PCK2 maintains intestinal homeostasis and prevents colitis by protecting antibody-secreting cells from oxidative stress.

Maintaining intracellular redox balance is essential for the survival, antibody secretion, and mucosal immune homeostasis of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, the relationship between mitochondrial metabolic enzymes and the redox balance in ASCs has yet to be comprehensively studied. Our study unveils the pivotal role of mitochondrial enzyme PCK2 in regulating ASCs' redox balance and intestinal homeostasis. We discover that PCK2 loss, whether globally or in B cells, exacerbates dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis due to increased IgA ASC cell death and diminished antibody production. Mechanistically, the absence of PCK2 diverts glutamine into the TCA cycle, leading to heightened TCA flux and excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production. In addition, PCK2 loss reduces glutamine availability for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, resulting in a decrease of total glutathione level. The elevated mtROS and reduced GSH expose ASCs to overwhelming oxidative stress, culminating in cell apoptosis. Crucially, we found that the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mitoquinone (Mito-Q) can mitigate the detrimental effects of PCK2 deficiency in IgA ASCs, thereby alleviating colitis in mice. Our findings highlight PCK2 as a key player in IgA ASC survival and provide a potential new target for colitis treatment.

OPTILOD: Optimal Beacon Placement for High-Accuracy Indoor Localization of Drones.

For many applications, drones are required to operate entirely or partially autonomously. In order to fly completely or partially on their own, drones need to access location services for navigation commands. While using the Global Positioning System (GPS) is an obvious choice, GPS is not always available, can be spoofed or jammed, and is highly error-prone for indoor and underground environments. The ranging method using beacons is one of the most popular methods for localization, especially for indoor environments. In general, the localization error in this class is due to two factors: the ranging error, and the error induced by the relative geometry between the beacons and the target object to be localized. This paper proposes OPTILOD (Optimal Beacon Placement for High-Accuracy Indoor Localization of Drones), an optimization algorithm for the optimal placement of beacons deployed in three-dimensional indoor environments. OPTILOD leverages advances in evolutionary algorithms to compute the minimum number of beacons and their optimal placement, thereby minimizing the localization error. These problems belong to the Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) class and are both considered NP-hard. Despite this, OPTILOD can provide multiple optimal beacon configurations that minimize the localization error and the number of deployed beacons concurrently and efficiently.

Securing Your Airspace: Detection of Drones Trespassing Protected Areas.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) deployment has risen rapidly in recent years. They are now used in a wide range of applications, from critical safety-of-life scenarios like nuclear power plant surveillance to entertainment and hobby applications. While the popularity of drones has grown lately, the associated intentional and unintentional security threats require adequate consideration. Thus, there is an urgent need for real-time accurate detection and classification of drones. This article provides an overview of drone detection approaches, highlighting their benefits and limitations. We analyze detection techniques that employ radars, acoustic and optical sensors, and emitted radio frequency (RF) signals. We compare their performance, accuracy, and cost under different operating conditions. We conclude that multi-sensor detection systems offer more compelling results, but further research is required.

Mechanism Analysis of OsZF8-Mediated Regulation of Rice Resistance to Sheath Blight.

Transcription factors are key molecules involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in plants and play an important regulatory role in resisting biological stress. In this study, we identified a regulatory factor, OsZF8, mediating rice response to Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) AG1-IA infection. The expression of OsZF8 affects R. solani rice infection. OsZF8 knockout and overexpressed rice plants were constructed, and the phenotypes of mutant and wild-type (WT) plants showed that OsZF8 negatively regulated rice resistance to rice sheath blight. However, it was speculated that OsZF8 plays a regulatory role at the protein level. The interacting protein PRB1 of OsZF8 was screened using the yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation test. The results showed that OsZF8 effectively inhibited PRB1-induced cell death in tobacco cells, and molecular docking results showed that PRB1 had a strong binding effect with OsZF8. Further, the binding ability of OsZF8-PRB1 to ergosterol was significantly reduced when compared with the PRB1 protein. These findings provide new insights into elucidating the mechanism of rice resistance to rice sheath blight.

Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with structural flexibility, heteroatomic sites, post-modification ability and high hydrolytic stability have attracted great attention from scientific community. Hydrazone-linked COFs, as a subclass of Schiff-base COFs, was firstly reported in 2011 by Yaghi's group and later witnessed prosperous development in various aspects. Their adjustable structures, precise pore channels and plentiful heteroatomic sites of hydrazone-linked structures possess much potential in diverse applications, for example, adsorption/separation, chemical sensing, catalysis and energy storage, etc. Up to date, the systematic reviews about the reported hydrazone-linked COFs are still rare. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize their preparation methods, characteristics and related applications, and discuss the opportunity or challenge of hydrazone-linked COFs. We hope this review could provide new insights about hydrazone-linked COFs for exploring more appealing functions or applications.

Uptake of the core outcome set on polycystic ovary syndrome before and after its publication.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the core outcome set (COS) on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) impact the selection of research outcomes? SUMMARY ANSWER: Following the publication of the COS on PCOS, an increasing number of trials are reporting both the generic domain and body mass index; however, the uptake of this COS has not been as extensive as expected. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The COS on PCOS included 33 core outcomes in the following seven domains: the generic (3), metabolic (8), reproductive (7), pregnancy (10), psychological (3), oncological (1), and long-term (1). This was done to improve consistency in outcome selection and definition. However, thus far, no studies have investigated the effectiveness of this COS in the above-mentioned tasks. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A methodological study based on the trial registries, including 395 eligible clinical trials registered between 1 January 2018 and 21 September 2022. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 1258 registered clinical studies on PCOS were retrieved from the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Of those, 395 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and divided into two groups based on the publication date of the COS on PCOS (4 February 2020): pre-publication and post-publication. The practical uptake of this COS was explored after data collation, assessment, comparison of the uptake of core outcomes or domains before and after the publication of this COS, and correlation analysis between the domains. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: There were 26 out of 33 core outcomes and five out of seven domains reported in the 395 trials. The highest uptake was observed for the reproductive domain and the reproductive hormonal profile (63.0% and 38.7%, respectively). After the publication of the COS on PCOS, the uptake of the generic domain and body mass index increased from 24.1% to 35.8% (P = 0.011) and 17.8% to 26.5% (P = 0.039), respectively. The total number of reported core outcomes in the generic domain met statistical significance (P = 0.012). Moreover, multivariable analyses still supported the above finding in the generic domain. Correlation analysis showed that most of the domains were positively correlated with each other. However, the pregnancy domain was negatively correlated with the metabolic domain. Reasons responsible for the unsatisfactory uptake may be the absence of specific definitions of core outcomes, as well as the lack of awareness among researchers regarding this COS. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Due to the lack of standardized definition of outcomes, it was difficult to avoid some subjectivity in the process of consistency assessment. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Two years after its publication, there was no substantial improvement in the uptake of the COS on PCOS. This suggests that this COS may require further revision, refinement, and promotion to improve the comparability of PCOS studies. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was funded by Beijing Municipal Health Science and Technology Achievements and Appropriate Technology Promotion Project (BHTPP2022069), and the special fund of Beijing Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project. The authors do not have conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Deep learning-based dynamic PET parametric Ki image generation from lung static PET.

OBJECTIVES: PET/CT is a first-line tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer. The accuracy of quantification may suffer from various factors throughout the acquisition process. The dynamic PET parametric Ki provides better quantification and improve specificity for cancer detection. However, parametric imaging is difficult to implement clinically due to the long acquisition time (~ 1 h). We propose a dynamic parametric imaging method based on conventional static PET using deep learning. METHODS: Based on the imaging data of 203 participants, an improved cycle generative adversarial network incorporated with squeeze-and-excitation attention block was introduced to learn the potential mapping relationship between static PET and Ki parametric images. The image quality of the synthesized images was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by using several physical and clinical metrics. Statistical analysis of correlation and consistency was also performed on the synthetic images. RESULTS: Compared with those of other networks, the images synthesized by our proposed network exhibited superior performance in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation, statistical analysis, and clinical scoring. Our synthesized Ki images had significant correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.93), consistency, and excellent quantitative evaluation results with the Ki images obtained in standard dynamic PET practice. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed deep learning method can be used to synthesize highly correlated and consistent dynamic parametric images obtained from static lung PET. KEY POINTS: • Compared with conventional static PET, dynamic PET parametric Ki imaging has been shown to provide better quantification and improved specificity for cancer detection. • The purpose of this work was to develop a dynamic parametric imaging method based on static PET images using deep learning. • Our proposed network can synthesize highly correlated and consistent dynamic parametric images, providing an additional quantitative diagnostic reference for clinicians.

