Author Correction: Hobit- and Blimp-1-driven CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells control chronic intestinal inflammation.

In the version of this article initially published, a portion of the Acknowledgements section ("the Clinical Research Group CEDER of the German Research Council (DFG)") was incorrect. The correct statement is as follows: "...the Collaborative Research Center TRR241 of the German Research Council (DFG)...". The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF version of the article.

Hobit- and Blimp-1-driven CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells control chronic intestinal inflammation.

Although tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) have been shown to regulate host protection in infectious disorders, their function in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be investigated. Here we characterized TRM cells in human IBD and in experimental models of intestinal inflammation. Pro-inflammatory TRM cells accumulated in the mucosa of patients with IBD, and the presence of CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells was predictive of the development of flares. In vivo, functional impairment of TRM cells in mice with double knockout of the TRM-cell-associated transcription factors Hobit and Blimp-1 attenuated disease in several models of colitis, due to impaired cross-talk between the adaptive and innate immune system. Finally, depletion of TRM cells led to a suppression of colitis activity. Together, our data demonstrate a central role for TRM cells in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation and suggest that these cells could be targets for future therapeutic approaches in IBD.

Residual homing of α4ß7-expressing ß1+PI16+ regulatory T cells with potent suppressive activity correlates with exposure-efficacy of vedolizumab.

OBJECTIVE: The anti-α4ß7 integrin antibody vedolizumab is administered at a fixed dose for the treatment of IBDs. This leads to a wide range of serum concentrations in patients and previous studies had suggested that highest exposure levels are associated with suboptimal clinical response. We aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying these non-linear exposure-efficacy characteristics of vedolizumab. DESIGN: We characterised over 500 samples from more than 300 subjects. We studied the binding of vedolizumab to T cells and investigated the functional consequences for dynamic adhesion, transmigration, gut homing and free binding sites in vivo. Employing single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterised α4ß7 integrin-expressing T cell populations 'resistant' to vedolizumab and validated our findings in vitro and in samples from vedolizumab-treated patients with IBD. We also correlated our findings with a post-hoc analysis of the Gemini II and III studies. RESULTS: Regulatory T (TReg) cells exhibited a right-shifted vedolizumab binding profile compared with effector T (TEff) cells. Consistently, in a certain concentration range, the residual adhesion, transmigration, homing of and availability of functional α4ß7 on TReg cells in vivo was higher than that of/on TEff cells. We identified a vedolizumab-'resistant' α4ß7-expressing ß1+PI16+ TReg cell subset with pronounced regulatory properties as the substrate for this effect. Our observations correlated with exposure-efficacy data from Gemini II and III trials. CONCLUSION: Completely blocking TEff cell trafficking with vedolizumab, while simultaneously permitting residual homing of powerful TReg cells in an optimal 'therapeutic window' based on target exposure levels might be a strategy to optimise treatment outcomes in patients with IBD.

Non-classical monocyte homing to the gut via α4ß7 integrin mediates macrophage-dependent intestinal wound healing.

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of α4ß7 integrin for gut homing of monocytes and to explore the biological consequences of therapeutic α4ß7 inhibition with regard to intestinal wound healing. DESIGN: We studied the expression of homing markers on monocyte subsets in the peripheral blood and on macrophage subsets in the gut of patients with IBD and controls with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Integrin function was addressed with dynamic adhesion assays and in vivo gut homing assays. In vivo wound healing was studied in mice deficient for or depleted of α4ß7 integrin. RESULTS: Classical and non-classical monocytes were clearly dichotomous regarding homing marker expression including relevant expression of α4ß7 integrin on human and mouse non-classical monocytes but not on classical monocytes. Monocyte-expressed α4ß7 integrin was functionally important for dynamic adhesion to mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 and in vivo gut homing. Impaired α4ß7-dependent gut homing was associated with reduced (effect size about 20%) and delayed wound healing and suppressed perilesional presence of wound healing macrophages. Non-classical monocytes in the peripheral blood were increased in patients with IBD under clinical treatment with vedolizumab. CONCLUSION: In addition to reported effects on lymphocytes, anti-α4ß7 therapy in IBD also targets non-classical monocytes. Impaired gut homing of such monocytes might lead to a reduction of wound healing macrophages and could potentially explain increased rates of postoperative complications in vedolizumab-treated patients, which have been observed in some studies.

