SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy during the first wave of COVID-19 in the Netherlands: a prospective nationwide population-based cohort study (NethOSS).

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics, risk factors and maternal, obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). DESIGN: Multi-centre prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING: Nationwide study in the Netherlands. POPULATION: Pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to hospital or in home-isolation: 1 March 2020 to 31 August 2020. METHODS: Pregnant women with positive polymerase chain reaction or antibody tests were registered using the Netherlands Obstetrics Surveillance System (NethOSS). (Selective) testing occurred according to national guidelines. Data from the national birth registry (pregnant pre-coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] cohort) and an age-matched cohort of COVID-19-positive women (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; fertile age COVID-19 cohort) were used as reference. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women. Maternal, obstetric and neonatal outcomes including hospital and intensive care admission. RESULTS: Of 376 registered pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 20% (74/376) were admitted to hospital, of whom 84% (62/74) were due to SARS-CoV-2; 10% (6/62) were admitted to intensive care and 15% (9/62) to obstetric high-care units. Risk factors for admission were non-European country of origin (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% CI 1.01-2.96) and being overweight/obese (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.51-3.20). No maternal or perinatal deaths occurred. Caesarean section after labour-onset was increased (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09-2.28). Hospital and intensive care admission were higher compared with the fertile age COVID-19 cohort (OR 6.75, 95% CI 5.18-8.81 and OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.11-5.77, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Non-European country of origin and being overweight/obese are risk factors for severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, risk of caesarean section and hospital and intensive care unit admission are increased. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 in the Netherlands show increased hospital/ICU admission and caesarean section.

Recurrence of pre-eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Women with a history of hypertensive disorders, including pre-eclampsia, during pregnancy have a two- to-five-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In 15% of women, pre-eclampsia recurs in the following pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate all evidence on the future risk of developing hypertension and CVD after multiple pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia compared with pre-eclampsia in a single pregnancy followed by normal subsequent pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY: Embase and Medline were searched until June 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant studies on the risk of developing hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), thromboembolism, heart failure or overall hospitalisation and mortality due to CVD after having had recurrent pre-eclampsia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Twenty-two studies were included in the review. When possible, we calculated pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI through random-effect analysis. MAIN RESULTS: Recurrent pre-eclampsia was consistently associated with an increased pooled risk ratio of hypertension (RR 2.3; 95% CI 1.9-2.9), ischaemic heart disease (RR 2.4; 95% CI 2.2-2.7), heart failure (RR 2.9; 95% CI 2.3-3.7), CVA (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.6) and hospitalisation due to CVD (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-1.9) when compared with women with subsequent uncomplicated pregnancies. Other studies on thromboembolism, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality found a positive effect, but data could not be pooled. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis support consistent higher risk for future development of hypertension and CVD in women with recurring pre-eclampsia as opposed to women with a single episode of pre-eclampsia. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: The risk of future cardiovascular disease increases when women have recurrence of pre-eclampsia compared with a single episode.

Predicting the risks and recognizing the signs: a two-year prospective population-based study on pregnant women with uterine rupture in The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of uterine rupture in the Netherlands and evaluate risk indicators prelabour and during labor of women with adverse maternal and/or perinatal outcome. METHODS: This is a population-based nationwide study using the Netherlands Obstetrics Surveillance System (NethOSS). We performed a two-year registration of pregnant women with uterine rupture. The first year of registration included both women with complete uterine rupture and women with incomplete (peritoneum intact) uterine rupture. The second year of registration included women with uterine rupture with adverse maternal and/or perinatal outcome. We collected maternal and obstetric characteristics, clinical signs, and symptoms during labor and CTG abnormalities. The main outcome measures were incidence of complete uterine rupture and uterine rupture with adverse outcome and adverse outcome defined as major obstetric hemorrhage, hysterectomy, embolization, perinatal asphyxia and/or (neonatal) intensive care unit admission. RESULTS: We registered 41 women with a complete uterine rupture (incidence: 2.5 per 10,000 births) and 35 women with uterine rupture with adverse outcome (incidence: 0.9 per 10,000 births). No adverse outcomes were found among women with incomplete uterine rupture. Risk indicators for adverse outcome included previous cesarean section, higher maternal age, gestational age <37 weeks, augmentation of labor, migration background from Sub-Saharan Africa or Asia. Compared to women with uterine rupture without adverse outcomes, women with adverse outcome more often expressed warning symptoms during labor such as abdominal pain (OR 3.34, 95%CI 1.26-8.90) and CTG abnormalities (OR 9.94, 95%CI 2.17-45.65). These symptoms were present most often 20 to 60 min prior to birth. CONCLUSION: Uterine rupture is a rare condition for which several risk indicators were identified. Maternal symptoms and CTG abnormalities are associated with adverse outcomes and time dependent. Further analysis could provide guidance to expedite delivery.

Ketonuria is not associated with hyperemesis gravidarum disease severity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between ketonuria and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) disease severity. STUDY DESIGN: We included pregnant women hospitalised for HG who participated in the Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER) trial and women who were eligible, chose not to be randomised and agreed to participate in the observational cohort. Between October 2013 and March 2016, in 19 hospitals in the Netherlands, women hospitalised for HG were approached for study participation. The presence of ketonuria was not required for study entry. Ketonuria was measured at hospital admission with a dipstick, which distinguishes 5 categories: negative and 1+ through 4 + . The outcome measures were multiple measures of HG disease severity at different time points: 1) At hospital admission (study entry): severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life and weight change compared to pre-pregnancy weight, 2) One week after hospital admission: severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life and weight change compared to admission, 3) Duration of index hospital admission and readmission for HG at any time point RESULTS: 215 women where included. Ketonuria was not associated with severity of nausea and vomiting, quality of life or weight loss at hospital admission, nor was the degree of ketonuria at admission associated with any of the outcomes 1 week after hospital admission. The degree of ketonuria was also not associated with the number of readmissions. However, women with a higher degree of ketonuria had a statistically significant longer duration of hospital stay (per 1+ ketonuria, difference: 0.27 days, 95 % CI: 0.05 to 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between the degree of ketonuria at admission and severity of symptoms, quality of life, maternal weight loss, or number of readmissions, suggesting that ketonuria provides no information about disease severity or disease course. Despite this, women with a higher degree of ketonuria at admission were hospitalised for longer. This could suggest that health care professionals base length of hospital stay on the degree of ketonuria. Based on the lack of association between ketonuria and disease severity, we suggest it has no additional value in the clinical management of HG.