acromegaly is a rare, insidious disease resulting from the overproduction of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and is associated with a range of comorbidities. The extent of associated complications and mortality risk is related to length of exposure to the excess GH and IGF-1, thus early diagnosis and treatment is imperative. Unfortunately, acromegaly is often diagnosed late, when patients already have a wide range of comorbidities. The presence of comorbid conditions contributes significantly to patient morbidity/mortality and impaired quality of life. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective literature review for information relating to the diagnosis of acromegaly, and its associated comorbidities using PubMed. The main aim of this review is to highlight the issues of comorbidities in acromegaly, and to reinforce the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Successful management of acromegaly goes beyond treating the disease itself, since many patients are diagnosed late in disease evolution, they present with a range of comorbid conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea. It is important that patients are screened carefully at diagnosis (and thereafter), for common associated complications, and that biochemical control does not become the only treatment goal. Mortality and morbidities in acromegaly can be reduced successfully if patients are treated using a multimodal approach with comprehensive comorbidity management.

Multiple facets in the control of acromegaly.

AIMS: The current article provides a brief overview of the criteria for defining disease control in acromegaly. METHODS: This was a retrospective, narrative review of previously published evidence chosen at the author's discretion along with an illustrative case study from Latin America. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: In the strictest sense, "cure" in acromegaly is defined as complete restoration of normal pulsatile growth hormone secretion, although this is rarely achieved. Rather than "cure", as such, it is more appropriate to refer to disease control and remission, which is defined mainly in terms of specific biochemical targets (for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1) that predict or correlate with symptoms, comorbidities and mortality. However, optimal management of acromegaly goes beyond biochemical control to include control of tumour growth (which may be independent of biochemical control) and comprehensive management of the symptoms and comorbidities typically associated with the disease, as these may not be adequately managed with acromegaly-specific therapy alone.

rWTC-MBTA Vaccine Induces Potent Adaptive Immune Responses Against Glioblastomas via Dynamic Activation of Dendritic Cells.

Despite strides in immunotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains challenging due to low inherent immunogenicity and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Converting "cold" GBMs to "hot" is crucial for immune activation and improved outcomes. This study comprehensively characterized a therapeutic vaccination strategy for preclinical GBM models. The vaccine consists of Mannan-BAM-anchored irradiated whole tumor cells, Toll-like receptor ligands [lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)), and resiquimod (R-848)], and anti-CD40 agonistic antibody (rWTC-MBTA). Intracranial GBM models (GL261, SB28 cells) are used to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. A substantial number of vaccinated mice exhibited complete regression of GBM tumors in a T-cell-dependent manner, with no significant toxicity. Long-term tumor-specific immune memory is confirmed upon tumor rechallenge. In the vaccine-draining lymph nodes of the SB28 model, rWTC-MBTA vaccination triggered a major rise in conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) 12 h post-treatment, followed by an increase in conventional dendritic cell type 2 (cDC2), monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC), and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) on Day 5 and Day 13. Enhanced cytotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice is verified in co-culture with tumor cells. Analyses of immunosuppressive signals (T-cell exhaustion, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), M2 macrophages) in the GBM microenvironment suggest potential combinations with other immunotherapies for enhanced efficacy. In conclusion, the authors findings demonstrate that rWTC-MBTA induces potent and long-term adaptive immune responses against GBM.

rWTC-MBTA: autologous vaccine prevents metastases via antitumor immune responses.

