A systematic review of the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperthyroidism (HT) has been associated with no insignificant rates of thyroid malignancy. There are no current specific guidelines that suggest routine preoperative imaging for thyroid nodules in patients with Grave's disease. We therefore performed a systematic review assessing rates of thyroid malignancy in patients undergoing surgery for different causes of HT: Grave's disease (GD), toxic adenoma (TA) and toxic multinodular goitre (TMNG). METHODS: Major databases (MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cochrane library) were searched to identify eligible studies. RESULTS: After searching and appraising, 33 papers were found to be eligible for analysis. The mean overall rate of malignancy was 8.5% (range 0.8%-32.4%). The mean rates based on histological subtype were as follows: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 3.1% (range 0%-13.2%); micropapillary carcinoma (mPTC), 5.1% (range 0%-16.9%); and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), 0.8% (range 0%-4.4%). In those patients who had preoperative imaging, mean malignancy rates were higher in patients with pre-identified nodules (19.8%) compared to those without any nodules (8.7%). Mean rates were lower in patients with GD/diffuse goitre (5.9%) compared to patients with TA (6.5%) and TMNG (12%). CONCLUSION: Hyperthyroidism is associated with notable rates of thyroid cancer, although the mechanisms for this are not clear. The presence of nodules increases this risk. This review raises the question for considering preoperative assessment of nodules in all patients undergoing surgery for HT, in order to correctly assess and evaluate any patients with suspected concurrent thyroid malignancy, before proceeding with surgery.

Do salivary bypass tubes lower the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula following total laryngectomy? A retrospective analysis of predictive factors using multivariate analysis.

Salivary bypass tubes (SBT) are increasingly used to prevent pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) following laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy. There is minimal evidence as to their efficacy and literature is limited. The aim of the study was to determine if SBT prevent PCF. The study was a multicentre retrospective case control series (level of evidence 3b). Patients who underwent laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy for cancer or following cancer treatment between 2011 and 2014 were included in the study. The primary outcome was development of a PCF. Other variables recorded were age, sex, prior radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, prior tracheostomy, type of procedure, concurrent neck dissection, use of flap reconstruction, use of prophylactic antibiotics, the suture material used for the anastomosis, tumour T stage, histological margins, day one post-operative haemoglobin and whether a salivary bypass tube was used. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. A total of 199 patients were included and 24 received salivary bypass tubes. Fistula rates were 8.3% in the SBT group (2/24) and 24.6% in the control group (43/175). This was not statistically significant on univariate (p value 0.115) or multivariate analysis (p value 0.076). In addition, no other co-variables were found to be significant. No group has proven a benefit of salivary bypass tubes on multivariate analysis. The study was limited by a small case group, variations in tube duration and subjects given a tube may have been identified as high risk of fistula. Further prospective studies are warranted prior to recommendation of salivary bypass tubes following laryngectomy.

Complications Associated With the Use of Autologous Costal Cartilage in Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Autologous costal cartilage grafts are common in rhinoplasty. To date, no formal systematic review of complications associated with autologous costal cartilage grafting in rhinoplasty exists. OBJECTIVES: The authors review current literature to examine the rates of donor and recipient site complications associated with autologous costal cartilage in rhinoplasty. METHODS: Databases (EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and references of pertinent articles were searched between January 1980 to July 2014 to find studies evaluating rates of complications with autologous costal cartilage grafting in rhinoplasty. These studies were then screened with specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, and data were extracted from included studies and pooled for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 21 eligible studies were included. Pooled donor site complication incidence was pneumothorax (0.1%), pleural tear (0.6%), infection (0.6%), seroma (0.6%), scar-related problems (2.9%), and severe donor site pain (0.2%). Pooled recipient site complications were as follows: warping (5.2%), infection (2.5%), displacement/extrusion (0.6%), graft fracture (0.2%), and graft resorption (0.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Autologous costal rhinoplasty remains a safe procedure, but is associated with not insignificant rates of minor recipient site complications, such as warping. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Therapeutic.

Quantitative Measurements in Otological Surgery: Use of an Endoscopic Integrated Multipoint Laser System.

OBJECTIVES: Assess the clinical utility of an Endoscopic Integrated Multipoint Laser System (EMLS) to otology. This is an emerging technology from automotive engineering that may offer the ability to accurately measure anatomy and pathology using an endoscope while undertaking ear surgery. PATIENTS: Simulated otology patients were used incorporating the Phacon Temporal Bone synthetic models and Kyoto Kagaku Ear Examination Simulator models to allow assessment of the EMLS technology in evaluating external ear and middle ear pathology, e.g., perforation or prosthesis sizing. INTERVENTION: Eight otolaryngology resident and fellows at a tertiary university teaching hospital were given training in EMLS and reviewed simulated anatomy and pathology within the models including tympanic membrane perforation, ossicular discontinuity, and a cochleostomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Variance in measurement was assessed in relation to those made manually by an independent surgeon using surgical calipers (0.1 mm). RESULTS: The 8 participants produced 47 mean measurements. The mean difference from independently made manual measurement was 0.294 mm (standard error of the mean 0.033). Maximum variance was 0.98 mm and minimum 0.01 mm. CONCLUSION: Use of an integrated endoscopic laser measurement tool allows reliable, easy-to-obtain measurements to be obtained within a simulated otological surgical environment. Translation of the technology to a thinner delivery system through a rigid endoscope offers further promise for routine use in a clinical setting.

