Photochemoprevention of topical formulation containing purified fraction of Inga edulis leaves extract.

Natural antioxidants have attracted attention for their therapeutic use as photochemopreventive agents. Inga edulis leaves extract and its purified fraction have high polyphenolic content and high antioxidant capacity. In addition, they presented UV photostability and low citotoxicity in fibroblast cells. In this context, this study first aimed at development of topical formulation containing purified fraction of I. edulis extract and the evaluation of skin penetration of the compounds. Moreover, the photoprotective/photochemopreventive potential of the formulation containing I. edulis purified fraction were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The topical formulation containing 1% of the purified fraction of I. edulis increased the endogenous antioxidant potential of the skin, and vicenin-2 and myricetin compounds were able to penetrate the epidermis and dermis. Additionally, the purified fraction (25 and 50 mg/mL) showed a photoprotective effect against UVA and UVB radiation in L929 fibroblast cells. In vivo studies have shown that the formulation added with purified fraction provided an anti-inflammatory effect on the skin of animals after UVB exposure, since it was observed a reduction in MPO activity, IL-1ß and TNF-α cytokines, and CXCL1/KC chemokine concentrations. In conclusion, the purified fraction of I. edulis, rich in phenolic compounds, when incorporated in topical formulation, appears as an alternative to prevent skin damages induced by UV radiation, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Recent patent applications for coffee and coffee by-products as active ingredients in cosmetics.

OBJECTIVE: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, and its production and consumption generate large amounts of by-products annually. Coffee by-products and coffee beans are rich in bioactive compounds of great commercial value, including potential applications as active ingredients in skin care products and cosmetic formulations. In addition, there has been growing interest in the use of natural ingredients for cosmetic purposes. Considering the importance of coffee in the world economy, its chemical constituents with potential for cosmetic and dermatological application, and the importance of patents for innovation and technological development, the present study aimed to review recent patents involving coffee and coffee by-product use in cosmetics. METHODS: This review was carried out using Espacenet. The following inclusion criteria were established: patents that included the terms "coffee" and "skin" in the title, abstract and claims and belonged to the classification A61Q, which is related to the "specific use of cosmetics or similar toilet preparations" considering the International Patent Classification (IPC) or Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC). RESULTS: Considering the 52 patents analysed, the bean was the main way to obtain extracts (39), followed by green beans (7), silverskin (3), peel and pulp (1), pulp (1) and beans and leaves (1). The formulations are mainly intended for use in nonspecific areas of skin (29), eye areas (12), scalp hair (9) and lip skin (2) with claims of anti-ageing, moisturizers, sun protection, hair growth, anti-dandruff, etc. CONCLUSION: Coffee and its residues have high amounts of phenolic compounds, caffeine, fatty acids and other substances known to have important biological properties for the skin. Coffee and its by-products are promising ingredients to be incorporated into topical formulations, ensuring skin health benefits and reducing the environmental impact.

OBJECTIF: Le café est l'une des boissons les plus consommées dans le monde, et sa production et sa consommation génèrent chaque année de grandes quantités de sous-produits. Les sous-produits du café et les grains de café sont riches en composés bioactifs d'une grande valeur commerciale, y compris des applications potentielles en tant qu'ingrédients actifs dans les produits de soins de la peau et les formulations cosmétiques. De plus, il y a eu un intérêt croissant pour l'utilisation d'ingrédients naturels à des fins cosmétiques. Compte tenu de l'importance du café dans l'économie mondiale, de ses constituants chimiques ayant un potentiel d'application cosmétique et dermatologique, et de l'importance des brevets pour l'innovation et le développement technologique, la présente étude visait à examiner les brevets récents concernant l'utilisation du café et des sous-produits du café dans les cosmétiques. MÉTHODES: Cette revue a été réalisée à l'aide d'Espacenet. Les critères d'inclusion suivants ont été établis: les brevets qui incluaient les termes "café" et "peau" dans le titre, l'abrégé et les revendications et appartenaient à la classification A61Q, qui est liée à "l'utilisation spécifique de cosmétiques ou de préparations de toilette similaires" compte tenu de la Classification internationale des brevets ou Classification coopérative des brevets. RÉSULTATS: Considérant les 52 brevets analysés, le grain était le principal moyen d'obtenir des extraits (39), suivi du grain vert (7), du silverskin (3), de la peau et de la pulpe (1), de la pulpe (1) et des grains et des feuilles (1). Les formulations sont principalement destinées à être utilisées dans des zones non spécifiques de la peau (29), des yeux (12), des cheveux du cuir chevelu (9) et de la peau des lèvres (2) avec des revendications anti-âge, hydratantes, protection solaire, croissance des cheveux, antipelliculaire, etc. CONCLUSION: Le café et ses résidus contiennent de grandes quantités de composés phénoliques, de caféine, d'acides gras et d'autres substances connues pour avoir des propriétés biologiques importantes pour la peau. Le café et ses sous-produits sont des ingrédients prometteurs à incorporer dans des formulations topiques, garantissant des bienfaits pour la santé de la peau et réduisant l'impact environnemental.

