Magnetic sensitivity of cryptochrome 4 from a migratory songbird.

Night-migratory songbirds are remarkably proficient navigators1. Flying alone and often over great distances, they use various directional cues including, crucially, a light-dependent magnetic compass2,3. The mechanism of this compass has been suggested to rely on the quantum spin dynamics of photoinduced radical pairs in cryptochrome flavoproteins located in the retinas of the birds4-7. Here we show that the photochemistry of cryptochrome 4 (CRY4) from the night-migratory European robin (Erithacus rubecula) is magnetically sensitive in vitro, and more so than CRY4 from two non-migratory bird species, chicken (Gallus gallus) and pigeon (Columba livia). Site-specific mutations of ErCRY4 reveal the roles of four successive flavin-tryptophan radical pairs in generating magnetic field effects and in stabilizing potential signalling states in a way that could enable sensing and signalling functions to be independently optimized in night-migratory birds.

Massed written exposure therapy delivered to veterans with posttraumatic stress symptoms on an acute inpatient mental health unit.

Written exposure therapy (WET) is a brief, manualized trauma-focused treatment typically delivered in five individual weekly sessions. Given the brevity and effectiveness of WET, researchers have begun to focus on its delivery in a massed format. However, only one case study examining massed delivery has been published to date. As such, the objective of the current study was to examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of massed WET among veterans with a trauma- and stressor-related disorder receiving care on an acute inpatient mental health unit. Veterans (N = 26) were assessed prior to, immediately after, and 1 month following massed WET. Most veterans found massed WET to be useful and acceptable. Recruitment and retention rates suggested that the treatment was feasible. Notably, the results revealed statistically significant reductions in overall posttraumatic stress symptoms, ηp 2 = .81, p < .001; depressive symptoms, ηp 2 = .71, p < .001; and functional impairment, ηp 2 = .42, p = .002. These findings add to a growing body of literature highlighting the preliminary effectiveness of WET across various settings, populations, and delivery formats. Limitations include the small sample size and uncontrolled design.

Aza-Cibalackrot: Turning on Singlet Fission Through Crystal Engineering.

Singlet fission is a photophysical process that provides a pathway for more efficient harvesting of solar energy in photovoltaic devices. The design of singlet fission candidates is non-trivial and requires careful optimization of two key criteria: (1) correct energetic alignment and (2) appropriate intermolecular coupling. Meanwhile, this optimization must not come at the cost of molecular stability or feasibility for device applications. Cibalackrot is a historic and stable organic dye which, although it has been suggested to have ideal energetics, does not undergo singlet fission due to large interchromophore distances, as suggested by single crystal analysis. Thus, while the energetic alignment is satisfactory, the molecule does not have the desired intermolecular coupling. Herein, we improve this characteristic through molecular engineering with the first synthesis of an aza-cibalackrot and show, using ultrafast transient spectroscopy, that singlet fission is successfully "turned on."

Acceptability, feasibility, and utility of a safety aid reduction treatment in underserved veterans: a pilot investigation.

Access to mental health services, particularly for veterans residing in underserved communities, remain scarce. One approach to addressing availability barriers is through the use of group-based transdiagnostic or unified treatment protocols. One such protocol, Safety Aid Reduction Treatment (START), previously termed False Safety Behavior Elimination Treatment (FSET), has received increasing empirical support. However, prior research has only examined this treatment among civilians with a primary anxiety diagnosis. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend prior research by examining the acceptability, feasibility, and utility of START among veterans, particularly those living in underserved communities, and across a wider array of diagnoses. Veterans (n = 22) were assessed prior to, immediately after, and one month following the 8-week treatment. The majority of veterans found START useful and acceptable. Additionally, recruitment and retention rates suggest that the treatment was feasible. Notably, results revealed reductions in overall anxiety, depression, and safety aid usage, which were maintained throughout the brief follow-up period. These findings add to a growing body of literature highlighting the utility of transdiagnostic approaches in the amelioration of various anxiety and related disorders. Limitations include the small sample size and uncontrolled design.

