Treatment with metformin and sorafenib alleviates endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome by promoting apoptosis via synergically regulating autophagy.

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of metformin (MET) and Sorafenib (SOR) in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Effects of MET and SOR on the area of endometrium and myometrium were detected. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry assays were carried out to detect the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), mTORC2, LC3-II, P62, and Caspase-3 in rats and cultured cells. Furthermore, cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis was carried out to determine the apoptotic profiles of treated cells. MET and SOR could apparently decrease the areas of endometrium and myometrium in PCOS. MET notably enhanced the expression of LC3-II and Caspase-3 in PCOS while substantially reducing the level of mTORC1 and P62. Similarly, SOR also enhanced the expression of LC3-II and Caspase-3 in PCOS while substantially reducing the level of mTORC2 and P62. Treatment with MET and SOR significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC-94 and HEC-1-A cells while promoting their apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Caspase-3. In cells treated with MET, the expression of mTORC1 and LC3-II was upregulated while the expression of P62 was downregulated. Similarly, in cells treated with SOR, the expression of mTORC2 and LC3-II was also upregulated while the expression of P62 was also downregulated. Furthermore, MET showed no effect on mTORC2 expression, while SOR showed no effect on mTORC1 expression. In this study, we suggested that MET and SOR alleviated the risk of EH in PCOS via the mTORC1/autophagy/apoptosis axis and mTORC2/autophagy/apoptosis axis, respectively.

Curative effect of paclitaxel and cisplatin combined chemotherapy on cervical cancer and its relation with tissue micro vascular and lymphatic vessels density.

This study was to discuss the curative effect of paclitaxel and cisplatin combined chemotherapy on cervical cancer and its relation with tissue micro vascular and lymphatic vessels density. The combined chemotherapy of paclitaxel 135 mg/m² and cisplatin 25mg/m² were taken to observe the clinical curative effect. The postoperative paraffin tissue had been collected, had performed the LYVE-1 (lymphatic endothelium specific hyaluronan receptor-1) and CD31 immunohistochemical staining. The complete remission rate of high micro lymphatic vessels density group (was or more 6.0) and high micro vascular density group were obviously higher than in low micro lymphatic vessels density group and low micro vascular density group, the difference was statistically significance (P<0.05). This study further analyzed the relation of MVD and LVD with clinical pathological parameters. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The curative effect of paclitaxel and cisplatin combined therapy was promising, positive and was closely related with cervical cancer tissue LVD and MVD. The LVD and MVD could be one of the predictors of early cervical CIN and early cervical cancer development.

The long non-coding RNA PTTG3P promotes growth and metastasis of cervical cancer through PTTG1.

The outgrowth and metastasis of cervical cancer (CC) contribute to its malignancy. Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 (PTTG1) is upregulated in many types of cancer, and enhances tumor cell growth and metastasis. However, the activation and regulation of PTTG1 in CC, especially by its pseudogene PTTG3P, have not been shown. Here, we detected significantly higher levels of PTTG1 and PTTG3P in the resected CC tissue, compared to the paired adjacent normal cervical tissue. Interestingly, the PTTG3P levels positively correlated with the PTTG1 levels. High PTTG3P levels were associated with poor patients' survival. In vitro, PTTG1 were increased by PTTG3P overexpression, but was inhibited by PTTG3P depletion in CC cells. However, PTTG3P levels were not altered by modulation of PTTG1 in CC cells, suggesting that PTTG3P is upstream of PTTG1. Moreover, PTTG3P increased CC cell growth, likely through CCNB1-mediated increase in cell proliferation, rather than through decrease in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, PTTG3P increased CC cell invasiveness, likely through upregulation of SNAIL and downregulation of E-cadherin. Our work thus suggests that PTTG3P may promote growth and metastasis of CC through PTTG1.