Chemical characterisation by UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS and antibacterial potential of Coffea arabica L. leaves: A coffee by-product.

INTRODUCTION: Coffea arabica L. leaves are considered a by-product of the coffee industry however they are sources of several bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and the in vitro antibacterial activity of the lyophilised ethanol extract of arabica coffee leaves (EE-CaL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The chemical characterisation of EE-CaL was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS). The in vitro antibacterial effect of EE-CaL was evaluated using the broth microdilution method and the adapted drop plate agar method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), respectively. RESULTS: The chemical analysis of EE-CaL revealed the presence of compounds from the alkaloid class, such as trigonelline and caffeine, in addition to the phenolic compounds such as quinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid-O-hexoside, mangiferin, (epi)catechin, (epi)catechin monoglucoside and procyanidin trimer. Regarding the antibacterial potential, EE-CaL was active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, being more effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC = 2500 µg/mL and bactericidal effect). CONCLUSION: The results of this research suggest that coffee leaves, a by-product, possess compounds with antibacterial properties. Thus, further studies with coffee leaf extracts must be carried out to relate the compounds present in the extract with the antibacterial activity and find the mechanisms of action of this extract against bacteria.

Evaluation of synergism and development of a formulation with thymol, carvacrol and eugenol for Rhipicephalus microplus control.

The acaricidal activity of combinations of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol was evaluated on larvae and engorged females of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The first step assessed the compounds separately, in concentrations of 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/mL. Then tests were performed with the compounds combined in the ratio of 1:1 at concentrations of 3.125 and 6.25 mg/mL, along with the control group treated with the solvent (3% DMSO). In the second step, combinations were tested incorporated in a formulation at the concentration de 6.25 mg/mL, using the larval packet and adult immersion tests. The associations carvacrol + thymol (3.125 mg/mL), carvacrol + eugenol and thymol + eugenol (6.25 mg/mL) presented synergism, while the other associations had an additive effect. In the experiments with formulation, all combinations caused 100% larval mortality, but the efficacy was under 15% against engorged females. Therefore, the combinations of thymol + carvacrol (3.125 mg/mL) as well as carvacrol + eugenol and eugenol + thymol (6.25 mg/mL) had a synergistic effect on engorged females, but when incorporated in the formulation, the acaricide activity was strong against larvae but weak against engorged females.

Acaricidal properties of the formulations based on essential oils from Cymbopogon winterianus and Syzygium aromaticum plants.

The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, has caused serious harm to livestock raising in Brazil, considering the costs of controlling it, loss of revenue due to smaller production of milk and meat, and damage to leather, in addition to transmitting diseases. The use of medicinal plants is considered an alternative to the recurring resistance to chemicals. Due to the need for efficient alternatives with less environmental impact, this study aimed to develop contact formulations with essential oils from the Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) plants and to assess in vitro the effects in different stages of the tick cycle. In the present study, concentrations from 0.5-15.0% of the essential oils incorporated in the formulations were used. The ticks from different geographical areas were treated with those formulations, and their effects on the production levels of eggs, on the larvae hatching, and their efficiency on ticks were assessed. The obtained results were compared with other commercial acaricidal products. After the 20th day of treatment, the formulations with citronella essential oil had 2.09-55.51% efficiency, depending on the concentration of the oil incorporated. The efficiency of the treatment with formulations containing clove essential oil was higher, from 92.47-100%. The results showed the acaricidal effects of the formulations tested when compared to commercial chemical products. In vivo studies should be performed in order to assess the efficiency of those formulations in the fields, aiming to use these products as an alternative for controlling cattle ticks.