The relationship between DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse among military veterans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior research has revealed a strong relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and alcohol misuse. However, previous attempts to understand nuanced associations between PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse within military veteran samples have produced mixed results. In an attempt to better understand the associations between PTSD and alcohol misuse, the current study examined the unique relationships between the newly classified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse in an outpatient sample of military veterans seeking treatment for PTSD and Substance Use Disorders. METHODS: Veterans (N = 100) were administered a brief battery of self-report questionnaires prior to receiving psychological services to aid in diagnostic assessment and treatment planning. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that PTSD intrusions (cluster B), negative alterations in cognition and mood (cluster D), and arousal/reactivity (cluster E) symptoms were associated with alcohol misuse. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The positive association between alcohol misuse and PTSD symptom severity is consistent with a broader body of literature demonstrating the co-occurrence of these disorders, particularly in military samples. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Increased alcohol consumption may interfere with current front-line treatments for PTSD, which encourages patients to experience a full range of emotions. As such, future research should explore the impact of substance use on the effectiveness of trauma focused treatments in the alleviation of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. (Am J Addict 2018;27:23-28).

Using a Clinician-Administered Interview to Examine the Overlap in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Criteria D and E.

Although the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often criticized for including symptoms that overlap with one another, only one study has explored the impact of symptom reporting. Using a clinician-rated interview for PTSD (N = 558), the current study examined overlap between PTSD criteria D1, D2, and D3 ("target D symptoms") and criterion E symptoms of similar content (i.e., E1 and E3). Furthermore, their impact on meeting criterion and disorder cutoffs was examined. Results revealed that target symptoms were endorsed in conjunction more than half the time. Criteria D and E also were often coded together. Removal of target D symptoms resulted in 24.7% of participants no longer meeting criterion D, but no reduction in the diagnosis of PTSD. This article is one of the first to report the functioning of the new criterion D symptoms, and the results have diagnostic implications for research and clinical work.

Sometimes Less is More: Establishing the Core Symptoms of PTSD.

Historically, the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have garnered attention and controversy due to symptom overlap with other disorders. To improve diagnostic specificity, researchers have proposed to reformulate PTSD symptoms into a parsimonious set of core criteria. The core symptoms consisted of recurrent distressing dreams or flashbacks; internal or external avoidance; and hypervigilance or exaggerated startle. The purpose of this study was to examine a previously proposed set of "core" PTSD criteria in identifying cases of PTSD within a veteran sample. Veterans (N = 383) presenting to a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center PTSD clinic for psychological services were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). A logistic regression analysis revealed that the core criteria accurately identified 79% of veterans with PTSD (OR = 11.57). Findings support a parsimonious set of core criteria in the assessment and diagnosis of PTSD. Future studies should replicate these findings in diverse, nonveteran samples.

Associations between lower order anxiety sensitivity dimensions and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Anxiety sensitivity (AS), a well-established individual difference variable reflecting a tendency to fear bodily sensations associated with arousal, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite these associations, little research has examined the relations between AS subfactors (eg physical, cognitive, and social) and PTSD symptoms and none have examined these associations in the context of DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) PTSD clusters (ie intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions/mood, and arousal). Participants included 50 veterans presenting to an outpatient Veteran Affairs Clinic for psychological services. Upon intake, veterans completed a brief battery of self-report questionnaires to assist with differential diagnosis and treatment planning. Results revealed unique associations between lower order AS dimensions, in particular the cognitive concerns dimension, and all four DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters. Given the malleable nature of AS cognitive concerns, as well as the growing number of veterans in need of care, future research should determine the extent to which targeting this cognitive risk factor reduces PTSD symptom severity among veterans.

Face to face but not in the same place: A pilot study of prolonged exposure therapy.