Structural Regulation of Two Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Heterogeneous Catalysis of Quinazolinones.

Two dimeric {ε-Zn4PMo12}-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [ε-PMo8VMo4VIO34(OH)6Zn4][LO] (SDUT-21, LO = [5-((4'-carboxybenzyl)oxy)isophthalic acid]) and [TBA]3[ε-PMo8VMo4VIO37(OH)3Zn4][LN] (SDUT-22, TBA+ = tetrabutylammonium ion, LN = [5-((4-carboxybenzyl)imino)isophthalic acid]), combining the advantages of polyoxometalates (POMs) and MOFs, were synthesized by the one-pot assembly strategy. The dimeric {ε-Zn4PMo12} units act as nodes that are linked by the flexible ligands and extended into two- or three-dimensional frameworks. The cyclic voltammetry and proton conductivity measurements of SDUT-21 and SDUT-22 were performed and indicated the high electron and proton transfer abilities. These materials also e xhibited the catalytic performance for the synthesis of quinazolinones in the heterogeneous state, and the different binding capacities toward the substrates caused the catalytic activity of SDUT-21 to be higher than that of SDUT-22 under the same conditions. In addition, the used catalysts could be readily recovered for five successive cycles and maintained high catalytic efficiency.

Construction of Zr-Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Composite Materials toward Anhydrous Proton Conduction and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Metal-organic frameworks constructed from Zr usually possess excellent chemical and physical stability. Therefore, they have become attractive platforms in various fields. In this work, two families of hybrid materials based on ZrSQU have been designed and synthesized, named Im@ZrSQU and Cu@ZrSQU, respectively. Im@ZrSQU was prepared through the impregnation method and employed for proton conduction. Im@ZrSQU exhibited terrific proton conduction performance in an anhydrous environment, with the highest proton conduction value of 3.6 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 110 °C. In addition, Cu@ZrSQU was synthesized via the photoinduction method for the photoreduction of CO2, which successfully promoted the conversion of CO2 into CO and achieved the CO generation rate of up to 12.4 µmol g-1 h-1. The photocatalytic performance of Cu@ZrSQU is derived from the synergistic effect of Cu NPs and ZrSQU. Based on an in-depth study and discussion toward ZrSQU, we provide a versatile platform with applications in the field of proton conduction and photocatalysis, which will guide researchers in their further studies.

Engineering the Crystal Facet of Monoclinic NiO for Efficient Catalytic Ozonation of Toluene.

Modulating oxygen vacancies of catalysts through crystal facet engineering is an innovative strategy for boosting the activity for ozonation of catalytic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, three kinds of facet-engineered monoclinic NiO catalysts were successfully prepared and utilized for catalytic toluene ozonation (CTO). Density functional theory calculations revealed that Ni vacancies were more likely to form preferentially than O vacancies on the (110), (100), and (111) facets of monoclinic NiO due to the stronger Ni-vacancy formation ability, further affecting O-vacancy formation. Extensive characterizations demonstrated that Ni vacancies significantly promoted the formation of O vacancies and thus reactive oxygen species in the (111) facet of monoclinic NiO, among the three facets. The performance evaluation showed that the monoclinic NiO catalyst with a dominant (111) facet exhibits excellent performance for CTO, achieving a toluene conversion of ∼100% at 30 °C after reaction for 120 min under 30 ppm toluene, 210 ppm ozone, 45% relative humidity, and a space velocity of 120 000 h-1. This outperformed the previously reported noble/non-noble metal oxide catalysts used for CTO at room temperature. This study provided novel insight into the development of highly efficient facet-engineered catalysts for the elimination of catalytic VOCs.