BACKGROUND: Autologous tumor cell-based vaccines (ATVs) aim to prevent and treat tumor metastasis by activating patient-specific tumor antigens to induce immune memory. However, their clinical efficacy is limited. Mannan-BAM (MB), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), can coordinate an innate immune response that recognizes and eliminates mannan-BAM-labeled tumor cells. TLR agonists and anti-CD40 antibodies (TA) can enhance the immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present tumor antigens to the adaptive immune system. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of action of rWTC-MBTA, an autologous whole tumor cell vaccine consisting of irradiated tumor cells (rWTC) pulsed with mannan-BAM, TLR agonists, and anti-CD40 antibody (MBTA), in preventing tumor metastasis in multiple animal models. METHODS: The efficacy of the rWTC-MBTA vaccine was evaluated in mice using breast (4T1) and melanoma (B16-F10) tumor models via subcutaneous and intravenous injection of tumor cells to induce metastasis. The vaccine's effect was also assessed in a postoperative breast tumor model (4T1) and tested in autologous and allogeneic syngeneic breast tumor models (4T1 and EMT6). Mechanistic investigations included immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping analysis, ELISA, tumor-specific cytotoxicity testing, and T-cell depletion experiments. Biochemistry testing and histopathology of major tissues in vaccinated mice were also evaluated for potential systemic toxicity of the vaccine. RESULTS: The rWTC-MBTA vaccine effectively prevented metastasis and inhibited tumor growth in breast tumor and melanoma metastatic animal models. It also prevented tumor metastasis and prolonged survival in the postoperative breast tumor animal model. Cross-vaccination experiments revealed that the rWTC-MBTA vaccine prevented autologous tumor growth, but not allogeneic tumor growth. Mechanistic data demonstrated that the vaccine increased the percentage of antigen-presenting cells, induced effector and central memory cells, and enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. T-cells obtained from mice that were vaccinated displayed tumor-specific cytotoxicity, as shown by enhanced tumor cell killing in co-culture experiments, accompanied by increased levels of Granzyme B, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD107a in T-cells. T-cell depletion experiments showed that the vaccine's antitumor efficacy depended on T-cells, especially CD4+ T-cells. Biochemistry testing and histopathology of major tissues in vaccinated mice revealed negligible systemic toxicity of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: The rWTC-MBTA vaccine demonstrated efficacy in multiple animal models through T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and has potential as a therapeutic option for preventing and treating tumor metastasis with minimal systemic toxicity.

Establishment of strigolactone-producing bacterium-yeast consortium.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of phytohormones playing diverse roles in plant growth and development, yet the limited access to SLs is largely impeding SL-based foundational investigations and applications. Here, we developed Escherichia coli­Saccharomyces cerevisiae consortia to establish a microbial biosynthetic platform for the synthesis of various SLs, including carlactone, carlactonoic acid, 5-deoxystrigol (5DS; 6.65 ± 1.71 µg/liter), 4-deoxyorobanchol (3.46 ± 0.28 µg/liter), and orobanchol (OB; 19.36 ± 5.20 µg/liter). The SL-producing platform enabled us to conduct functional identification of CYP722Cs from various plants as either OB or 5DS synthase. It also allowed us to quantitatively compare known variants of plant SL biosynthetic enzymes in the microbial system. The titer of 5DS was further enhanced through pathway engineering to 47.3 µg/liter. This work provides a unique platform for investigating SL biosynthesis and evolution and lays the foundation for developing SL microbial production process.

Golgi Outposts Nucleate Microtubules in Cells with Specialized Shapes.

Classically, animal cells nucleate or form new microtubules off the perinuclear centrosome. In recent years, the Golgi outpost has emerged as a satellite organelle that can function as an acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), nucleating new microtubules at distances far from the nucleus or cell body. Golgi outposts can nucleate new microtubules in specialized cells with unique cytoarchitectures, including Drosophila neurons, mouse muscle cells, and rodent oligodendrocytes. This review compares and contrasts topics of functional relevance, including Golgi outpost heterogeneity, formation and transport, as well as regulation of microtubule polarity and branching. Golgi outposts have also been implicated in the pathology of diseases including muscular dystrophy, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Since Golgi outposts are relatively understudied, many outstanding questions regarding their function and roles in disease remain.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 a MULTISYSTEMIC disease: a CASE report of a novel mutation in the HNF1B gene and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus with autosomal dominant inheritance, such as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), is a genetic form of diabetes mellitus. MODY is a type of monogenic diabetes mellitus in which multiple genetic variants may cause an alteration to the functioning of beta cells. The three most known forms of MODY are caused by modifications to the hnf4a, gck, and hnf1a genes. However, other MODY variants can cause multiple alterations in the embryonic development of the endoderm. This is the case in patients presenting with MODY5, who have a mutation of the hepatic nuclear factor 1B (hnf1b) gene. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the clinical case of a 15 year-old patient with a family history of diabetes mellitus and a classical MODY type 5 (MODY5) phenotype involving the pancreas and kidney, with a novel, unreported mutation in the hnf1b gene. CONCLUSIONS: MODY5 is characterised by a mutation in the hnf1b gene, which plays an important role in the development and function of multiple organs. It should be suspected in patients with unusual diabetes and multisystem involvement unrelated to diabetes.

