Understanding the health benefits and technological properties of ß-glucan for the development of easy-to-swallow gels to guarantee food security among seniors.

The world's population is growing rapidly and the number of elderly people with undernutrition and malnutrition is increasing. Common health problems among seniors are cardiovascular, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, and cognitive disorders, cancer, diabetes, psychological and dental problems. The food industry is trying to meet the demands of an aging society, but these efforts are not sufficient. New strategies are needed, and they demand foods development with modified textures that are easy to swallow, such as gels suitable for seniors. Depending on the specific needs of the elderly, bioactive compounds with health benefits should be included in food systems. Novel foods may play an important role in the prevention, maintenance, and treatment of age-related diseases. One of the most studied bioactive compound is ß-glucan, a polysaccharide with approved health claims confirmed by clinical trials, such as "ß-glucan contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels" and "the consumption of ß-glucan from oats or barley contributes to the reduction of postprandial glucose spikes." In this review, the health benefits, and technological properties of ß-glucan for the development of senior-friendly ready-to-swallow gels were described. In addition, some patents and studies conducted in connection with the development of the gel systems were collected.

2-Chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone derivative of quercetin as an inhibitor of aldose reductase and anti-inflammatory agent.

The ability of flavonoids to affect multiple key pathways of glucose toxicity, as well as to attenuate inflammation has been well documented. In this study, the inhibition of rat lens aldose reductase by 3,7-di-hydroxy-2-[4-(2-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone-3-yloxy)-3-hydroxy-phenyl]-5-hydroxy-chromen-4-one (compound 1), was studied in greater detail in comparison with the parent quercetin (compound 2). The inhibition activity of 1, characterized by IC50 in low micromolar range, surpassed that of 2. Selectivity in relation to the closely related rat kidney aldehyde reductase was evaluated. At organ level in isolated rat lenses incubated in the presence of high glucose, compound 1 significantly inhibited accumulation of sorbitol in a concentration-dependent manner, which indicated that 1 was readily taken up by the eye lens cells and interfered with cytosolic aldose reductase. In addition, compound 1 provided macroscopic protection of colonic mucosa in experimental colitis in rats. At pharmacologically active concentrations, compound 1 and one of its potential metabolite 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (compound 3) did not affect osmotic fragility of red blood cells.

Novel quercetin derivatives in treatment of peroxynitrite-oxidized SERCA1.

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase (SERCA) is regulated by low concentrations of peroxynitrite and inhibited by high levels, as indicated in human diseases. We studied quercetin (Q) and its novel derivatives monochloropivaloylquercetin (MPQ) and chloronaphthoquinonequercetin (CHQ) as agents with expected preventive properties against peroxynitrite-induced SERCA impairment. Q and MPQ protected the SERCA1 against peroxynitrite induced activity decrease, while CHQ potentiated the inhibitory effect of peroxynitrite. Quercetin derivatives were found to be weaker antioxidants compared with Q, as indicated by their ability to scavenge peroxynitrite and prevent of SERCA1 carbonylation, both decreasing in the order (Q > MPQ > CHQ). Quantum-chemical values of theoretical parameter E HOMO also indicated lower antioxidant capacities for MPQ and CHQ. Prooxidant properties estimated by calculations of frontier molecular orbitals (E LUMO) correlated with experimentally determined SH-group decrease induced by the compounds studied. Both methods showed a decrease of prooxidant properties as follows: CHQ > MPQ > Q. In addition, experimentally measured half-wave potentials indicated stronger prooxidant properties of quercetin derivatives as compared to Q. More expressive alterations of conformation in the transmembrane region of SERCA1 induced by quercetin derivatives, as compared with Q, may at least partially correlate with their higher lipophilicities. The protective effects of Q and MPQ on different isoforms of SERCA activity may be useful in prevention and treatment of inflammation or muscle diseases. The inhibitory effect of CHQ on SERCA isoforms may be beneficial in therapeutic approaches aimed at anti-tumor treatment.

Effects of novel quercetin derivatives on sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity.