Evaluation of Clinical Communication in Pharmacy Undergraduates in Brazil: A Multicentric Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical communication characteristics of pharmacy undergraduates, estimate differences in this specific competency, and produce recommendations for further education and training. METHODS: Analysis of communication competence between 110 pharmacy students in the last graduation year from each of the 5 Brazilian regions and a simulated patient with complaints of mild allergic rhinitis passive of resolution with non-prescription medicines. The simulated appointment was recorded, and the video was analyzed using the 2 main elements: biomedical/task-focused and socio-emotional exchange of the Roter Interaction Analysis System. RESULTS: The total of utterances/speech from the pharmacist to the patient was 183.4; there was a statistically significant difference according to the Brazilian region. In the consultation, the frequency with which pharmacy students returned to the segment was evaluated, with a total mean clinical history segment 2 of mean 5.60; in segment 4, which is the counseling phase, an average of 4.80. In the task codes and the socio-emotional codes, there was a statistically significant difference between the codes when compared by region. We compare by sex because it is said that women talk more than men. There was a statistically significant difference in socio-emotional code and biomedical/focused and task being higher for women. CONCLUSION: The level of communication competence of students should be that desired for graduation, in all regions. There seems to be a difference between training and level of competence. Considering gender, although the consultation time is similar, it appears that the quality of communication is higher for women.

Fruits as nutraceuticals: A review of the main fruits included in nutraceutical patents.

Fruits have relevant usefulness in the elaboration of nutraceutical compositions and, as it is considered a "natural medicine", its market has been growing exponentially each year. Fruits, in general, contain a large source of phytochemicals, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, peptides and antioxidants that are of interest to be prepared as nutraceuticals. The biological properties of its nutraceuticals can range from antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-Alzheimer, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, among others. Furthermore, the need for innovative extraction methods and products reveals the importance of developing new nutraceutical compositions. This review was developed by searching patents of nutraceuticals from January 2015 until January 2022 in Espacenet, the search database of the European Patent Office (EPO). Of 215 patents related to nutraceuticals, 43% (92 patents) were including fruits, mainly berries. A great number of patents were focused on the treatment of metabolic diseases, representing 45% of the total patents. The principal patent applicant was the United States of America (US), with 52%. The patents were applied by researchers, industries, research centers and institutes. It is important to highlight that from 92 fruit nutraceutical patent applications reviewed, 13 already have their products available on the market.

Verrucous carcinoma of the tongue.

A 75-year-old woman with full dentures had a progressive growth on the tongue for the past 15 years. She reported ulceration of the lesion 4 months prior that was accompanied by pain and odinophagia. She denied addiction to alcohol or tobacco. On examination, there was an ulcerated, vegetating, verrucous lesion, with yellow-whitish areas intermingled with erythematous areas, being infiltrated and having well-defined borders, on almost all areas of the back of the tongue (Figure 1). No adjacent lymphadenopathy was found. Biopsy of the tongue was compatible with verrucous carcinoma demonstrating squamous cell neoplasia with prevailing areas of rounded borders. There were "tunnels" filled with parakeratotic material surrounded by an extensive inflammatory response, plus isolated foci of neutrophils inside the tumor (Figure 2). There were relatively well-differentiated neoplastic cells with little cytological atypia. In addition, there were several foci of individual or grouped dyskeratotic cells (Figure 3), plus tunnelling of parakeratotic material and an intratumor inflammatory response (Figure 4). Following surgical removal, the woman underwent chemotherapy and radiation treatment.

Adjusting RT-qPCR conditions to avoid unspecific amplification in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world, forcing global health authorities to develop protocols for its diagnosis. Here we report dimer formation in the N2 primers-probe set (CDC 2019-nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR) used in the diagnostic routine, and propose alternatives to reduce dimerization events. Late unspecific amplifications were visualized in 56.4% of negative samples and 57.1% of no-template control, but not in positive samples or positive control. In silico analysis and gel electrophoresis confirmed the dimer formation. The RT-qPCR parameters were optimized and the late unspecific amplifications decreased to 11.5% in negative samples and no-template control. The adjustment of PCR parameters was essential to reduce the risk of false-positives results and to avoid inclusive results requiring repeat testing, which increases the costs and generates delays in results or even unnecessary requests for new samples.

Treatment of morphea or localized scleroderma: review of the literature.

Scleroderma is a disease that affects the microvasculature and the connective tissue. These alterations produce fibrosis and blood vessel occlusion. Its cause is still unknown, although the exaggerated synthesis of collagens I and IV, detected in skin and vessels, may be related to genetic, immunologic and, less frequently, exogenous factors as inhalation of silica and polyvinyl chloride. There is a localized and a systemic form, which affects both adults and children. The treatment of the localized form, also called morphea, is still controversial, and, in this article, the authors will discuss the main agents that were found to improve the lesions and symptoms.

Combination of thymol and eugenol for the control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato: Evaluation of synergism on immature stages and formulation development.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of thymol with eugenol has a synergistic effect on the immature life stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of using these compounds in combination, and to develop a formulation combining thymol with eugenol with activity on immature stages of R. sanguineus s.l. To evaluate synergism, thymol and eugenol, combined (ratio 1:1) or not, were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mg/mL on unfed larvae and nymphs using a larval packet test, and 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/mL on engorged larvae and nymphs using an immersion test. A cost estimate was calculated to produce 1 L of a solution containing a concentration of thymol and eugenol, combined or not, that could cause a tick mortality rate greater than 95 %. Finally, a formulation was developed, consisting of a micellar dispersion containing polymers (MDP), with thymol + eugenol (1:1), at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mg/mL, and the activity was evaluated on unfed and engorged larvae and nymphs. For unfed larvae and nymphs, concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL and 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/mL, respectively, presented synergistic effects. In tests with engorged larvae and nymphs, respective concentrations of 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL and 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL had synergistic effects. The estimated costs for producing a solution of 1 L with efficacy greater than 95 % was $5.97 using only thymol (15 mg/mL), $ 5.93 using only eugenol (15 mg/mL), and $ 3.97 using thymol + eugenol (1:1 - 5,0 mg/mL). In tests with MDP, the combination of thymol + eugenol resulted in a mortality rate higher than 95 % at concentration of 10 mg/mL for unfed and engorged larvae and nymphs. Thus, the combination of thymol + eugenol, depending on the concentration, has synergistic effects and this combination lowers the cost for the active ingredients thymol and eugenol. The combination of thymol + eugenol in MDP had acaricidal activity against immature life stages of R. sanguineus s.l.

Entomopathogenic nematodes in pharmaceutical formulations for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) control: In vitro evaluation of compatibility, thermotolerance, and efficiency.

This work aimed to investigate candidate biological control agents against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus by studying three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) isolates from two species, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (isolates LPP30 and HP88) and Heterorhabditis baujardi (isolate LPP7). The study comprised the pharmacotechnical development of four test formulations, and their biological evaluation, in three stages: 1) selection of the fittest EPN isolate at 16 ± 1 °C after 120 h of incorporation in the formulations; 2) determination of the effects of temperature and incubation time on the survival of the selected isolate in formulations; 3) evaluation of the in vitro efficacy (infectivity) of the selected EPN formulations and their components against R. microplus females after 72 h exposure. H. baujardi LPP7 presented the highest survival rates in 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) formulations (100% at 25 °C, up to 10 days after incorporation). At the highest tested temperature (34.2 °C), 54% of LPP7 survived for up to 72 h in CMC formulations. The infectivity of LPP7-containing formulation against R. microplus was 99%, reducing oviposition, egg production index and larval hatching. Considering the pressing need for safer acaricide products, incorporation of EPNs in pharmaceutical formulations is presented as a promising approach for the biological control of cattle tick infestations, potentially reducing environmental impact and resistance development associated with chemical acaricides.

A novel research model for evaluating sunscreen protection in the UV-A1.

The use of a broad spectrum sunscreen is considered one of the main and most popular measures for preventing the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the skin. In this study we have developed a novel in vitro method to assess sunscreens efficacy to protect calcineurin enzyme activity, a skin cell marker. The photoprotective efficacy of sunscreen products was assessed by measuring the UV-A1 radiation-induced depletion of calcineurin (Cn) enzyme activity in primary neonatal human dermal fibroblast (HDFn) cell lysates. After exposure to 24J/cm2 UV-A1 radiation, the sunscreens containing larger amounts of UV-A1 filters (brand B), the astaxanthin (UV-A1 absorber) and the Tinosorb® M (UV-A1 absorber) were capable of preventing loss of Cn activity when compared to the sunscreens formulations of brand A (low concentration of UV-A1 filters), with the Garcinia brasiliensis extract (UV-B absorber) and with the unprotected cell lysate and exposed to irradiation (Irradiated Control - IC). The Cn activity assay is a reproducible, accurate and selective technique for evaluating the effectiveness of sunscreens against the effects of UV-A1 radiation. The developed method showed that calcineurin activity have the potential to act as a biological indicator of UV-A1 radiation-induced damages in skin and the assay might be used to assess the efficacy of sunscreens agents and plant extracts prior to in vivo tests.

Topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: effectiveness against ultraviolet B irradiation-induced injury of hairless mouse skin.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a topical emulsion containing pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (EcPDTC) in skin oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (dose of 4.14 J/cm2 ). METHODS: Hairless mouse received treatment with 0.5 g of EcPDTC or control emulsion (CTRLE) on the dorsal surface skin 12 h, 6 h and 5 min before and 6 h after the irradiation. Oxidative stress was evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging capacity, reduced glutathione quantitation, catalase activity, superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation products. Inflammation parameters were as follows: skin oedema, myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil marker), matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine production. KEY FINDINGS: Topical treatment with EcPDTC protected from UVB-induced skin injury by maintaining the antioxidant capacity levels similar to non-irradiated control group. Furthermore, EcPDTC inhibited UVB irradiation-induced superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and reduced skin inflammation by inhibiting skin oedema, neutrophil recruitment, metalloproteinase-9 activity, collagen fibre damage, mast cell and sunburn cell counts, and cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1ß) production. CONCLUSIONS: Topical treatment with EcPDTC improves antioxidant systems and inhibits inflammation, protecting the skin from the damaging effects of UVB irradiation.

Cecropia pachystachya Trécul: a promising ingredient for skin-whitening cosmetics

Abstract Because it promotes the lightening of pigment spots, tyrosinase inhibition is one of the mechanisms of depigmenting cosmetic products. Considering the adverse effects produced by synthetic depigmenting actives, the search for new therapeutic options is desirable, and plant extracts are possible candidates for hyperpigmentation treatment. Glycolic extracts of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul are, therefore, the focus of this study. Its chemical characterization, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and cell viability were evaluated. Glycolic extracts were obtained by macerating the leaves of C. pachystachya in grain alcohol and glycerin or propylene glycol. Both had a similar chemical constitution, the glycerin being more efficient in concentrating phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Analyses by UHPLC-MS detected quinic acid, chlorogenic acid isomers, proanthocyanidin dimers type B and C, catechin/epicatechin, orientin/isoorientin, isoorientin 2"-O-xyloside, vitexin/isovitexin, and rutin. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was then quantified was then quantified, with predominance in the extract produced with propylene glycol. These extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity by the method of DPPH, ß-carotene, and nitric oxide. As for depigmenting activity, both extracts were able to inhibit tyrosinase. Cell viability assay also revealed that the extracts could safely be used in concentrations of ≤ 125 µg/mL. Thus, this study demonstrated for the first time that the glycolic extracts of C. pachystachya have promising chemical and biological characteristics for the development of a multifunctional cosmetic with antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibition activities

Commercial sunscreen formulations: UVB irradiation stability and effect on UVB irradiation-induced skin oxidative stress and inflammation.