Anti-trafficking agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe the latest developments in the field of anti-trafficking agents (ATAs), a class of therapeutics with growing importance in the field of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) that specifically inhibit steps of immune cell trafficking. RECENT FINDINGS: Several translational and clinical studies have further shaped the knowledge about the mechanisms and effects of the anti-α4ß7 integrin antibody vedolizumab. In parallel, new ATAs like the anti-ß7 integrin antibody etrolizumab and the anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody ontamalimab are investigated in phase III clinical trials and might soon increase the therapeutic armamentarium in IBD. SUMMARY: ATAs have unique mechanisms of action and can meanwhile be considered an indispensable column of IBD therapy. Further efforts are necessary to elucidate complex mechanistic aspects, to exactly define their role in relation to other therapeutic approaches and to identify novel treatment targets as well as biomarkers for personalized medicine.

Interleukin-36 receptor mediates the crosstalk between plasma cells and synovial fibroblasts.

The IL-1 family member IL-36α has proinflammatory and pathogenic properties in psoriasis. IL-36α binds to the IL-36 receptor leading to nuclear factor kappa B/mitogen activated protein kinase mediated cytokine release. The IL-36R antagonist prevents recruitment of IL-1 receptor accessory protein and therefore IL-36-dependent cell activation. In inflamed human tissue, we previously could show that resident B cells and plasma cells (PC) express IL-36α. Further, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) produced proinflammatory cytokines upon IL-36α-stimulation. We hypothesize an IL-36-specific crosstalk between B cells/PCs and FLS permitting a proinflammatory B cell niche. Here, we firstly demonstrated that B cell lines and B cells from healthy donors express IL-36α and stimulation increased IL-36α in B cells and primary plasmablasts/PCs. Moreover, FLS respond specifically to IL-36α by proliferation and production of matrix metalloproteinases via p38/HSP27 signaling. Importantly, IL-36R-deficiency abrogated IL-36α-induced production of inflammatory mediators in FLS and changed the intrinsic FLS-phenotype. Using an in vitro co-culture system, we could show that IL-36R-deficient FLS had a limited capacity to support PC survival compared to wild-type FLS. Hence, we demonstrated an IL-36R-dependent crosstalk between B cells/PCs and FLS. Our data support the concept of initiation and maintenance of a proinflammatory niche by B cells in the joints.

Discrepant Phenotyping of Monocytes Based on CX3CR1 and CCR2 Using Fluorescent Reporters and Antibodies.

Monocytes, as well as downstream macrophages and dendritic cells, are essential players in the immune system, fulfilling key roles in homeostasis as well as in inflammatory conditions. Conventionally, driven by studies on reporter models, mouse monocytes are categorized into a classical and a non-classical subset based on their inversely correlated surface expression of Ly6C/CCR2 and CX3CR1. Here, we aimed to challenge this concept by antibody staining and reporter mouse models. Therefore, we took advantage of Cx3cr1GFP and Ccr2RFP reporter mice, in which the respective gene was replaced by a fluorescent reporter protein gene. We analyzed the expression of CX3CR1 and CCR2 by flow cytometry using several validated fluorochrome-coupled antibodies and compared them with the reporter gene signal in these reporter mouse strains. Although we were able to validate the specificity of the fluorochrome-coupled flow cytometry antibodies, mouse Ly6Chigh classical and Ly6Clow non-classical monocytes showed no differences in CX3CR1 expression levels in the peripheral blood and spleen when stained with these antibodies. On the contrary, in Cx3cr1GFP reporter mice, we were able to reproduce the inverse correlation of the CX3CR1 reporter gene signal and Ly6C surface expression. Furthermore, differential CCR2 surface expression correlating with the expression of Ly6C was observed by antibody staining, but not in Ccr2RFP reporter mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that phenotyping strategies for mouse monocyte subsets should be carefully selected. In accordance with the literature, the suitability of CX3CR1 antibody staining is limited, whereas for CCR2, caution should be applied when using reporter mice.