OBJECTIVES: We examined effect of novel quercetin derivatives on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-ATPase activity isolated from skeletal muscles and their potential to prevent injury of SERCA induced by peroxynitrite that is elevated in multiple pathological processes. METHODS: SR was isolated by ultracentrifugation, ATPase activity of SERCA was measured by NADH-coupled enzyme assay. Sulfhydryl and carbonyl groups content was determined to test oxidation of SERCA. Conformational changes in ATP and calcium binding site were assessed using specific fluorescent labels. RESULTS: Di(diacetylcafeoyl)-mono-(monoacetylcafeoyl) quercetin (DACQ) restored and diquercetin significantly decreased activity of SERCA in the presence of peroxynitrite. Diquercetin significantly decreased SERCA activity in absence of peroxynitrite. All tested quercetin derivatives decreased thiol group content of SR and caused change in SERCA conformation. Significant decrease of protein carbonyls was observed in SERCA treated with di(diacetylcafeoyl)-mono-(monoacetylcafeoyl) quercetin in the presence of peroxynitrite. CONCLUSION: DACQ protected SERCA in SR against formation of carbonyls in vitro and protected activity of the pump against inhibition caused by peroxynitrite. However, none tested quercetin derivative did protect SERCA against conformational changes and sulfhydryl group oxidation. Diquercetin inhibited SERCA at relatively low concentrations in the presence of peroxynitrite. Diquercetin and DACQ may prove to be beneficial in treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases, respectively.

Effect of different molecular coatings on the heating properties of maghemite nanoparticles.

In this work, the effect of different molecular coatings on the alternating magnetic field-induced heating properties of 15 nm maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) in water dispersions was studied at different frequencies (159-782 kHz) and field amplitudes (100-400 G). The original hydrophobic oleate coating was replaced with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) or polyethylene glycol trimethoxysilane (PEGTMS), while cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) or stearic acid-poloxamer 188 (SA-P188) was intercalated or encapsulated, respectively, to transfer the dispersions into water. Surface modification, based on intercalation processes, induced clustering phenomena with the formation of spherical-like assemblies (CTAB and SA-P188), while ligand-exchange strategies kept the particles isolated. The clustering phenomenon has detrimental effects on the heating performances compared with isolated systems, in line with the reduction of Brown relaxation times. Furthermore, broader comprehension of the heating phenomenon in this dynamic system is obtained by following the evolution of SPA and ILP with time and temperature beyond the initial stage.

Chiral, Magnetic, and Photosensitive Liquid Crystalline Nanocomposites Based on Multifunctional Nanoparticles and Achiral Liquid Crystals.

Nanoparticles serving as a multifunctional and multiaddressable dopant to modify the properties of liquid crystalline matrices are developed by combining cobalt ferrite nanocrystals with organic ligands featuring a robust photosensitive unit and a source of chirality from the natural pool. These nanoparticles provide a stable nanocomposite when dispersed in achiral liquid crystals, giving rise to chiral supramolecular structures that can respond to UV-light illumination, and, at the same time, the formed nanocomposite possesses strong magnetic response. We report on a nanocomposite that shows three additional functionalities (chirality and responsiveness to UV light and magnetic field) upon the introduction of a single dopant into achiral liquid crystals.

Thermal Traits of MNPs under High-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Disentangling the Effect of Size and Coating.

We investigated the heating abilities of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a high-frequency magnetic field (MF) as a function of surface coating and size. The cobalt ferrite MNPs were obtained by a hydrothermal method in a water-oleic acid-ethanol system, yielding MNPs with mean diameter of about 5 nm, functionalized with the oleic acid. By applying another cycle of hydrothermal synthesis, we obtained MNPs with about one nm larger diameter. In the next step, the oleic acid was exchanged for 11-maleimidoundecanoic acid or 11-(furfurylureido)undecanoic acid. For the heating experiments, all samples were dispersed in the same solvent (dichloroethane) in the same concentration and the heating performance was studied in a broad interval of MF frequencies (346-782 kHz). The obtained results enabled us to disentangle the impact of the hydrodynamic, structural, and magnetic parameters on the overall heating capabilities. We also demonstrated that the specific power absorption does not show a monotonous trend within the series in the investigated interval of temperatures, pointing to temperature-dependent competition of the Brownian and Néel contributions in heat release.

Self-Limitations of Heat Release in Coupled Core-Shell Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles: Frequency, Time, and Temperature Dependencies.