Valley Fever on the Rise-Searching for Microbial Antagonists to the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis.

The incidence of coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley Fever, is increasing in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Despite considerable efforts, a vaccine to protect humans from this disease is not forthcoming. The aim of this project was to isolate and phylogenetically compare bacterial species that could serve as biocontrol candidates to suppress the growth of Coccidioides immitis, the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis, in eroded soils or in areas close to human settlements that are being developed. Soil erosion in Coccidioides endemic areas is leading to substantial emissions of fugitive dust that can contain arthroconidia of the pathogen and thus it is becoming a health hazard. Natural microbial antagonists to C. immitis, that are adapted to arid desert soils could be used for biocontrol attempts to suppress the growth of the pathogen in situ to reduce the risk for humans and animals of contracting coccidioidomycosis. Bacteria were isolated from soil samples obtained near Bakersfield, California. Subsequently, pairwise challenge assays with bacterial pure cultures were initially performed against Uncinocarpus reesii, a non-pathogenic relative of C. immitis on media plates. Bacterial isolates that exhibited strongly antifungal properties were then re-challenged against C. immitis. Strongly anti-C. immitis bacterial isolates related to Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces spp. were isolated, and their antifungal spectrum was investigated using a selection of environmental fungi.

Circadian control of lung inflammation in influenza infection.

Influenza is a leading cause of respiratory mortality and morbidity. While inflammation is essential for fighting infection, a balance of anti-viral defense and host tolerance is necessary for recovery. Circadian rhythms have been shown to modulate inflammation. However, the importance of diurnal variability in the timing of influenza infection is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that endogenous rhythms affect survival in influenza infection. Circadian control of influenza infection is mediated by enhanced inflammation as proven by increased cellularity in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), pulmonary transcriptomic profile and histology and is not attributable to viral burden. Better survival is associated with a time dependent preponderance of NK and NKT cells and lower proportion of inflammatory monocytes in the lung. Further, using a series of genetic mouse mutants, we elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying circadian gating of influenza infection.

Hipoglucemia tumoral dependiente y no dependiente de células ß-pancreáticas, un reto diagnóstico / Tumor and non-tumor mediated hypoglycemia by pancreatic beta cells, a diagnostic challenge

La hipoglucemia es una urgencia médica frecuente que en la mayoría de los casos es secundaria al uso de fármacos hipoglucemiantes, orales o inyectados, indicados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. No obstante, puede presentarse en forma espontánea y severa relacionándose con múltiples condiciones clínicas, incluyendo las neoplasias. Ante una hipoglucemia de origen paraneoplásico se deben reconocer los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que la generan y establecer el diagnóstico oportuno y preciso para disminuir las complicaciones propias de este síndrome clínico. Presentamos dos pacientes con cuadro de hipoglucemia refractaria al manejo médico inicial, de aparición similar con patologías diferentes. El primer caso corresponde a un paciente con insulinoma y el segundo con un hemangiopericitoma.

Hypoglycemia is a common medical emergency which is mostly secondary to the use of oral or injected hypoglycemic drugs indicated in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, it can present spontaneously and severely in relation to multiple clinical conditions, including neoplasms. When faced with hypoglycemia associated with paraneoplastic disorders, the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypoglycemia must be recognized and a timely and accurate diagnosis must be established in order to diminish complications inherent to this clinical syndrome. We herein present two patients with hypoglycemia refractory to initial medical management, sharing similar appearance with other pathologies. The first case corresponds to a patient with an insulinoma and the second to a patient with a hemangiopericytoma.

Obesidad: ¿Factor de riesgo o enfermedad? / Obesity: risk factor or primary disease?