Coblation® intracapsular tonsillectomy in children with recurrent tonsillitis: Initial experience.

OBJECTIVES: The use of Coblation® intracapsular tonsillectomy for the treatment of sleep disordered breathing (SDB)/obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has an increasing evidence base. However, the results for tonsillitis as the predominant indication for surgery are not as clear. We present our initial results from 80 paediatric cases undergoing Coblation® intracapsular tonsillectomy for infective indications. METHODS: Prospective case series within the secondary care environment, January 2016-July 2018, all with completed follow-up. We utilised the validated T14 tonsil symptom questionnaire pre- and postoperatively and also collected data regarding postoperative complications. RESULTS: 80 consecutive patients (age range 2-16 years and mean 7.2 years) undergoing Coblation® intracapsular tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) predominantly for infective reasons although some also had concomitant adenoidectomy for snoring/sleep disordered breathing were included. Mean follow-up was at 13 months postoperatively. 38 children had tonsillitis (with or without snoring) and 42 children had SDB in combination with tonsillitis. The mean over-all total T14 score was 32.7 preoperatively and 2.7 postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean infective score was 22.1 preoperatively and 1.5 postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The mean SDB score was 10.6 preoperatively and 1.5 postoperatively (p < 0.0001). There were no cases of haemorrhage, re-admission or regrowth noted. CONCLUSION: Coblation® intracapsular tonsillectomy is a safe and effective technique for treating children with recurrent tonsillitis. Future studies should incorporate longer term follow-up.

Multiple concurrent atypical parathyroid adenomas: a rare occurrence.

We present a case of an 80-year-old patient with three concurrent multiple atypical parathyroid adenomas. The patient was managed with bilateral parathyroid exploration and concurrent parathyroidectomy. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Atypical parathyroid adenomas are a rare entity that are clinically difficult to distinguish from parathyroid carcinoma. Histological characteristics are similar however atypical adenomas lack complete capsular or vascular invasion and cannot be considered malignant. All reported cases of atypical parathyroid adenoma are solitary lesions. We present the first case of multiple concurrent atypical parathyroid adenomas.

A UK reported case of Graves' disease with thyroid hemiagenesis.

We present a rare case of a 31-year-old patient with Graves' disease with agenesis of the left thyroid lobe. The patient was managed with a right hemithyroidectomy and isthmusectomy as definitively treatment of Graves' disease. The patient had an uneventful postoperative outcome and the histology was benign and consistent with Graves' disease. This is a rare case in the literature of Graves' disease with unilateral thyroid agenesis, and to our knowledge is the first reported case from the UK.

Use of steroids for facial nerve paralysis after parotidectomy: A systematic review.

AIM: To systematically review the literature to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids in treating post-parotidectomy facial nerve palsy (FNP). METHODS: We searched the Cochrane library, EMBASE and MEDLINE (from inception to 2014) for studies assessing the use of corticosteroids in post-parotidectomy FNP. Studies were assessed for inclusion and quality. Data was extracted from included studies. RESULTS: Two randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. One study assessed the use of dexamethasone and the other prednisolone. None of the studies demonstrated a significant difference in the outcome of FNP post-parotidectomy with the use of corticosteroids vs no therapy. The majority of FNP post-parotidectomy is transient. Preoperative factors (size of tumour and malignancy), intraoperative factors (extent of parotidectomy and integrity of facial nerve at the end of the operation) are important in determining prognosis of FNP if it does occur. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids do not appear to improve FNP prognosis post-parotidectomy. Further studies assessing patients by cohort and with long term follow-up are required to increase scientific evidence.

An ingested foreign body: two sides of the same coin?

A 2-year-old child presented to the emergency department with an acute onset of dysphagia and stertor. A plain anteroposterior chest X-ray revealed a single circular opacity in the middle third of the oesophagus consistent with an ingested coin. The child was taken to the theatre for rigid pharyngo-oesophagoscopy and removal of the coin. After the first coin was removed subsequent endoscopic examination revealed a second coin at the same location. This extremely rare case of two ingested coins becoming impacted with perfect radiological alignment emphasises the importance of thorough examination on endoscopy and the potential limitations of an X-ray in initial assessment of an ingested foreign body.

Blood, sweat and tears: androgenic-anabolic steroid misuse and recurrent primary post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.

A 30-year-old male body builder and androgenic-anabolic steroid and insulin abuser was admitted for day case elective tonsillectomy (bipolar). He returned with primary post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage 18 h after the operation and required bipolar cautery to the multiple small bleeding points in the right and left tonsillar fossa. Thorough coagulation screen was normal. Recurrent primary haemorrhage occurred 3 h post-operatively requiring immediate surgical intervention, removal of the inferior poles, precautionary throat packs, intubation and observation on the intensive treatment unit (ITU). Re-examination in theatre revealed a bleeding left superior pole that was under-run to achieve haemostasis and the patient returned to ITU. Hypertensive episodes were noted in the emergency department and intraoperatively including one recording >200 mm Hg. Haemostasis was eventually achieved once the blood pressure was adequately controlled. A slow wean of steroids was also instigated and the patient was managed on a surgical ward for 2 weeks post-tonsillectomy.