We explored a series of highly uniform magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a core-shell nanoarchitecture prepared by an efficient solvothermal approach. In our study, we focused on the water dispersion of MNPs based on two different CoFe2O4 core sizes and the chemical nature of the shell (MnFe2O4 and spinel iron oxide). We performed an uncommon systematic investigation of the time and temperature evolution of the adiabatic heat release at different frequencies of the alternating magnetic field (AMF). Our systematic study elucidates the nontrivial variations in the heating efficiency of core-shell MNPs concerning their structural, magnetic, and morphological properties. In addition, we identified anomalies in the temperature and frequency dependencies of the specific power absorption (SPA). We conclude that after the initial heating phase, the heat release is governed by the competition of the Brown and Néel mechanism. In addition, we demonstrated that a rational parameter sufficiently mirroring the heating ability is the mean magnetic moment per MNP. Our study, thus, paves the road to fine control of the AMF-induced heating by MNPs with fine-tuned structural, chemical, and magnetic parameters. Importantly, we claim that the nontrivial variations of the SPA with the temperature must be considered, e.g., in the emerging concept of MF-assisted catalysis, where the temperature profile influences the undergoing chemical reactions.

Beta-glucan and arabinogalactan-based xerogels for abuse-deterrent opioid formulations.

Novel polysaccharide hydrogels based on Methocel and beta-glucan or arabinogalactan and corresponding xerogels were prepared and described. Phase stability of hydrogels was confirmed over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Binary beta-glucan:Methocel hydrogels showed the highest freeze-thaw stability in terms of their syneresis. The viscosity of binary hydrogels was further increased by adding water-soluble resin. Freeze drying of polysaccharide gels yields xerogels suitable as abuse-deterrent vehicles for opioid delivery. The xerogels were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and by their swelling behavior. As a model opioid, tramadol hydrochloride formulations were prepared with various xerogel matrices and dissolution-release profiles were determined. The xerogel matrix acts as a functional excipient that forms a viscous gel barrier with decreased rate of tramadol release. Moreover, slower drug release with no dose dumping is observed in the presence of ethanol. The release kinetics demonstrated that hydrophilic gels with beta-glucan or arabinogalactan are effective for controlling and prolonging the drug release for 12 h which could reduce the required number of administrations.

Thermoreversible magnetic nanochains.

The reversible organization of nanomagnets into highly anisotropic assemblies is of considerable interest for many applications, including theragnostic strategies in vivo. The current preparation strategies lead to structures that are not stable without the permanent presence of an applied magnetic field (MF); otherwise, irreversible assemblies are produced with moderate shape anisotropy at nanoscales. Here, we present a new approach based on the thermoreversible Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of an external MF that enables the assembly of single-domain nanomagnets into narrow chains with lengths of several micrometers. The MF-assisted click chemistry approach included (i) the synthesis of nanoparticles through a modified hydrothermal method, (ii) their functionalization via ligand exchange, (iii) the MF-assisted formation of chains, and (iv) the linkage of the nanomagnets in the presence of the magnetic field. Moreover, the chains can be again disassembled at elevated temperatures through a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. We thus demonstrated for the first time that MF-assisted click chemistry is a convenient method for large-scale preparation of highly anisotropic assemblies of nanosized magnets that can be reversibly decomposed by thermal treatment.

TLC analysis of intermediates arising during the preparation of oxime HI-6 dimethanesulfonate.

In this study, several thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods are described for the identification of quaternary and non-quaternary compounds (parent compounds, intermediates, by-products, and products) arisen within the synthesis of the acetylcholinesterase reactivator HI-6, at present the most promising antidote in the case of nerve agent poisonings. Using the TLC technique, particular E and Z isomers of this compound on the oxime group are separated. These TLC methods could be of high interest as quick purity control for those who are interested in development of new acetylcholinesterase reactivators and the synthesis of HI-6 in laboratories or in large-scale production.

Arabinogalactan:ß-glucan as novel biodegradable carriers for recombinant human thrombin.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of incorporating thrombin in arabinogalactan (AG)/ß-glucan (BG)-based carriers. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Results, especially deconvoluted XRPD patterns indicated creation of new phases and potential complex formation. Results also highlighted that the AG carrier leads to higher residual thrombin-specific activity, while the in vivo haemostatic effect was enhanced when insoluble BG was present in the matrix. Our results confirm that thrombin can be successfully added to the carriers and that these materials are promising alternatives to standard vehicles.

New screening method for the determination of stability of pharmaceuticals.

A rapid method for obtaining the parameters describing the lengths of oxidation induction periods from non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry measurements, based on the dependence of onset temperature of the oxidation peak on heating rate, is presented. The method has been applied for screening the stability of a set of three pharmaceuticals. The order of stabilities of the compounds obtained by the method coincides with the order determined by classical stability tests.

Can semi-synthetic flavonoids return old microglia to their youthful state?