"Simulation of medical goggles to stop airborne transmission of viruses: computational fluid dynamics in ergonomics".

This paper presents a position statement on combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and ergonomics to guide the design of personal protective equipment (PPE). We used CFD to simulate 36 exposure scenarios of an infected patient sneezing at different distances and different angles while facing either the front or the side of a healthcare worker with or without goggles. The results show that medical goggles indeed block most droplets from the outer surface, but many droplets still deposit on the bottom edge (especially at the nose), inside the air holes and on the side edge. However, the edges of medical goggles have fitment problems with people in different regions, and the air holes do not function as filters and cannot prevent fine droplets from entering the interior and contacting the eyes. Our research demonstrates the feasibility of studying the design of PPE for airtightness and protection by means of CFD.Practitioner summary: Computational fluid dynamics can quickly and efficiently reflect the airtightness design problems of PPE. A model was developed using CFD to examine the protective effect of medical goggles in preventing the airborne transmission of viruses. The model demonstrates the feasibility of using CFD to solve ergonomic problems.Abbreviations: CFD: computational fluid dynamics; PPE: personal protective equipment; WHO: the World Health Organisation; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; OSHA: the Occupational Safety and Health Administration; CDC: the Centres for Disease Control; FEM: finite element method; 3M: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation; SPH: smoothed particle hydrodynamics; AROM: active range of motion; DPM: discrete phase model; PISO: pressure implicit with splitting of operators; VR: virtual reality; AR: augmented reality.

A comfort analysis of AR glasses on physical load during long-term wearing.

The present study investigated the effect of the physical load of augmented reality (AR) glasses on subjective assessments for an extended duration of a video viewing task. Ninety-six subjects were recruited for this test and were divided by spectacle use, sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Four glasses frame weights were assessed. To investigate their effectiveness, a novel prototype adopting three design interventions, (1) adjustable frame width, (2) ergonomic temples, and (3) fixed centre of gravity, was designed with regard to subjective discomfort ratings (nose, ear, and overall). Subjective discomfort in all regions was significantly increased with increasing physical load on the nose. In addition, non-spectacle users, women, older users, and participants in the middle BMI category reported higher discomfort than other groups. This finding could have important implications for the ergonomic design of AR glasses and could help to identify design considerations relevant to the emerging wearable display industry. Practitioner summary: This research aims to explore the influence of the physical load of augmented reality (AR) glasses. It found that discomfort was increased with added nose load. Non-spectacle users, women, older users, and participants in the middle BMI category were more sensitive to discomfort. The results have important implications for glasses-type wearables' design.

In-ear earphone design-oriented pressure sensitivity evaluation on the external ear.

This study aimed to explore the pressure sensitivity of the external ear that can be the basis for adapting the pressure distribution on the concha for in-ear earphone design. Overall, 30 participants were included in this study, where an electronic mechanical algometer with a stepping motor was used to apply constant pressure. Before the experiment, the customised concha shell models of the participants were positioned in the ear perpendicular to the concha surface. Furthermore, the pressure discomfort threshold (PDT), moderate pressure discomfort (MPD), and maximum pressure threshold (MPT) in eight regions of the ear were recorded. This study's results indicate that the four regions of the external ear are less sensitive to pressure than those of the other regions. Additionally, women had higher pressure sensitivity values in the external ear. Therefore, this study's findings could have important implications for earphone designs and evaluating discomfort conditions in the external ear. Practitioner summary: This study explores the pressure sensitivity threshold (PDT, MPD, and MPT) on the external ear and the relevant implications for in-ear earphone design. Interestingly, regions closer to the bone structure were less sensitive to pressure, and men could tolerate greater pressure on the external ear than women.

Research on the recycling and disposal of Chinese pesticide packaging waste based on evolutionary game theory.