Obesity is a global health problem. Its worldwide prevalence has tripled between 1975 and 2016, reaching a prevalence in Chile of 34.4%, according to the National Health Survey 2016-2017. If this condition corresponds to a risk factor or primary disease is a widely discussed issue. It is recognized as a disease by the American Medical Association and World Health Organization, based on its metabolic and hormonal features, such as dysregulation of appetite, abnormal energy balance and endocrine dysfunction, among others. Its main environmental risk factors are the consumption of ultra-processed foods and sedentariness. Preventive measures at the population level are fundamental, emphasizing promotion and prevention using a transdisciplinary approach. The individual approach in the management of obesity should improve the quality of life, avoid early mortality, reduce cardiovascular risk, and reduce the progression to type 2 diabetes and incidence of cancer. Thus, an adequate management and control of obesity would have a great impact in our society.

Carcinoma diferenciado de la glándula tiroidea: hallazgos en 16 años de manejo multidisciplinario / Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: findings after 16 years of multidisciplinary management

Introducción. La falta de una clasificación preoperatoria confiable para determinar el riesgo de recaída en cáncer diferenciado de tiroides, nos motivó a explorar factores que pudieran ofrecer algunos indicios para plantear hipótesis que explicaran las diferencias entre el comportamiento de nuestros casos y lo reportado en la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo del tipo serie de casos, tomando la información registrada en la historia clínica de individuos con carcinoma de tiroides, tratados por el grupo de especialistas de Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello, Medicina Nuclear, Endocrinología y Patología de una clínica especializada con nivel IV de atención de Bogotá, Colombia, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2012. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 501 registros de cáncer de tiroides, de los cuales, 469 (93,6 %) correspondían a carcinoma diferenciado. La distribución por sexo fue predominantemente femenina, 418 (83,4 %). Se observó asociación significativa entre recidiva y siete factores histopatológicos. La mediana para el tiempo de seguimiento fue de 38 meses (rango, 1 a 312). Se documentó recidiva tumoral en 59 pacientes (12,6 %) con una mediana para el tiempo libre de recaída de 31 meses (rango, 7 a 288). La supervivencia observada a 5 y 10 años fue de 97,4 % y 96,8 %, respectivamente. Discusión. La presencia de factores histopatológicos, la falta de una clasificación preoperatoria para establecer el riesgo de recaída, de mortalidad o de ambos, y el deficiente sistema de salud que no permite un adecuado seguimiento de los pacientes, pueden ser razones suficientes para justificar una citorreducción quirúrgica agresiva como tratamiento inicial del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides.

Introduction. The lack of a reliable preoperative classification system for determining the risk of a recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer that has low mortality led us to conduct a descriptive study in order to identify histological, surgical and complementary therapeutic factors that could be used to generate hypotheses that could explain the differences between the results of our cases and what is reported in the literature. Materials and Methods. A descriptive study of the case series type was conducted, using information recorded in the medical records of individuals with a thyroid carcinoma treated by the group of specialists in head and neck surgery, nuclear medicine, endocrinology and pathology at a Level IV specialized clinic, in the city of Bogotá D.C., Colombia, Fundación Cardioinfantil, Instituto de Cardiología, from January 1997, through December 2012. Results. There were 501 cases of thyroid cancer, of which 469 (93.6%) corresponded to DTC. Gender distribution was predominantly feminine: 418 (83.4%). Subtotal thyroidectomy was carried out on 61 patients (13%), total thyroidectomy on 58 patients (12.4%). Seven histopathological factors were significant. Tumor recurrence was documented in 59 patients (12.6%) with a median recurrence-free time of 31 months (range 7-288). Survival observed at 5 and 10 years was 97.4% and 96.8%, respectively. Discussion. In according with our findings, tumors larger than 2cm, the high percentage of PTC aggressive histological variants, multicentricity, bilaterality, metastatic lymph nodes in the upper-anterior mediastenum, the lack of a reliable preoperative classification for establishing the risk of recurrence and/or mortality and our deficient health system that does not allow proper follow-up, constitute enough reasons for performing an aggressive surgical approach as the first line of treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer.