Role of FXR in the development of NAFLD and intervention strategies of small molecules.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a prevailing etiological agent behind hepatocyte diseases like chronic liver disease. The spectrum of processes involved in NAFLD stages includes hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Without intervention, the progression of NASH can further deteriorate into cirrhosis and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. The cardinal features that characterize NAFLD are insulin resistance, lipogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis. Due to its complex pathogenesis, existing pharmaceutical agents fail to take a curative or ameliorative effect on NAFLD. Consequently, it is imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for NAFLD, ideally to improve the aforementioned key features in patients. As an enterohepatic regulator of bile acid homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, FarnesoidX receptor (FXR) is an important pharmacological target for the treatment of NAFLD. Manipulating FXR to regulate lipid metabolic signaling pathways is a potential mechanism to mitigate NAFLD. Therefore, elucidating the modulatory character of FXR in regulating lipid metabolism in NAFLD has the potential to yield groundbreaking perspectives for drug design. This review details recent advances in the regulation of lipid depletion in hepatocytes and investigates the pivotal function of FXR in the progress of NAFLD.

Salvianolic Acid B Significantly Suppresses the Migration of Melanoma Cells via Direct Interaction with ß-Actin.

Melanoma is the most aggressive and difficult to treat of all skin cancers. Despite advances in the treatment of melanoma, the prognosis for melanoma patients remains poor, and the recurrence rate remains high. There is substantial evidence that Chinese herbals effectively prevent and treat melanoma. The bioactive ingredient Salvianolic acid B (SAB) found in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known Chinese herbal with various biological functions, exhibits inhibitory activity against various cancers. A375 and mouse B16 cell lines were used to evaluate the main targets and mechanisms of SAB in inhibiting melanoma migration. Online bioinformatics analysis, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, molecular fishing, dot blot, and molecular docking assays were carried out to clarify the potential molecular mechanism. We found that SAB prevents the migration and invasion of melanoma cells by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of melanoma cells. As well as interacting directly with the N-terminal domain of ß-actin, SAB enhanced its compactness and stability, thereby inhibiting the migration of cells. Taken together, SAB could significantly suppress the migration of melanoma cells via direct binding with ß-actin, suggesting that SAB could be a helpful supplement that may enhance chemotherapeutic outcomes and benefit melanoma patients.

Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury.

Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.

Expression of interferon regulatory factor family and its prognostic value in acute myeloid leukemia.

Aim: To elucidate the clinicopathological and prognostic values of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients & methods: Differential expression analysis and survival analysis from several reliable databases were conducted and further validated using patients with AML. Results: The expression level of IRF1/2/4/5/7/8/9 in patients with AML was upregulated, while IRF3/6 expression was downregulated. High IRF1/7/9 expression indicated a worse overall survival rate. Conclusion: Overexpression of IRF1/7/9 may be associated with poor survival in patients with AML, suggesting that the IRF family may be a promising therapeutic target.

Salvianolic acid B suppresses hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting ceramide glucosyltransferase in hepatic stellate cells.

UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) is the first key enzyme in glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism that produces glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Increased UGCG synthesis is associated with cell proliferation, invasion and multidrug resistance in human cancers. In this study we investigated the role of UGCG in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. We first found that UGCG was over-expressed in fibrotic livers and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In human HSC-LX2 cells, inhibition of UGCG with PDMP or knockdown of UGCG suppressed the expression of the biomarkers of HSC activation (α-SMA and collagen I). Furthermore, pretreatment with PDMP (40 µM) impaired lysosomal homeostasis and blocked the process of autophagy, leading to activation of retinoic acid signaling pathway and accumulation of lipid droplets. After exploring the structure and key catalytic residues of UGCG in the activation of HSCs, we conducted virtual screening, molecular interaction and molecular docking experiments, and demonstrated salvianolic acid B (SAB) from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza as an UGCG inhibitor with an IC50 value of 159 µM. In CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis, intraperitoneal administration of SAB (30 mg · kg-1 · d-1, for 4 weeks) significantly alleviated hepatic fibrogenesis by inhibiting the activation of HSCs and collagen deposition. In addition, SAB displayed better anti-inflammatory effects in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. These results suggest that UGCG may represent a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis; SAB could act as an inhibitor of UGCG, which is expected to be a candidate drug for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Decreased syntaxin17 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis in murine models by impairing autophagic degradation.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. Disruptions in organelle homeostasis, including macroautophagy/autophagy dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, have been implicated in human and rodent pancreatitis. Syntaxin 17 (STX17) belongs to the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) subfamily. The Qa-SNARE STX17 is an autophagosomal SNARE protein that interacts with SNAP29 (Qbc-SNARE) and the lysosomal SNARE VAMP8 (R-SNARE) to drive autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this study, we investigated the role of STX17 in the pathogenesis of AP in male mice or rats induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of cerulein. We showed that cerulein hyperstimulation induced AP in mouse and rat models, which was characterized by increased serum amylase and lipase activities, pancreatic edema, necrotic cell death and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as markedly decreased pancreatic STX17 expression. A similar reduction in STX17 levels was observed in primary and AR42J pancreatic acinar cells treated with CCK (100 nM) in vitro. By analyzing autophagic flux, we found that the decrease in STX17 blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic degradation, as well as the activation of ER stress. Pancreas-specific STX17 knockdown using adenovirus-shSTX17 further exacerbated pancreatic edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and necrotic cell death after cerulein injection. These data demonstrate a critical role of STX17 in maintaining pancreatic homeostasis and provide new evidence that autophagy serves as a protective mechanism against AP.

Cell Sorting-Directed Selection of Bacterial Cells in Bigger Sizes Analyzed by Imaging Flow Cytometry during Experimental Evolution.

Cell morphology is an essential and phenotypic trait that can be easily tracked during adaptation and evolution to environmental changes. Thanks to the rapid development of quantitative analytical techniques for large populations of cells based on their optical properties, morphology can be easily determined and tracked during experimental evolution. Furthermore, the directed evolution of new culturable morphological phenotypes can find use in synthetic biology to refine fermentation processes. It remains unknown whether and how fast we can obtain a stable mutant with distinct morphologies using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-directed experimental evolution. Taking advantage of FACS and imaging flow cytometry (IFC), we direct the experimental evolution of the E. coli population undergoing continuous passage of sorted cells with specific optical properties. After ten rounds of sorting and culturing, a lineage with large cells resulting from incomplete closure of the division ring was obtained. Genome sequencing highlighted a stop-gain mutation in amiC, leading to a dysfunctional AmiC division protein. The combination of FACS-based selection with IFC analysis to track the evolution of the bacteria population in real-time holds promise to rapidly select and culture new morphologies and association tendencies with many potential applications.

N200 and P300 component changes in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment can seriously affect the quality of life of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although numerous studies showed that N200, P300 latency and amplitude are correlated with cognitive functions, there is a sufficient amount of controversial results. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a meta-analysis of N200, P300 latency and amplitude data of event-related potential (ERP) in PD. METHODS: We systematically searched on PubMed and Web of Science for PD-related ERP studies published before December 2021. Standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates of N200 and P300 components were compared among PD patients, PD dementia (PDD) patients, PD non-dementia (PDND) patient, and healthy control (HC). RESULTS: Our meta-analysis showed prolonged N200 latency at the Fz, Cz electrode sites, prolonged P300 latency at the Fz sites in PD patients, compared to HC; prolonged N200 latency at the Cz, Pz electrode sites in PDND patients, compared to HC; prolonged P300 latency at the Cz site in PDD patients, compared to PDND patients; and reduced P300 amplitude at the Fz electrode site in PDND patients, compared to HC. CONCLUSIONS: N200 and P300 component may be potential electrophysiological biomarkers of early cognitive impairment in PD patients. Future studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. Estimates of N200 and P300 component can be a valuable support for clinicians in diagnosis of early cognitive impairment in PD patients due to the simplicity and non-invasiveness of the procedure.

Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of a Novel XynA and Structure-Based Engineering for Improving Bifunctional Activities.

Xylan and cellulose are the two major constituents of numerous types of lignocellulose. The bifunctional enzyme that exhibits xylanase/cellulase activity has attracted a great deal of attention in biofuel production. Previously, a thermostable GH10 family enzyme (XynA) from Bacillus sp. KW1 was found to degrade both xylan and cellulose. To improve bifunctional activity on the basis of structure, we first determined the crystal structure of XynA at 2.3 Å. Via molecular docking and activity assays, we revealed that Gln250 and His252 were indispensable to bifunctionality, because they could interact with two conserved catalytic residues, Glu182 and Glu280, while bringing the substrate close to the activity pocket. Then we used a structure-based engineering strategy to improve xylanase/cellulase activity. Although no mutants with increased bifunctional activity were obtained after much screening, we found the answer in the N-terminal 36-amino acid truncation of XynA. The activities of XynA_ΔN36 toward beechwood xylan, wheat arabinoxylan, filter paper, and barley ß-glucan were significantly increased by 0.47-, 0.53-, 2.46-, and 1.04-fold, respectively. Furthermore, upon application, this truncation released more reducing sugars than the wild type in the degradation of pretreated corn stover and sugar cane bagasse. These results showed the detailed molecular mechanism of the GH10 family bifunctional endoxylanase/cellulase. The basis of these catalytic performances and the screened XynA_ΔN36 provide clues for the further use of XynA in industrial applications.

Circular RNA circ_0006168 enhances Taxol resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-194-5p/JMJD1C axis.

BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles for cancer therapy in the clinic. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and chemoresistance. This study aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of circ_0006168 in Taxol resistance of ESCC. METHODS: The expression levels of circ_0006168, microRNA-194-5p (miR-194-5p) and jumonji domain containing 1C (JMJD1C) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. The half-inhibition concentration (IC50) value of Taxol was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell migration and invasion were detected by transwell assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The interaction between miR-194-5p and circ_0006168 or JMJD1C was predicted by bioinformatics analysis (Circinteractome and TargetScan) and verified by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down assays. The mice xenograft model was established to investigate the roles of circ_0006168 in vivo. RESULTS: Circ_0006168 and JMJD1C were upregulated and miR-194-5p was downregulated in ESCC tissues, ESCC cells, and Taxol-resistant cells. Functionally, knockdown of circ_0006168 or JMJD1C increased Taxol sensitivity of ESCC in vitro via inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoting apoptosis. Moreover, circ_0006168 could directly bind to miR-194-5p and JMJD1C was verified as a direct target of miR-194-5p. Mechanically, circ_0006168 was a sponge of miR-194-5p to regulate JMJD1C expression in ESCC cells. Furthermore, JMJD1C overexpression reversed the promotive effect of circ_0006168 knockdown on Taxol sensitivity. Besides, circ_0006168 silence suppressed tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION: Circ_0006168 facilitated Taxol resistance in ESCC by regulating miR-194-5p/JMJD1C axis, providing a promising therapeutic target for ESCC chemotherapy.

Demethyltransferase AlkBH1 substrate diversity and relationship to human diseases.

AlkBH1 is a member of the AlkB superfamily which are kinds of Fe (II) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenases. At present, only demethyltransferases FTO and AlkBH5 have relatively clear substrate studies among these members, the types and mechanisms of substrates catalysis of other members are not clear, especially the demethyltransferase AlkBH1. AlkBH1, as a demethylase, has important functions of reversing DNA methylation and repairing DNA damage. And it has become a promising target for the treatment of many cancers, the regulation of neurological and genetic related diseases. Many scholars have made important discoveries in the diversity of AlkBH1 substrates, but there is no comprehensive summary, which affects the design inhibitor target of AlkBH1. Herein, We are absorbed in the latest progress in the study of AlkBH1 substrate diversity and its relationship with human diseases. Besides, we also discuss future research directions and suggest other studies to reveal the specific catalytic effect of AlkBH1 on cancer substrates.

MicroRNA-10a promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness maintenance of pancreatic cancer stem cells via upregulating the Hippo signaling pathway through WWC2 inhibition.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)-mediated cancer stem cells (CSCs) have drawn wide attention. This study aimed to probe the role of miR-10a in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness maintenance of pancreatic CSCs (PCSCs). Differentially expressed miRs and genes in pancreatic cancer (PC) were predicted via an online database, and the miR-10a and WW and C2 domain containing 2 (WWC2) expression were identified via a comparative study in PC and pancreatitis tissues. PCNCs were isolated and identified, and then the functional roles of miR-10a and WWC2 in proliferation, invasion, migration, self-renewal, colony formation abilities, EMT, and stemness maintenance of PCNCs were determined. The effects of miR-10a on tumor growth in vivo were studied by performing a xenograft tumor in nude mice. Consequently, miR-10a was highly expressed while WWC2 was lowly expressed in PC tissues. miR-10a could target WWC2 expression. miR-10a inhibition reduced EMT and stemness maintenance of PCSCs via enhancing WWC2 expression. The in vitro results were reproduced in in vivo studies. miR-10a promoted EMT and stemness maintenance of PCSCs via activating the Hippo signaling pathway. Our study provided evidence that miR-10a inhibition reduced EMT and stemness maintenance of PCSCs via upregulating WWC2 expression and inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway.

Small molecule inhibitors of the prostate cancer target KMT2D.

Histone lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D), an important methyltransferase that is involved in the methylation of lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4) and related to the development of prostate cancer. Hypermethylation of H3K4 is shown in prostate cancer (PCa). However, KMT2D inhibitors have not yet been developed. This article aims to design small molecule inhibitors targeting KMT2D_SET to prevent PCa cell proliferation and migration. Twenty-four inhibitors were firstly designed according to a virtual screening of computers，and shown different degrees of binding to KMT2D_SET. Compounds 1 and 16 showed high binding affinities to KMT2D, with KD values of 147 ± 32.9 µM and 176 ± 37.9 µM, respectively. In addition, they exerted strong inhibitory activity against the PCa cell lines PC-3 and DU145, with IC50 values of 1.1 ± 0.06 µM, 1.5 ± 0.06 µM and 1.8 ± 0.1 µM, 2.3 ± 0.2 µM, respectively. Furthermore, these two compounds significantly suppressed the migration of PCa cells.

Modulating trap properties by Nd3+- Eu3+ co-doping in Sr2SnO4 host for optical information storage.

We report a novel Nd3+ and Eu3+ co-doped Sr2SnO4 (SSONE) phosphor showing the capability of "write-in" and "read-out" in optical information storage. As-prepared phosphors exhibit a dominant emission (PL) band centered at 596 nm under UV excitation, closely identical with its photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) spectrum center (595 nm) upon near-infrared (NIR) light and thermal-stimulated luminescence (TSL) spectrum center (595 nm) under heat source. Remarkably, compared with Eu3+ single-doped phosphors, the co-doping strategy enhances the deep traps and also separates the deep traps with shallow traps, which are very crucial factors for optical information storage in electron trapping materials. Further, a demonstration confirmed the optical information storage capacity by photo- and thermal-stimulating the prepared phosphors filled in the designed patterns.

Crystal Structure and Thermostability Characterization of Enterovirus D68 3Dpol.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is one of the many nonpolio enteroviruses that cause mild to severe respiratory illness. The nonstructural protein 3Dpol is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of EV-D68 which plays a critical role in the replication of the viral genome and represents a promising drug target. Here, we report the first three-dimensional crystal structure of the RdRP from EV-D68 in complex with the substrate GTP to 2.3-Å resolution. The RdRP structure is similar to structures of other viral RdRPs, where the three domains, termed the palm, fingers, and thumb, form a structure resembling a cupped right hand. Particularly, an N-terminal fragment (Gly1 to Phe30) bridges the fingers and the thumb domains, which accounts for the enhanced stability of the full-length enzyme over the truncation mutant, as assessed by our thermal shift assays and the dynamic light scattering studies. Additionally, the GTP molecule bound proximal to the active site interacts with both the palm and fingers domains to stabilize the core structure of 3Dpol Interestingly, using limited proteolysis assays, we found that different nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) stabilize the polymerase structure by various degrees, with GTP and CTP being the most and least stabilizing nucleosides, respectively. Lastly, we derived a model of the core structure of 3Dpol stabilized by GTP, according to our proteolytic studies. The biochemical and biophysical characterizations conducted in this study help us to understand the stability of EV-D68-3Dpol, which may extend to other RdRPs as well.IMPORTANCE Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging viral pathogen, which caused sporadic infections around the world. In recent years, epidemiology studies have reported an increasing number of patients with respiratory diseases globally due to the EV-D68 infection. Moreover, the infection has been associated with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction in children. However, there are no vaccines and antiviral treatments specifically targeting the virus to date. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of EV-D68 and carried out systematic biophysical and biochemical characterizations on the overall and local structural stability of the wild-type (WT) enzyme and several variants, which yields a clear view on the structure-activity relationship of the EV-D68 RNA polymerase.

Purification and Functional Characterization of the C-Terminal Domain of the ß-Actin-Binding Protein AIM1 In Vitro.

The protein absent in melanoma 1 (AIM1) is a member of the ßγ-crystal lens superfamily that is associated with the development of multiple cancers. The binding of AIM1 to ß-actin affects the migration and invasion of prostate cancer epithelial cells. The C-terminus of AIM1 is required for the ß-actin interaction. However, the characteristics of AIM1 in vitro and the interaction mode between AIM1 and ß-actin remain unknown. We describe novel methods to prepare pure recombinant AIM1 and identify possible binding modes between AIM1 and ß-actin; we also obtain the crystal of the first two ßγ-crystallin domains of AIM1 (g1g2) for future structural biology research. We first express and purify AIM1 after cloning the sequence into a modified pET-28a_psp expression vector. Next, we define the minimum unit formed by the ßγ-crystallin domain repeats that bound to ß-actin and perform its physiological function. Finally, we made the structural model of the AIM1 g1g2 that can be used to guide future biomedical investigations and prostate cancer research.

The crystal structure of the Pyrococcus abyssi mono-functional methyltransferase PaTrm5b.

The wyosine hypermodification found exclusively at G37 of tRNAPhe in eukaryotes and archaea is a very complicated process involving multiple steps and enzymes, and the derivatives are essential for the maintenance of the reading frame during translation. In the archaea Pyrococcus abyssi, two key enzymes from the Trm5 family, named PaTrm5a and PaTrm5b respectively, start the process by forming N1-methylated guanosine (m1G37). In addition, PaTrm5a catalyzes the further methylation of C7 on 4-demethylwyosine (imG-14) to produce isowyosine (imG2) at the same position. The structural basis of the distinct methylation capacities and possible conformational changes during catalysis displayed by the Trm5 enzymes are poorly studied. Here we report the 3.3 Å crystal structure of the mono-functional PaTrm5b, which shares 32% sequence identity with PaTrm5a. Interestingly, structural superposition reveals that the PaTrm5b protein exhibits an extended conformation similar to that of tRNA-bound Trm5b from Methanococcus jannaschii (MjTrm5b), but quite different from the open conformation of apo-PaTrm5a or well folded apo-MjTrm5b reported previously. Truncation of the N-terminal D1 domain leads to reduced tRNA binding as well as the methyltransfer activity of PaTrm5b. The differential positioning of the D1 domains from three reported Trm5 structures were rationalized, which could be attributable to the dissimilar inter-domain interactions and crystal packing patterns. This study expands our understanding on the methylation mechanism of the Trm5 enzymes and wyosine hypermodification.

Structural basis for recognition of G-1-containing tRNA by histidyl-tRNA synthetase.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) play a crucial role in protein translation by linking tRNAs with cognate amino acids. Among all the tRNAs, only tRNA(His) bears a guanine base at position -1 (G-1), and it serves as a major recognition element for histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS). Despite strong interests in the histidylation mechanism, the tRNA recognition and aminoacylation details are not fully understood. We herein present the 2.55 Å crystal structure of HisRS complexed with tRNA(His), which reveals that G-1 recognition is principally nonspecific interactions on this base and is made possible by an enlarged binding pocket consisting of conserved glycines. The anticodon triplet makes additional specific contacts with the enzyme but the rest of the loop is flexible. Based on the crystallographic and biochemical studies, we inferred that the uniqueness of histidylation system originates from the enlarged binding pocket (for the extra base G-1) on HisRS absent in other aaRSs, and this structural complementarity between the 5' extremity of tRNA and enzyme is probably a result of coevolution of both.

SerRS-tRNASec complex structures reveal mechanism of the first step in selenocysteine biosynthesis.

Selenocysteine (Sec) is found in the catalytic centers of many selenoproteins and plays important roles in living organisms. Malfunctions of selenoproteins lead to various human disorders including cancer. Known as the 21st amino acid, the biosynthesis of Sec involves unusual pathways consisting of several stages. While the later stages of the pathways are well elucidated, the molecular basis of the first stage-the serylation of Sec-specific tRNA (tRNA(Sec)) catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS)-is unclear. Here we present two cocrystal structures of human SerRS bound with tRNA(Sec) in different stoichiometry and confirm the formation of both complexes in solution by various characterization techniques. We discovered that the enzyme mainly recognizes the backbone of the long variable arm of tRNA(Sec) with few base-specific contacts. The N-terminal coiled-coil region works like a long-range lever to precisely direct tRNA 3' end to the other protein subunit for aminoacylation in a conformation-dependent manner. Restraints of the flexibility of the coiled-coil greatly reduce serylation efficiencies. Lastly, modeling studies suggest that the local differences present in the D- and T-regions as well as the characteristic U20:G19:C56 base triple in tRNA(Sec) may allow SerRS to distinguish tRNA(Sec) from closely related tRNA(Ser) substrate.

Flavonoids and Organic Acids Affect Phase II Metabolism based on the Regulation of UGT1A1 Expression and Function.

BACKGROUND: Exogenous substances modulate metabolism by regulating the expression and function of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). However, the exact mechanism in the intestine was rarely understood. Herein, we explored the effects of representative flavonoids and organic acids on the regulation of UGT1A1. METHODS: MTT assays and western blot analysis were used to explore the effect of polyphenols. X-ray diffraction was used to reveal the catalytic mechanisms of UGTs. RESULTS: MTT assays showed that these compounds basically had no cytotoxicity, even in concentrations up to 200 µM. Then, through western blot assays, UGT1A1 expression was increased after being treated with liquiritigenin and caffeic acid. Furthermore, liquiritigenin and caffeic acid enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Moreover, a 2.5-Å crystal structure of the complex containing UGTs C-terminal domain and organic acid was solved, and the UDPGA binding pocket could be occupied by organic acid, suggesting the enzyme activity might be impaired by organic acid. CONCLUSION: Above all, liquiritigenin and caffeic acid maintained the metabolism balance by upregulating the expression of UGT1A1 via Nrf2 activation and inhibiting the enzyme activity in Caco-2 cells.