Preliminary Investigation of Thermoelectric Electromotive Force Oscillation of NiCr/NiSi Thin Film Thermocouple in Dynamic Calibration.

In order to reveal the dynamic response characteristic of thin film thermocouples (TFTCs), the nichrome/nisil (NiCr/NiSi) TFTCs are prepared onto the glass substrate. With short pulse infrared laser system, NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are dynamically calibrated. The thermoelectric electromotive force (TEF) curves of NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are recorded by the memory hicorder system, which could reflect TEF signals with resolution ratio in nanosecond and microvolt, simultaneously. With increasing laser energy from 15.49 to 29.59 mJ, TEF curves display more and more violent oscillation, even negative value. The results show that the bounce of thermal energy happens between two interfaces of TFTCs because the thermal conductivity of glass and air is significantly lower than that of NiSi/NiCr TFTCs. The bounce of thermal energy results in the obvious decrease of nNiCr and nNiSi , as well as oscillation of TEF. For laser energy in 29.59 mJ, the bounce of thermal energy in NiCr film could result in nNiCr < nNiSi . Then, TEF value appears abnormal negative value. Based on the results, the complex thermal energy transport process in TFTCs dynamic calibration is revealed, which results in the oscillation of thermal energy and TEF signal.

Examination of the Impact of CYP3A4/5 on Drug-Drug Interaction between Schizandrol A/Schizandrol B and Tacrolimus (FK-506): A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach.

Schizandrol A (SZA) and schizandrol B (SZB) are two active ingredients of Wuzhi capsule (WZC), a Chinese proprietary medicine commonly prescribed to alleviate tacrolimus (FK-506)-induced hepatoxicity in China. Due to their inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, SZA/SZB may display drug-drug interaction (DDI) with tacrolimus. To identify the extent of this DDI, the enzymes' inhibitory profiles, including a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) shift, reversible inhibition (RI) and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) were examined with pooled human-liver microsomes (HLMs) and CYP3A5-genotyped HLMs. Subsequently, the acquired parameters were integrated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantify the interactions between the SZA/SZB and the tacrolimus. The metabolic studies indicated that the SZB displayed both RI and TDI on CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, while the SZA only exhibited TDI on CYP3A4 to a limited extent. Moreover, our PBPK model predicted that multiple doses of SZB would increase tacrolimus exposure by 26% and 57% in CYP3A5 expressers and non-expressers, respectively. Clearly, PBPK modeling has emerged as a powerful approach to examine herb-involved DDI, and special attention should be paid to the combined use of WZC and tacrolimus in clinical practice.

Abnormal distortion and control of a Gaussian beam in circular aperture diffraction.

On the basic theory of wave diffraction, Zernike polynomials have been built by using the aberration function method to study the abnormal distortion and control of laser beams with Gaussian distribution in circular aperture diffraction. In the process of research, it is found that under the different deformation degrees of Zernike polynomials in Z7 and Z8, the diffracted beam will produce comet optical aberrations, further causing the diffraction beam to deviate from the Gaussian profile and producing anomalous distortion. By optimizing the imaging position and adding a phase compensator, imaging errors such as aberration and distortion on the structure can be effectively controlled, and the beam transmission quality can be improved.

Evaluation and difference analysis of regional energy efficiency in China under the carbon neutrality targets: Insights from DEA and Theil models.

In the context of carbon neutrality, the paper uses Super Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the level of regional energy efficiency in China, then selects Theil index to analyze the difference and change of regional energy efficiency. The results are as follows: (1) The overall level of energy efficiency in China is relatively low, and the average efficiency level from 2007 to 2019 is 0.568. Among them, Beijing is the highest, at 1.261, and Xinjiang is the lowest, at only 0.205. The energy efficiency of the eastern region is the highest in China: the average is 0.812. The central region is lower than the national average, with the value of 0.534. The lowest energy efficiency is in the western region, which is only 0.349. It can be seen that there are significant differences in regional energy efficiency, and from west to east has increased. (2) The Theil coefficient increased before 2012 and began to show a downward trend in 2013. The difference in the eastern region maintained the smallest downward trend among the three regions. The difference in the central region fluctuated and increased before 2011, and dropped sharply after 2012. In the western region, the coefficient is relatively stable and has not changed significantly. (3) Differences within and between regions in China show an overall downward trend. From the perspective of contribution rate, the difference between regions contributes the most to the overall difference.