This pilot study examined use of smartphone technology to deliver prolonged exposure (PE) therapy to patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with geographic limitations hindering in-person therapy. The primary goal was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of using video teleconferencing (i.e., computer-based and iPhone 4 streaming technology), with a secondary goal of examining clinical outcomes of PE delivered via teleconferencing compared with treatment as usual (TAU) on PTSD and depressive/anxious symptom reduction. Rural veterans (N = 27) were randomized to receive PE by computer teleconferencing at a Veterans Administration community clinic, PE by an iPhone issued for the duration of the study, or TAU provided by a referring clinician. To examine the research goals, we collected data on the number of referrals to the study, number of patients entering the study, and number completing psychotherapy and documented pragmatic and technical issues interfering with the ability to use teleconferencing to deliver PE; results are discussed. In addition, measures of symptom change examined clinical outcomes. Results indicated decreases in PTSD symptoms in veterans who completed PE therapy via teleconferencing; however, there was significantly more attrition in these groups than in the TAU group.

Posttraumatic stress and substance use among military veterans: Associations with distress intolerance and anxiety sensitivity.

The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) is highly prevalent among military veterans and represents a difficult-to-treat comorbidity. Distress intolerance (DI; i.e., the perceived inability to tolerate negative emotional states) and anxiety sensitivity (AS, i.e., the fear of anxiety-related sensations) are two promising targetable mechanisms with potential to predict and improve treatment outcomes for veterans with PTSD/SUD. We hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity would be related to (a) alcohol use severity and (b) drug use severity through DI and AS, evaluated concurrently. Participants included 120 military veterans (98.3% male; Mage = 41.41, SD = 10.77) presenting for psychological services at a Veterans Affairs PTSD/SUD clinic. Results indicated that PTSD symptom severity was related to alcohol use severity through AS, but not DI; and PTSD symptom severity was related to drug use severity through DI, but not AS. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Racism in Australia: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Racism has been identified as a major source of injustice and a health burden in Australia and across the world. Despite the surge in Australian quantitative research on the topic, and the increasing recognition of the prevalence and impact of racism in Australian society, the collective evidence base has yet to be comprehensively reviewed or meta-analysed. This protocol describes the first systematic review and meta-analysis of racism in Australia at the national level, focussing on quantitative studies. The current study will considerably improve our understanding of racism, including its manifestations and fluctuation over time, variation across settings and between groups, and associations with health and socio-economic outcomes. METHODS: The research will consist of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Searches for relevant studies will focus on the social and health science databases CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus. Two reviewers will independently screen eligible papers for inclusion and extract data from included studies. Studies will be included in the review and meta-analysis where they meet the following criteria: (1) report quantitative empirical research on self-reported racism in Australia, (2) report data on the prevalence of racism, or its association with health (e.g. mental health, physical health, health behaviours) or socio-economic outcomes (e.g. education, employment, income), and (3) report Australian data. Measures of racism will focus on study participants' self-reports, with a separate analysis dedicated to researcher-reported measures, such as segregation and differential outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. Measures of health and socio-economic outcomes will include both self-reports and researcher-reported measures, such as physiological measurements. Existing reviews will be manually searched for additional studies. Study characteristics will be summarised, and a meta-analysis of the prevalence of racism and its associations will be conducted using random effects models and mean weighted effect sizes. Moderation and subgroup analyses will be conducted as well. All analyses will use the software CMA 3.0. DISCUSSION: This study will provide a novel and comprehensive synthesis of the quantitative evidence base on racism in Australia. It will answer questions about the fluctuation of racism over time, its variation across settings and groups, and its relationship with health and socio-economic outcomes. Findings will be discussed in relation to broader debates in this growing field of research and will be widely disseminated to inform anti-racism research, action and policy nationally. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021265115 .

Benefits and Risks: A Systematic Review of Information and Communication Technology Use by Autistic People.

Background: Communication via the internet is a regular feature of everyday interactions for most people, including autistic people. Researchers have investigated how autistic people use information and communication technology (ICT) since the early 2000s. However, no systematic review has been conducted to summarize findings. Objective: This study aims to review existing evidence presented by studies about how autistic people use ICT to communicate and provide a framework for understanding contributions, gaps, and opportunities for this literature. Methods: Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA) statement, we conducted a comprehensive review across five databases, searching for studies investigating how autistic youth and adults use ICT to communicate. Authors reviewed the articles for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Results: Thirty-two studies met the eligibility criteria, including 19 quantitative studies, 12 qualitative studies, and 1 mixed methods study, with data from 3026 autistic youth (n = 9 studies) and adults (n = 23 studies). Ratings suggest that the evidence base is emergent. Underrepresented groups in the sample included autistic women, transgendered autistic people, non-White autistic people, low income autistic people, and minimally speaking and/or autistic adults with co-occurring intellectual disability. Three main themes emerged, including variation in ICT communication use among autistic youth and adults, benefits and drawbacks experienced during ICT communication use, and the engagement of autistic youth and adults in the online autism community. Conclusions: Further exploration of the positive social capital that autistic people gain participating in online autism communities would allow for the development of strengths-based interventions. Additional research on how autistic people navigate sexuality and ICTs is needed to identify mechanisms for reducing vulnerability online. Additional scholarship about underrepresented groups is needed to investigate and confirm findings regarding ICT communication use for gender, racial, and socioeconomic minority groups. Lay summary: What was the purpose of this study?: People use the internet to communicate (talk and connect) with one another. Some research has found that autistic people may prefer to communicate using the internet instead of in person. Over the past 20 years, there has been research about how autistic people use the internet. To understand what research has discovered so far, we collected published research about how autistic youth and adults use the internet to communicate.What did the researchers do?: We used scientific best practices as described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to collect research about how autistic people us the internet to communicate. We included research that uses words (qualitative research) and numbers (quantitative research). First, we searched several places that list research studies to find research on autistic people and the internet. Then, we removed research that did not fit what we were looking for (our criteria). Finally, we then read the full articles, collected their most important findings, and looked for patterns.What do these findings add to what is already known?: Thirty-two studies met our criteria, including 19 studies that used closed-ended survey questions that tested relationships between variables, 12 studies that used open-ended interviews and looked for patterns and connections among participants, and 1 mixed methods study. In total, 3026 autistic youth of ages 10-17 years (number of participants = 9 studies) and adults (number of participants = 23 studies) participated in these 32 studies. We rated each of the 32 studies for quality and learned that the evidence base is preliminary, meaning that more rigorous high-quality studies are needed before we can be confident in the findings. We found three main themes: (1) differences in the ways that autistic youth and adults used the internet to communicate, (2) benefits and drawbacks experienced when using the internet to communicate, and (3) the engagement of autistic youth and adults in the online autism community. Some of the benefits of social media for autistic people include more control over how they talk and engage with others online and a greater sense of calm during interactions. However, findings suggest some drawbacks for autistic people, including continued feelings of loneliness and the desire for in-person friendships. Social media provides opportunities for autistic people to find others on the autism spectrum and form a stronger identity as part of the autism community. The study also showed that there is little research about autistic women, autistic transgender people, autistic racial/ethnic minorities, or autistic people from lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups.What are potential weaknesses of this study?: We only included research in scientific articles, and there may be useful information on this topic in books, student research, or online.How will these findings help young adults on the autism spectrum now or in the future?: This study can help identify gaps and opportunities for new research, support the importance of online autistic communities, and suggest possible training opportunities about how to support autistic people when they use the internet for communication.

Anxiety sensitivity and substance use: Differential levels across individuals primarily using opioids, cannabis, or stimulants.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to compare levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS) across a treatment-seeking sample of individuals primarily using opioids, stimulants, or cannabis. Consistent with the idea that individuals high in AS may be motivated to use substances with real or perceived anxiolytic properties, it was hypothesized that individuals primarily using opioids or cannabis would evidence higher levels of AS compared to individuals primarily using stimulants. METHODS: The sample consisted of 110 veterans (including 29 individuals primarily using opioids, 42 primarily using cannabis, and 39 primarily using stimulants) presenting for psychological services to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) specialty clinic at a large southeastern Veteran Affairs (VA) hospital. RESULTS: AS levels varied by group with individuals primarily using stimulants evidencing the highest levels followed by those primarily using opioids and then those primarily using cannabis. Individuals primarily using stimulants had statistically significantly higher levels of AS physical concerns compared to individuals primarily using cannabis but not those primarily using opioids. Further, individuals who primarily use opioids did not differ from those primarily using cannabis. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings call into question the notion that AS may be negatively related to the use of substances that have anxiogenic properties.