Etrolizumab-s fails to control E-Cadherin-dependent co-stimulation of highly activated cytotoxic T cells.

Despite promising preclinical and earlier clinical data, a recent phase III trial on the anti-ß7 integrin antibody etrolizumab in Crohn's disease (CD) did not reach its primary endpoint. The mechanisms leading to this outcome are not well understood. Here we characterize the ß7+ T cell compartment from patients with CD in comparison to cells from individuals without inflammatory bowel disease. By flow cytometric, transcriptomic and functional profiling of circulating T cells, we find that triple-integrin-expressing (α4+ß7+ß1hi) T cells have the potential to home to the gut despite α4ß7 blockade and have a specific cytotoxic signature. A subset of triple-integrin-expressing cells readily acquires αE expression and could be co-stimulated via E-Cadherin-αEß7 interactions in vitro. Etrolizumab-s fails to block such αEß7 signalling at high levels of T cell stimulation. Consistently, in CD patients treated with etrolizumab, T cell activation correlates with cytotoxic signatures. Collectively, our findings might add one important piece to the puzzle to explain phase III trial results with etrolizumab, while they also highlight that αEß7 remains an interesting target for future therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease.

Manual cell selection in single cell transcriptomics using scSELpy supports the analysis of immune cell subsets.

Introduction: Single cell RNA sequencing plays an increasing and indispensable role in immunological research such as in the field of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Professional pipelines are complex, but tools for the manual selection and further downstream analysis of single cell populations are missing so far. Methods: We developed a tool called scSELpy, which can easily be integrated into Scanpy-based pipelines, allowing the manual selection of cells on single cell transcriptomic datasets by drawing polygons on various data representations. The tool further supports the downstream analysis of the selected cells and the plotting of results. Results: Taking advantage of two previously published single cell RNA sequencing datasets we show that this tool is useful for the positive and negative selection of T cell subsets implicated in IBD beyond standard clustering. We further demonstrate the feasibility for subphenotyping T cell subsets and use scSELpy to corroborate earlier conclusions drawn from the dataset. Moreover, we also show its usefulness in the context of T cell receptor sequencing. Discussion: Collectively, scSELpy is a promising additive tool fulfilling a so far unmet need in the field of single cell transcriptomic analysis that might support future immunological research.

Anti-ß7 integrin treatment impedes the recruitment on non-classical monocytes to the gut and delays macrophage-mediated intestinal wound healing.

BACKGROUND: Closing mucosal defects to reach mucosal healing is an important goal of therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Among other cells, monocyte-derived macrophages are centrally involved in such intestinal wound healing. We had previously demonstrated that the anti-α4ß7 integrin antibody vedolizumab blocks the recruitment of non-classical monocytes as biased progenitors of wound healing macrophages to the gut and delays wound healing. However, although important for the interpretation of disappointing results in recent phase III trials in IBD, the effects of the anti-ß7 antibody etrolizumab on wound healing are unclear so far. METHODS: We analyzed the expression of etrolizumab targets on human and mouse monocyte subsets by flow cytometry and assessed their function in adhesion and homing assays. We explored wound-associated monocyte recruitment dynamics with multi-photon microscopy and compared the effects of etrolizumab and vedolizumab surrogate (-s) antibodies on experimental wound healing and wound-associated macrophage abundance. Finally, we investigated wound healing macrophage signatures in the large intestinal transcriptome of patients with Crohn's disease treated with etrolizumab. RESULTS: Human and mouse non-classical monocytes expressed more αEß7 integrin than classical monocytes and were a target of etrolizumab-s, which blocked non-classical monocyte adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and E-Cadherin as well as gut homing in vivo. Intestinal wound healing was delayed on treatment with etrolizumab-s along with a reduction of peri-lesional wound healing macrophages. Wound healing macrophage signatures in the colon of patients with Crohn's disease were substantially down-regulated on treatment with etrolizumab, but not with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Combined blockade of αEß7 and α4ß7 with etrolizumab seems to exceed the effect of anti-α4ß7 treatment on intestinal wound healing, which might help to inform further investigations to understand the recent observations in the etrolizumab phase III trial program.