This study aims to determine the optimal strategy and driving factors of the critical nodes of pesticide packaging waste recycling by constructing the recycling process of "village collection-town transport-county management." Counties, towns, and villages are the central nodes of collection, coordination, and communication in the recycling process. Their strategy selection and influencing factor analysis are related to the development of recycling. The county processing center, township transit center, and village recycling center were selected to construct a game model, and strategy and parameter assumptions were made to obtain the optimal strategy combination. The results showed that strict supervision, professional transportation and strict implementation are the best strategies for counties, towns and villages, respectively. Simulation analysis confirmed that factors such as cost, reward restricted the strategy selection of each subject. The higher the supervision, transport, and input costs, the lower the enthusiasm of counties, towns, and villages to participate in recycling, respectively. Reasonable control of reward could help each participant choose a stable strategy. The study provided the idea of a pilot before promotion for the government and emphasized the importance of controlling incentive policies and relative costs to improve the recycling process of pesticide packaging waste.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of rice cultivars resistant and susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA.

BACKGROUND: Rice sheath blight, which is caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is the most destructive disease affecting rice production, but the resistance mechanism to this pathogen has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS: In this study, we selected two rice cultivars based on their resistance to the pathogen and analyzed and compared the transcriptomic profiles of two cultivars, the moderately resistant variety Gangyuan8 and the highly susceptible variety Yanfeng47, at different time points after inoculation. The comparative transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of related genes gradually increased after pathogen inoculation. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Yanfeng47 was higher than that in Gangyuan8, and this result revealed that Yanfeng47 was more susceptible to fungal attack. At the early stage (24 and 48 h), the accumulation of resistance genes and a resistance metabolism occurred earlier in Ganguan8 than in Yanfeng47, and the resistance enrichment entries were more abundant in Ganguan8 than in Yanfeng47. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses at five infection stages, we concluded that phenylalanine metabolism and the jasmonic acid pathway play a crucial role in the resistance of rice to sheath blight. Through a comparative transcriptome analysis, we preliminarily analyzed the molecular mechanism responsible for resistance to sheath blight in rice, and the results lay the foundation for the development of gene mining and functional research on rice resistance to sheath blight.

Ag Nanoparticle-Modified Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Enhanced CO2 Photoreduction.

The photoreduction deposition method is employed to fabricate a family of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-modified polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (NENU-5) photocatalysts, named Ag/NENU-5. The title photocatalysts, Ag/NENU-5, can be used for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and are observed to efficiently reduce CO2 into CO, in which the highest reduction rate is 22.28 µmol g-1 h-1, 3 times greater than that of NENU-5. Photocatalytic reduction performances of CO2 have been extremely improved after the incorporation of Ag NPs as the cocatalyst. The enhancement of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 has been attributed to the synergistic effects of Ag NPs and NENU-5, inhibiting the charge recombination during the photocatalytic process and increasing the reaction active sites. Furthermore, the influence of Ag NPs on the photocatalytic activity has also been investigated. The experimental results clearly reveal that the size of Ag NPs could exert a main effect on the photocatalytic activity, and the reasonable size of Ag NPs is able to enhance the photocatalytic reduction activity toward CO2 significantly.

Promoting the Catalytic Ozonation of Toluene by Introducing SO42- into the α-MnO2/ZSM-5 Catalyst to Tune Both Oxygen Vacancies and Acid Sites.

Mn-based catalysts hold the promise of practical applications in catalytic ozonation of toluene at room temperature, yet improvement of toluene conversion and COx selectivity remains challenging. Here, an innovative α-MnO2/ZSM-5 catalyst modified with SO42- was successfully prepared, and both characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that SO42- introduction facilitated the formation of oxygen vacancies, Lewis and Brönsted acid sites, and active oxygen species and enhanced the adsorption ability of toluene on α-MnO2/ZSM-5. Characterizations also showed that SO42- introduction made the catalyst possess larger specific surface area, superior reducibility, and stronger surface acidity. As a result, α-MnO2/ZSM-5 with a S/Mn molar ratio of 0.019 exhibited the best toluene conversion and COx selectivity, 87 and 94%, respectively, after the reaction for 8 h at 30 °C under an initial concentration of 5 ppm toluene and 45 ppm ozone, relative humidity of 45%, and space velocity of 32,000 h-1, far superior to those of non-noble catalysts reported to date under comparable reaction conditions. The synergistic role of increased oxygen vacancies and acid sites of α-MnO2/ZSM-5 modified with SO42- resulted in excellent toluene conversion and COx selectivity. The findings represented a critical step toward the rational design and synthesis of highly efficient catalysts for catalytic ozonation of toluene.