A number of studies have indicated that brain inflammation may deteriorate during normal aging and that neuroinflammation is amplified in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. A pivotal role in age-related neuroinflammatory pathologies is attributed to amplified and prolonged activation of microglia. In addition, microglia from the aged brain were reported as senescent displaying many functional impairments. Flavonoids were shown to be promising molecules in modulation of neuroinflammation. Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, was proven to downregulate inflammatory genes in microglia. Synthetically modified quercetin, 3´-O-(3-chloropivaloyl)quercetin (CPQ), is assumed to posses better biological availability and enhanced antioxidant properties. In the present study, the antineuroinflammatory capacity of CPQ was assessed in BV-2 microglial cells and rat primary microglia. CPQ suppressed more efficiently than its precursor quercetin LPS-induced NO production and iNOS protein expression. However, neither of the compounds tested influenced significantly phagocytosis of BV-2 cells. In addition, CPQ showed a somewhat better suppression of PMA-induced generation of superoxide than did quercetin. Unlike quercetin, CPQ caused a decline in BV-2 microglia proliferation (without any impact on cell viability) along with interference with cell cycle progression. Both compounds tested at 10uM concentration notably enhanced viability of microglia-enriched cultures prepared from 22-month-old rat brains. This was followed by suppression of lipofuscin-like autofluorescence, improvement of lysosomal function and protection of mitochondria in the old microglia. These results can highlight the therapeutic potential of CPQ as a novel antiinflammatory drug in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, our data suggest that both natural and semisynthetic flavonoids might protect functions of old microglia [VEGA2/0031/12,1/0076/13;APVV-0052-10;ITMS26240220040].

Antioxidant action and cytotoxicity on HeLa and NIH-3T3 cells of new quercetin derivatives.

Quercetin is a natural polyphenol with proven health beneficial activities. In this study 15 new quercetin derivatives were prepared with the aim to enhance their bioavailability. Modification of their physicochemical properties could herewith improve the action in cells. The prepared compounds were tested for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. The ability to scavenge free radicals as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power of the new derivatives was not better than that of unmodified quercetin. But for acetylated esters a better cytotoxic activity was found on human cervical cancer cells HeLa than for the initial molecule. The best effect revealed chloronaphtoquinone quercetin (IC50=13.2 µM). For this compound comparable cytotoxic action on non-cancer murine fibroblast cells was detected (IC50=16.5 µM). The obtained results indicate that appropriate lipophilization of the quercetin molecule could improve its cytotoxic action in cells, probably due to its enhanced bioavailability.

Screening for antiradical efficiency of 21 semi-synthetic derivatives of quercetin in a DPPH assay.

The group of 21 novel semi-synthetic derivatives of quercetin was screened for the antiradical efficiency in a DPPH assay. The initial fast absorbance decrease of DPPH, corresponding to the transfer of the most labile H atoms, was followed by a much slower absorbance decline representing the residual antiradical activity of the antioxidant degradation products. Initial velocity of DPPH decolorization determined for the first 75-s interval was used as a marker of the antiradical activity. Application of the kinetic parameter allowed good discrimination between the polyphenolic compounds studied. The most efficient chloronaphthoquinone derivative (compound Ia) was characterized by antiradical activity higher than that of quercetin and comparable with that of trolox. Under the experimental conditions used, one molecule of Ia was found to quench 2.6±0.1 DPPH radicals.

Modulation of rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase activity by novel quercetin derivatives.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) is the pump crucial for calcium homeostasis and its impairment results in pathologies such as myopathy, heart failure or diabetes. Modulation of SERCA activity may represent an approach to the therapy of diseases with SERCA impairment involvment. Quercetin is flavonoid known to modulate SERCA activity. We examined the effect of nine novel quercetin derivatives on the activity of the pump. We found that 5-morpholinohydroxypoxyquercetin, di(prenylferuoyl)quercetin, di(diacetylcaffeoyl)-mono-(monoacetylcaffeoyl)quercetin and monoacetylferuloylquercetin stimulated the activity of SERCA. On the contrary, monochloropivaloylquercetin, tri(chloropivaloyl)quercetin, pentaacetylquercetin, tri(trimethylgalloyl)quercetin and diquercetin inhibited the activity of the pump. To identify compounds with a potential to protect SERCA against free radicals, we assessed the free radical scavenging activity of quercetin derivatives. We also related lipophilicity, an index of the ability to incorporate into the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum, to the modulatury effect of quercetin derivatives on SERCA activity. In addition to its ability to stimulate SERCA, di(prenylferuloyl)quercetin showed excellent radical scavenging activity.