Digitalization, Electricity Consumption and Carbon Emissions-Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in China.

The development of China's manufacturing industry is constrained by factors such as energy and resources, and low-carbon development is arduous. Digitalization is an important method to transform and upgrade traditional industries. Based on the panel data of 13 manufacturing industries in China from 2007 to 2019, a regression model and a threshold model were used to empirically test the impact of digitalization and electricity consumption on carbon emissions. The research results were as follows: (1) The digitalization level of China's manufacturing industry was steadily increasing; (2) The proportion of electricity consumption in China's manufacturing industries in the total electricity consumption hardly changed from 2007 to 2019, basically maintaining at about 6.8%. The total power consumption increased by about 2.1 times. (3) From 2007 to 2019, the total carbon emissions of China's manufacturing industry increased, but the carbon emissions of some manufacturing industries decreased. (4) There was an inverted U-shaped relationship between digitalization and carbon emissions, the higher the level of digitalization input, the greater the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry. However, when digitalization develops to a certain extent, it will also suppress carbon emissions to a certain extent. (5) There was a significant positive correlation between electricity consumption and carbon emissions in the manufacturing industry. (6) There were double energy thresholds for the impact of labor-intensive and technology-intensive manufacturing digitalization on carbon emissions, but only a single economic threshold and scale threshold. There was a single scale threshold for capital-intensive manufacturing, and the value was -0.5352. This research provides possible countermeasures and policy recommendations for digitalization to empower the low-carbon development of China's manufacturing industry.

Laterality of blood perfusion in the lower extremities after drinking saline at different temperatures.

Skin blood flux (SkBF) changes caused by drinking cold water are generally associated with vagal tone and osmotic factors in the digestive system. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on whether there are left and right differences in these SkBF change. In the current study, a total of 60 subjects were recruited. Skin blood perfusion of the bilateral lower extremities was recorded simultaneously before and after drinking saline of different temperatures saline by using Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The electrogastrogram (EGG) was also monitored, and the dominant frequency of the EGG and heart rate variability were analyzed. The results indicated that after drinking saline, the laterality index of SkBF at the lower extremities was different and the laterality index changes of SkBF were mainly reflected in the frequency interval V (0.4-1.6 Hz). There was a weak negative correlation between the laterality index of endothelial NO-dependent component and change rate of root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) after drinking 4 °C saline. However, after drinking 30 °C saline, there was a weak positive correlation between neurogenic component and RMSSD The distribution and regulation of bilateral blood flow are not symmetrical but exhibit a certain laterality.

The Fitting Optimization Path Analysis on Scale Missing Data: Based on the 507 Patients of Poststroke Depression Measured by SDS.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimal fitting path of missing data of the Scale to make the fitting data close to the real situation of patients' data. METHODS: Based on the complete data set of the SDS of 507 patients with stroke, the data simulation sets of Missing Completely at Random (MCAR), Missing at Random (MAR), and Missing Not at Random (MNAR) were constructed by R software, respectively, with missing rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% under three missing mechanisms. Mean substitution (MS), random forest regression (RFR), and predictive mean matching (PMM) were used to fit the data. Root mean square error (RMSE), the width of 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) were used to evaluate the fitting effect and determine the optimal fitting path. RESULTS: when dealing with the problem of missing data in scales, the optimal fitting path is ① under the MCAR deletion mechanism, when the deletion proportion is less than 20%, the MS method is the most convenient; when the missing ratio is greater than 20%, RFR algorithm is the best fitting method. ② Under the Mar mechanism, when the deletion ratio is less than 35%, the MS method is the most convenient. When the deletion ratio is greater than 35%, RFR has a better correlation. ③ Under the mechanism of MNAR, RFR is the best data fitting method, especially when the missing proportion is greater than 30%. In reality, when the deletion ratio is small, the complete case deletion method is the most commonly used, but the RFR algorithm can greatly expand the application scope of samples and save the cost of clinical research when the deletion ratio is less than 30%. The best way to deal with data missing should be based on the missing mechanism and proportion of actual data, and choose the best method between the statistical analysis ability of the research team, the effectiveness of the method, and the understanding of readers.

Pilot Study of Blood Perfusion Changes at PC4 and Its Surrounding Points Induced by Acupuncture and Moxibustion.