Changing stigmatizing perceptions and recollections about mental illness: the effects of NAMI's in Our Own Voice.

In Our Own Voice (IOOV) is a 90-min anti-stigma program that comprises face-to-face stories of challenges of mental illness and hopes and dreams commensurate with recovery. We pared down IOOV to a 30-min version, using information from two focus groups. In this study, effects of 90- versus 30-min IOOV are contrasted with 30 min of education. Two hundred research participants were randomly assigned to one of these three conditions and completed a measure of stigmatizing perceptions and recollections. People in the education group remembered more negatives than the two IOOV groups. To control for overall response rate, a difference ratio was determined (difference in positive and negative recollection divided by overall recollections). Results showed the two IOOV conditions had significantly better ratios than education. These findings suggest the 30 min version of IOOV is as effective as the 90 min standard.

Social Capital and Autism in Young Adulthood: Applying Social Network Methods to Measure the Social Capital of Autistic Young Adults.

Social isolation is a core challenge associated with autism. Interpersonal relationships and the resources and support embedded in the social networks of autistic young adults could impact key adult outcomes, including quality of life, mental health, employment, and independence. However, little research systematically measures the networks of autistic young adults and network impact on key adult outcomes. This article demonstrates how social network analysis can be adapted for the field of autism to measure young adult networks. We provide examples as to how this approach could be implemented to yield key insights into the amount and quality of interpersonal relationships and the types of resources embedded in the networks of autistic young adults. The network protocol was feasibility tested with autistic adults during the posthigh school transition period (n = 17, 19-27 years). The parents of three of the recruited young adults also successfully completed a complementary network survey, allowing for the inclusion of the parent-reported network using duocentric network analysis, never before applied to parent-child networks. The implementation data collected from the study suggest feasibility of egocentric and duocentric approaches, with several important modifications to adapt the measure for the field of autism. The future potential of social network research for understanding autism in adulthood is discussed.

What lessons do coming out as gay men or lesbians have for people stigmatized by mental illness?

Goffman (Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NH, 1963) distinguished stigmatized groups as discredited (with relatively obvious marks such as people of color or gender) or discreditable (without obvious marks, causing stigma to be largely hidden). Like gay men and lesbians, people with various mental illnesses can opt to stay in the closet about these conditions in order to avoid corresponding prejudice and discrimination. In this study, we completed semi-structured interviews with 13 gay men and lesbians in order to better understand the personally perceived consequences that guide the coming out process. This information would, in turn, help us to better comprehend the process of coming out for people with mental illnesses. Interview participants identified specific benefits and costs. Benefits that promote disclosure include acceptance, community, and comfort and happiness. Costs that diminish coming out decisions include shame and conformity as well as harm and discrimination. We then postulated how these consequences might manifest themselves in the disclosure process of people with serious mental illnesses. Finally, implications for stigma management and change were considered.

Intolerance of uncertainty and DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: Associations among a treatment seeking veteran sample.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), defined as an inability to tolerate the unpleasant response triggered by the observed absence of information, has received increased empirical attention in recent years. The contribution of this cognitive behavioral construct to the etiology and maintenance of various anxiety disorders has become increasingly recognized. However, the relationship between IU and other affective disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), remains largely unexplored. The current study sought to examine the relationship between IU and overall PTSD symptom and cluster severity using an outpatient sample of veterans (N = 116) assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition (DSM-5) PTSD symptom structure. Results revealed that IU was significantly associated with overall PTSD symptom severity, above and beyond relevant covariates. Further, IU was significantly associated with the PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal clusters. Prospective IU, rather than inhibitory IU, accounted for these unique associations. These findings add to a growing body of literature establishing IU as a transdiagnostic risk factor and point to the importance of future research on the role of IU in contributing to and/or maintaining PTSD symptoms.