Differential Effects of Ontamalimab Versus Vedolizumab on Immune Cell Trafficking in Intestinal Inflammation and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody ontamalimab demonstrated efficacy in a phase II trial in ulcerative colitis and results of early terminated phase III trials are pending, but its precise mechanisms of action are still unclear. Thus, we explored the mechanisms of action of ontamalimab and compared it to the anti-α4ß7 antibody vedolizumab. METHODS: We studied MAdCAM-1 expression with RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. The mechanisms of action of ontamalimab were assessed with fluorescence microscopy, dynamic adhesion and rolling assays. We performed in vivo cell trafficking studies in mice and compared ontamalimab and vedolizumab surrogate [-s] antibodies in experimental models of colitis and wound healing. We analysed immune cell infiltration under anti-MAdCAM-1 and anti-α4ß7 treatment by single-cell transcriptomics and studied compensatory trafficking pathways. RESULTS: MAdCAM-1 expression was increased in active inflammatory bowel disease. Binding of ontamalimab to MAdCAM-1 induced the internalization of the complex. Functionally, ontamalimab blocked T cell adhesion similar to vedolizumab, but also inhibited L-selectin-dependent rolling of innate and adaptive immune cells. Despite conserved mechanisms in mice, the impact of ontamalimab-s and vedolizumab-s on experimental colitis and wound healing was similar. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated enrichment of ontamalimab-s-treated lamina propria cells in specific clusters, and in vitro experiments indicated that redundant adhesion pathways are active in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ontamalimab has unique and broader mechanisms of action compared to vedolizumab. However, this seems to be compensated for by redundant cell trafficking circuits and leads to similar preclinical efficacy of anti-α4ß7 and anti-MAdCAM-1 treatment. These results will be important for the interpretation of pending phase III data.

Etrolizumab-s Does Not Induce Residual Trafficking of Regulatory T Cells.

BACKGROUND: Blocking immune cell gut homing via α4ß7 integrin with the monoclonal antibody vedolizumab is an established therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel disease. However, despite promising preclinical and phase 2 clinical data, the anti-ß7 antibody etrolizumab yielded disappointing results in a large phase 3 trial program in UC. Mechanistic explanations are still lacking. We have recently shown that vedolizumab is associated with residual homing of regulatory T (Treg) cells in a certain exposure range and aimed to investigate whether a similar mechanism applies for etrolizumab. METHODS: We used flow cytometry, competitive dynamic adhesion, and transmigration assays to assess binding of the etrolizumab surrogate (etrolizumab-s) antibody FIB504 to Treg and effector T cells (Teff) and to explore the impact on cell trafficking. RESULTS: We observed only minimal differences in the binding of etrolizumab-s to Treg and Teff cells. Dynamic adhesion and transmigration of Treg and Teff cells was not substantially differentially affected at relevant concentrations. The ß1+ and PI16+ Treg cells were only resistant to etrolizumab-s at low concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Etrolizumab does not seem to induce notable residual trafficking of Treg cells. Thus, the Teff overweight in the inflamed gut might persist despite reduced overall T cell recruitment. This might be one piece of the puzzle to explain recent clinical results in phase 3.

The efficacy of etrolizumab in phase 3 was disappointing. Our data suggest that, unlike vedolizumab, etrolizumab does not induce relevant residual trafficking of regulatory T cells. This might be one part of the explanation for recent observations in clinical trials.

Nr4a1-dependent non-classical monocytes are important for macrophage-mediated wound healing in the large intestine.