The LMCD1-AS1/miR-526b-3p/OSBPL5 axis promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To explore the specific role and regulatory mechanism of oxysterol binding protein like 5 (OSBPL5) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that OSBPL5 expression was notably elevated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and Kaplan-Meier analysis manifested that high OSBPL5 expression was closely related to the poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. Besides, according to the results from western blot analysis, cell counting kit-8, EdU and Transwell assays, knockdown of OSBPL5 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Additionally, by performing qRT-PCR analysis, luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays, we verified that OSBPL5 was a downstream target of miR-526b-3p and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LMCD1-AS1 served as a sponge for miR-526b-3p. Moreover, from rescue assays, we observed that OSBPL5 overexpression offset LMCD1-AS1 knockdown-mediated inhibition in cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: This paper was the first to probe the molecular regulatory mechanism of OSBPL5 involving the LMCD1-AS1/miR-526b-3p axis in NSCLC and our results revealed that the LMCD1-AS1/miR-526b-3p/OSBPL5 axis facilitates NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, which may offer a novel therapeutic direction for NSCLC.

Analysis of Aspergillus versicolor exudate composition.

Aspergillus versicolor, a widely distributed fungus, is associated with pollution and carcinogenic hazards. This study aimed to examine the functions of the A. versicolor exudate and laid a scientific foundation for improving our understanding, utilization, and control of A. versicolor. The A. versicolor exudate proteome, ion content, and amino acid components were determined using label-free quantitation, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In total, 502 proteins were identified in the A. versicolor exudate. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and cluster of orthologous group analyses were used to annotate the functional classification and pathways of the aligned proteins. Proteins identified in the exudate were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolic process, translation, oxidoreductase activity, oxidoreductase activity, hydrolase activity, cell wall-related processes, catalytic activity, and unknown functions. The exudate comprised Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Mg cations. Among the 17 types of amino acids detected in the exudate, 7 were essential and 10 were nonessential. The exudate may be involved in the vital processes of A. versicolor. Additionally, the exudate may play an important role in the growth, development, reproduction, homeostasis, nutrient supply for regrowth, and virulence of A. versicolor.

Establishment of a finite element model based on craniofacial soft tissue thickness measurements and stress analysis of medical goggles.

In this study, an accurate finite element (FE) stress analysis of head-mounted products for Chinese users was performed. Using craniofacial computed tomography scans of 280 Chinese individuals, the total soft tissue thickness and thickness of the fat and muscle layers for 41 landmarks were measured. The data were used to construct FE head models (FEH). An FE stress test was conducted to analyse the wearing of medical goggles using two FE models based on one-layer (FEH 1) and three-layer (FEH 3) soft tissue material parameters. When compared with the experimental results, the modelling results for FEH 3 were more realistic than those for FEH 1. Wearing medical goggles led to stress concentration over five landmark areas, A: upper medial forehead, B: temporal, C: zygion, D: infraorbital fossa and E: rhinion, of which B, C and D caused the most discomfort during long-term goggle wear. Practitioner summary: A precise FE head model can reflect the complex contact pressure of a head-related product. Two FE models based on one- and three-layer soft tissue material parameters were established and tested separately with medical goggles. The model can be used to improve the comfort of head-related products. Abbreviations: FE: finite element; FEH: FE head models; FEH 1: FE models based on one-layer; FEH 3: FE models based on three-layer; VR: virtual reality; AR: augmented reality; 3D: three-dimensional; WSU: Wayne State University; WSUBIM: Wayne State University Brain Injury Model; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CFSTT: craniofacial soft tissue thickness; FSR: force sensing resistor; NURBS: non-uniform rational basis spline; SPSS: statistical product and service solutions; STL: stereolithography; STP: standard for the exchange of product model data; BDF: glyph bitmap distribution format; EEG: electroencephalogram.