Evidence shows that sunscreens undergo degradation processes induced by UV irradiation forming free radicals, which reduces skin protection. In this regard, the biological effects of three commercial sunscreen formulations upon UVB irradiation in the skin were investigated. The three formulations had in common the presence of benzophenone-3 added with octyl methoxycinnamate or octyl salycilate or both, which are regular UV filters in sunscreens. The results show that formulations F1 and F2 presented partial degradation upon UVB irradiation. Formulations F1 and F2 presented higher skin penetration profiles than F3. None of the formulations avoided UVB irradiation-induced GSH depletion, but inhibited reduction of SOD activity, suggesting the tested formulations did not present as a major mechanism inhibiting all UVB irradiation-triggered oxidative stress pathways. The formulations avoided the increase of myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine production (IL-1ß and TNF-α), but with different levels of protection in relation to the IL-1ß release. Concluding, UVB irradiation can reduce the stability of sunscreens, which in turn, present the undesirable properties of reaching viable skin. Additionally, the same SPF does not mean that different sunscreens will present the same biological effects as SPF is solely based on a skin erythema response. This found opens up perspectives to consider additional studies to reach highly safe sunscreens.

Evaluation of cell biomarkers as in vitro photoprotective assays for sunscreen formulations

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate cellular indicators, which change with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and can be used as parameters for measuring sunscreens efficiency. Methods: Commercial strains of L929 and HaCaT cells (skin dermis and epidermis, respectively), from the cell bank of Rio de Janeiro, were exposed to different doses of UVA (350 nm) and UVB (309 nm) radiation. The evaluation of the photoprotective potential of sunscreens was analyzed with cell viability, lipid peroxidation and ROS generation tests. Samples of sunscreen with SPF values ranging from 15 to 60 were applied to a quartz plate superimposed on the top of a microplate containing the cell culture, and then the system was irradiated. Results: The viability and lipid peroxidation of the two cell lines remained unchanged after exposure to UVA radiation. When exposed to UVB radiation, the reduction in viability and the increase in lipid peroxides were dose-dependent, that is, they varied from 3.15% to 95.4%, and from 1.2 to 42.7 nM MDA/pg protein, respectively, both for the L929 strain. The dose of 0.5 J/cm2 reduced by 41.4%±1.67 the number of viable cells, and the dose of 30 J/cm2 promoted the oxidation of 42.7 nM of MDA/pg protein. These doses were selected to evaluate the photoprotective effectiveness of commercial sunscreens. Sunscreens exposed to UVB rays could prevent the loss of cell viability (viability remained around 100% for higher SPF) and the formation of lipid peroxides (30 to 80% reduction of peroxide levels). None of the two cell strains, submitted to UVB radiation, formed amounts of intracellular ROS in a dose-dependent manner. Under exposure to UVA radiation, only the HaCaT cell line produced the largest amounts of ROS in a dose-dependent manner. After treating these cells with photoprotective formulations (20 J/cm2), the researchers observed a reduction in the amount of ROS formed. Conclusions: The parameters of cell viability and lipid peroxidation were promising to evaluate the photoprotective capacity of sunscreens against UVB radiation. The generation of ROS expressed in the HaCaT strain can discriminate the photoprotective potential of formulations against UVA radiation, as sunscreens reduced the formation of ROS. These results suggest that in vitro tests that evaluate the damage caused to cells can predict cellular indicators of the photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens and contribute to minimize these tests in the initial phase of product research and development.

Altered left ventricular twist is associated with clinical severity in adults and adolescents with homozygous sickle cell anemia.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is associated with cardiac abnormalities and premature death. The aims of this study were to identify early markers of cardiac dysfunction through ventricular strain and ventricular twist and determine the relationships between these measures and other markers of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Forty patients with SCA (mean age, 23.5 ± 9.3 years; 24 male patients) and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were compared. All subjects participated in structured interviews, and blood samples were collected. Standard echocardiography with subsequent offline evaluations using left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular systolic strain and rotational analyses of the left ventricle using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography were performed. RESULTS: There were no differences in LV ejection fraction, global LV strain (longitudinal, circumferential, and radial), and global right ventricular longitudinal strain between patients and controls; however, LV twist was significantly lower in the patient group (mean, 7.4 ± 1.2° vs 10.7 ± 1.8°; P < .0001). Several variables were strongly related to LV twist, including the clinical severity index (ρ = -0.97, Z score = -6.05, P < .0001), E/e' ratio (r = 0.78, P < .0001), LV end-diastolic volume index (r = 0.81, P < .0001), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (r = 0.72, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: LV twist is altered in patients with SCA. There were strong correlations between left ventricular twist and clinical severity index, E/e' ratio, LV end-diastolic volume index, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. These data suggest that decreased LV twist may indicate a subgroup of patients with SCA at greater cardiac risk.