Introduction: Macrophages play an important role in intestinal wound healing. However, the trajectories from circulating monocytes to gut macrophages are incompletely understood. Methods: Taking advantage of mice depleted for non-classical monocytes due to deficiency for the transcription factor Nr4a1, we addressed the relevance of non-classical monocytes for large intestinal wound healing using flow cytometry, in vivo wound healing assays and immunofluorescence. Results: We show that wound healing in Nr4a1-deficient mice is substantially delayed and associated with reduced peri-lesional presence of macrophages with a wound healing phenotype. Discussion: Our data suggest that non-classical monocytes are biased towards wound healing macrophages. These insights might help to understand, how targeting monocyte recruitment to the intestine can be used to modulate intestinal macrophage functions.

Targeting Immune Cell Trafficking - Insights From Research Models and Implications for Future IBD Therapy.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are multifactorial diseases with still unknown aetiology and an increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. Despite plentiful therapeutic options for IBDs, the lack or loss of response in certain patients demands the development of further treatments to tackle this unmet medical need. In recent years, the success of the anti-α4ß7 antibody vedolizumab highlighted the potential of targeting the homing of immune cells, which is now an important pillar of IBD therapy. Due to its complexity, leukocyte trafficking and the involved molecules offer a largely untapped resource for a plethora of potential therapeutic interventions. In this review, we aim to summarise current and future directions of specifically interfering with immune cell trafficking. We will comment on concepts of homing, retention and recirculation and particularly focus on the role of tissue-derived chemokines. Moreover, we will give an overview of the mode of action of drugs currently in use or still in the pipeline, highlighting their mechanisms and potential to reduce disease burden.

Circulating Adaptive Immune Cells Expressing the Gut Homing Marker α4ß7 Integrin Are Decreased in COVID-19.

Background: Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a wide range of symptoms including gastrointestinal manifestations, and intestinal epithelial cells are a target of the virus. However, it is unknown how the intestinal immune system contributes to systemic immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: We characterized peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with active COVID-19 and convalescent patients as well as healthy controls by flow cytometry. Results: The frequency and absolute number of circulating memory T and B cells expressing the gut homing integrin α4ß7 integrin was reduced during COVID-19, whether gastrointestinal symptoms were present or not. While total IgA-expressing B cells were increased, gut-imprinted B cells with IgA expression were stable. Conclusion: COVID-19 is associated with a decrease in circulating adaptive immune cells expressing the key gut homing marker α4ß7 suggesting that these cells are preferentially recruited to extra-intestinal tissues independently of α4ß7 or that the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is at least numerically dominated by extraintestinal, particularly pulmonary, immune cell priming.

Intestinal Mucosal Wound Healing and Barrier Integrity in IBD-Crosstalk and Trafficking of Cellular Players.

The intestinal epithelial barrier is carrying out two major functions: restricting the entry of potentially harmful substances while on the other hand allowing the selective passage of nutrients. Thus, an intact epithelial barrier is vital to preserve the integrity of the host and to prevent development of disease. Vice versa, an impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function is a hallmark in the development and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides a multitude of genetic, molecular and cellular alterations predisposing for or driving barrier dysintegrity in IBD, the appearance of intestinal mucosal wounds is a characteristic event of intestinal inflammation apparently inducing breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Upon injury, the intestinal mucosa undergoes a wound healing process counteracting this breakdown, which is controlled by complex mechanisms such as epithelial restitution, proliferation and differentiation, but also immune cells like macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Consequently, the repair of mucosal wounds is dependent on a series of events including coordinated trafficking of immune cells to dedicated sites and complex interactions among the cellular players and other mediators involved. Therefore, a better understanding of the crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells as well as cell trafficking during intestinal wound repair is necessary for the development of improved future therapies. In this review, we summarize current concepts on intestinal mucosal wound healing introducing the main cellular mediators and their interplay as well as their trafficking characteristics, before finally discussing the clinical relevance and translational approaches to therapeutically target this process in a clinical setting.