Examining various subthreshold definitions of PTSD using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) includes Other- and Unspecified- Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders to capture subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, the DSM-5 does not specify the number or type of symptoms needed to assign them. The purpose of the current study was to extend our understanding of subthreshold PTSD by comparing four commonly used definitions adapted to the DSM-5 PTSD criteria in an outpatient treatment-seeking sample. METHODS: Veterans (N = 193) presenting to PTSD clinics were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Participants reported a criterion A traumatic event, but did not meet criteria for threshold-PTSD. We hypothesized that the number of veterans captured would be highest when fewer specific criterion sets were required by the subthreshold definition. RESULTS: Our hypothesis was upheld in that the more criteria required by the subthreshold PTSD definition, the lower the number of veterans counted within the group. LIMITATIONS: The study consisted primarily of trauma treatment-seeking male veterans, with chronic PTSD symptoms. In addition, the sample size was small and was collected as part of routine clinical care. CONCLUSIONS: These results support previous contentions around careful decision making when defining what constitutes subthreshold PTSD in research and clinical work. It also points to the need for continued research to better understand the diagnostic and treatment implications of subthreshold PTSD.

Pilot study comparing telephone to in-person delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for trauma-related insomnia for rural veterans.

Introduction It is estimated that 70% of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have chronic insomnia. A recent meta-analysis examined cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in veterans with and without PTSD, and suggested that most studies had questionable methodology, but generally supported its effectiveness in this population. Further, while CBT-I via telehealth (i.e. using telecommunication and information technology to deliver health services) has shown effectiveness for primary insomnia, it has not been applied to PTSD-related insomnia. Methods Veterans with insomnia who were diagnosed with PTSD ( n = 12) or having significant subthreshold PTSD symptoms ( n = 6) on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale were randomly assigned to receive CBT-I in-person ( n = 7) or by telephone ( n = 11), to pilot test the potential effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of administering CBT-I in rural veterans. A six-week CBT-I protocol was delivered, and the veteran's insomnia was assessed at post-treatment and follow-up. Results Given the small sample size, Cohen's d was used to detect group differences, finding large effect sizes favouring the in-person delivery, until three-months post-treatment when this difference diminished. Most veterans found the treatment acceptable, regardless of mode of delivery. Based on the results, a larger project is feasible. Feasibility for a larger project is favourable. Discussion In summary, our findings uphold and extend previous research. Specifically, current pilot data suggest that telephone-delivered CBT-I may be able to reduce trauma-related insomnia symptoms. Future trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of CBT-I delivered to rural veterans with posttraumatic insomnia.

27 ways to meet PTSD: Using the PTSD-checklist for DSM-5 to examine PTSD core criteria.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been criticized for including symptoms that substantially overlap with other depression and anxiety disorders. To address this concern, Brewin et al. (2009) reformulated the diagnosis around a core symptom set. Although several studies have examined the utility of the core criteria in predicting diagnostic status, none have done so using a self-report screening instrument. The sample included 617 veterans presenting for outpatient psychological services. As a part of the intake process, veterans completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Veterans meeting core criteria on the PCL-5 were over 22 times more likely to meet PCL-5 diagnosed PTSD than veterans who met the core criteria on the PCL-5 but did not meet PCL-5 diagnosed PTSD (OR = 22.94; CI [12.76, 41.25]). Further, veterans who met core criteria on the PCL-5 were over 2 times more likely (OR = 2.34; 95.0% CI [1.53, 3.59]) to meet CAPS-5 diagnosed PTSD than veterans who met the core criteria on the PCL-5 but did not meet CAPS-5 diagnosed PTSD. Findings from the current study have implications for the assessment and classification of PTSD.