Acupuncture and moxibustion are widely used in clinical practice; however, the differences between their mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, the response of blood perfusion resulting from acupuncture or moxibustion at Ximen (PC4) and its surrounding points was explored. Using the wavelet method, the differences in the frequency interval of blood flux were observed. Furthermore, the correlations between these points were analyzed. The results suggested that moxibustion could significantly improve blood flow perfusion at PC4 compared to acupuncture; however, there was no significant difference around PC4. The response of blood flux at PC4 to different stimulations was related to the frequency V (0.4-1.6 Hz) component. However, a difference in response at other points was not observed. Correlation analysis showed that both acupuncture and moxibustion could cause a decline in the correlation of blood flux signals at these recorded points, but there was no significant difference between these techniques. The results suggested that, at least in the forearm, the acupuncture or moxibustion only influenced the level of blood perfusion locally.

The Relationship Between Blood Perfusion in the Lower Extremities and Heart Rate Variability at Different Positions.

Previous studies have explored the relationship between the complexity of local blood flow signals and heart rate variability (HRV) under different thermal stimulations. However, the relationship between the complexity of local blood flow signals and HRV in different positions is not clear. In this study, healthy participants were placed in different body positions. The bilateral blood flux and ECG were monitored, and refined composite multiscale entropy (RC MSE) and refined composite multiscale fuzzy entropy (RC MFE) were used to measure the complexity of the local blood flux. The sample entropy was calculated to evaluate the HRV complexity. The change of body position did not affect the time domain or frequency domain of HRV, but did reverse the blood flux laterality of the lower extremities. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the complexity of right-side blood flux and sample entropy of HRV when the participant was in the -10 degrees position. These results provide a new perspective of the relationship between skin blood flux signals and cardiac function.

Investigation of the Impact of CYP3A5 Polymorphism on Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Schisantherin A/Schisandrin A Based on Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

Wuzhi capsule (WZC) is commonly prescribed with tacrolimus in China to ease drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Two abundant active ingredients, schisantherin A (STA) and schisandrin A (SIA) are known to inhibit CYP3A enzymes and increase tacrolimus's exposure. Our previous study has quantitatively demonstrated the contribution of STA and SIA to tacrolimus pharmacokinetics based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. In the current work, we performed reversible inhibition (RI) and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assays with CYP3A5 genotyped human liver microsomes (HLMs), and further integrated the acquired parameters into the PBPK model to predict the drug-drug interaction (DDI) in patients with different CYP3A5 alleles. The results indicated STA was a time-dependent and reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4 while only a reversible inhibitor of CYP3A5; SIA inhibited CYP3A4 and 3A5 in a time-dependent manner but also reversibly inhibited CYP3A5. The predicted fold-increases of tacrolimus exposure were 2.70 and 2.41, respectively, after the multidose simulations of STA. SIA also increased tacrolimus's exposure but to a smaller extent compared to STA. An optimized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model integrated with CYP3A5 polymorphism was successfully established, providing more insights regarding the long-term DDI between tacrolimus and Wuzhi capsules in patients with different CYP3A5 genotypes.

Application of the decision tree method to lithology identification of volcanic rocks-taking the Mesozoic in the Laizhouwan Sag as an example.

The decision tree method can be used to identify complex volcanic rock lithology by dividing lithology sample data layer by layer and establishing a tree structure classification model. Mesozoic volcanic strata are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, the rock types are complex and diverse, and the logging response is irregular. Taking the D oilfield of the Laizhouwan Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin as an example, this study selects volcanic rocks with good development scales and single-layer thicknesses of more than 0.2 m as samples. Based on a comparison of various lithology identification methods and both coring and logging data, using the decision tree analysis method and the probability density characteristics of logging parameters, six logging parameters with good sensitivity to the response of the volcanic rocks of the above formation are selected (resistivity (RD), spontaneous potential (SP), density (ZDEN), natural gamma ray (GR), acoustic (DT), and compensated neutron correction (CNCF) curves), which are combined to form a lithology classifier with a tree structure similar to a flow chart. This method can clearly express the process and result of identifying volcanic rock lithology with each logging curve. Additionally, crossplots and imaging logging are used to identify the volcanic rock structure, and the core data are used to correct the identified lithology. A combination of conventional logging, imaging logging and the decision tree method is proposed to identify volcanic rock lithology, which substantially improves the accuracy of rock identification.