The JAK1/3 inhibitor tofacitinib suppresses T cell homing and activation in chronic intestinal inflammation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The molecular mechanism of action of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib is poorly understood. METHODS: Here, we analysed the inhibitory effect of tofacitinib on mucosal and blood T cells from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Furthermore tofacitinib treatment was analysed in experimental colitis models and wound healing. Additionally, tofacitinib effects were analysed in bioassays. RESULTS: Tofacitinib significantly reduced T cell derived inflammatory cytokine production (Th2, Th9, Th17) in patients with active UC. Additionally, impaired expression of the homing receptors alpha4/beta1 and alpha4/beta7 as well as reduced gut homing capacity of T cells in a humanized mouse model of colitis were observed. Tofacitinib suppressed acute and chronic oxazolone colitis compared to untreated wild-type mice associated with downregulation of cytokines produced by Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells. Functionally, tofacitinib induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and prevented mucosal wound healing in vivo at higher concentration. Thus, our findings suggest that tofacitinib is quite effective in protecting from colitis by inhibition of a bundle of T cell derived cytokines like IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-17A. CONCLUSION: Application of tofacitinib emerges as an attractive concept for treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation at lower concentrations, whereas higher concentrations require attention due to prolonged wound healing.

Structural insights into heme binding to IL-36α proinflammatory cytokine.

Cytokines of the interleukin (IL)-1 family regulate immune and inflammatory responses. The recently discovered IL-36 family members are involved in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and pulmonary diseases. Here, we show that IL-36α interacts with heme thereby contributing to its regulation. Based on in-depth spectroscopic analyses, we describe two heme-binding sites in IL-36α that associate with heme in a pentacoordinated fashion. Solution NMR analysis reveals structural features of IL-36α and its complex with heme. Structural investigation of a truncated IL-36α supports the notion that the N-terminus is necessary for association with its cognate receptor. Consistent with our structural studies, IL-36-mediated signal transduction was negatively regulated by heme in synovial fibroblast-like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Taken together, our results provide a structural framework for heme-binding proteins and add IL-1 cytokines to the group of potentially heme-regulated proteins.

Dynamic Adhesion Assay for the Functional Analysis of Anti-adhesion Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Gut homing of immune cells is important for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Integrin-dependent cell adhesion to addressins is a crucial step in this process and therapeutic strategies interfering with adhesion have been successfully established. The anti-α4ß7 integrin antibody, vedolizumab, is used for the clinical treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and further compounds are likely to follow. The details of the adhesion procedure and the action mechanisms of anti-integrin antibodies are still unclear in many regards due to the limited available techniques for the functional research in this field. Here, we present a dynamic adhesion assay for the functional analysis of human cell adhesion under flow conditions and the impact of anti-integrin therapies in the context of IBD. It is based on the perfusion of primary human cells through addressin-coated ultrathin glass capillaries with real-time microscopic analysis. The assay offers a variety of opportunities for refinements and modifications and holds potentials for mechanistic discoveries and translational applications.

Similar Inhibition of Dynamic Adhesion of Lymphocytes From IBD Patients to MAdCAM-1 by Vedolizumab and Etrolizumab-s.

Background: Although anti-adhesion therapies are a novel mainstay in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), the mechanisms controlling integrin-dependent gut homing are poorly elucidated, and the available techniques for translational functional investigations are limited. Methods: We used dynamic adhesion assays to study adhesion of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and granulocytes to the addressins MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. The effects of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab-s, anti-CD11a, and anti-CD18 antibodies were explored. Results: Adhesion of peripheral blood leukocytes from IBD patients and control donors could be validly assessed, and integrin-mediated addressin adhesion could be specifically inhibited by anti-integrin antibodies. Numbers of adhering cells were partly, but not completely, related to integrin expression. Vedolizumab and etrolizumab-s resulted in similar reduction of adhesion to MAdCAM-1, and preliminary data proposed an association of dynamic adhesion to MAdCAM-1 with response to vedolizumab therapy. Conclusions: Dynamic adhesion assays are an easy and broadly applicable method for IBD research that is useful for future translational studies and potentially also for supporting clinical treatment decisions. 10.1093/ibd/izy077_video1izy077_Video_15786486962001.