Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits postischemic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial DLL4 and filopodia formation in a rat model of ischemic stroke.

Angiogenesis is a crucial defense response to hypoxia that regulates the process of raising the promise of long-term neurologic recovery during the management of stroke. A high expression of antiangiogenic factors leads to the loss of neovascularization capacity in pathologic conditions. We have previously documented an impairment of the cerebral vessel perfusion and neovascularization in the cortex neighboring the stroke-induced lesion, which was accompanied by an activation of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E)/PlexinD1 after ischemic stroke. In this study, we employed micro-optical sectioning tomography to fully investigate the details of the vascular pattern, including the capillaries. We found that after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, inhibiting PlexinD1 signaling led to an organized recovery of the vascular network in the ischemic area. We then further explored the possible mechanisms. In vivo, Sema3E substantially decreased dynamic delta-like 4 (DLL4) expression. In cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells, Sema3E down-regulated DLL4 expression via inhibiting Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-induced JNK phosphorylation. At the microcosmic level, Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling promoted F-actin disassembly and focal adhesion reduction by activating the small guanosine triphosphatase Ras homolog family member J by releasing RhoGEF Tuba from direct binding to PlexinD1, thus mediating endothelial cell motility and filopodia retraction. Our study reveals that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling, which suppressed endothelial DLL4 expression, cell motility, and filopodia formation, is expected to be a novel druggable target for angiogenesis during poststroke progression.-Zhou, Y.-F., Chen, A.-Q., Wu, J.-H., Mao, L., Xia, Y.-P., Jin, H.-J., He, Q.-W., Miao, Q. R., Yue, Z.-Y., Liu, X.-L., Huang, M., Li, Y.-N., Hu, B. Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits postischemic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial DLL4 and filopodia formation in a rat model of ischemic stroke.

Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats.

The inflammatory process in stroke is the major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Previous studies indicated that semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), an axon guidance molecule, initiated inflammatory microglial activation and disrupted endothelial function in the CNS. However, whether Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity after stroke remains unclear. To study the effect of Sema4D on BBB disruption in stroke, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and targeted injection of lentivirus-mediated clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene disruption of PlexinB1. We found that Sema4D synchronously increased with BBB permeability and accumulated in the perivascular area after stroke. Suppressing Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling in the periinfarct cortex significantly decreased BBB permeability as detected by MRI and fibrin deposition, and thereby improved stroke outcome. In vitro, we confirmed that Sema4D disrupted BBB integrity and endothelial tight junctions. Moreover, we found that Sema4D induced pericytes to acquire a CD11b-positive phenotype and express proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, Sema4D inhibited AUF1-induced proinflammatory mRNA decay effect. Taken together, our data provides evidence that Sema4D disrupts BBB integrity and promotes an inflammatory response by binding to PlexinB1 in pericytes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our study indicates that Sema4D may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment in the acute phase of stroke.-Zhou, Y.-F., Li, Y.-N., Jin, H.-J., Wu, J.-H., He, Q.-W., Wang, X.-X., Lei, H., Hu, B. Sema4D/PlexinB1 inhibition ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage and improves outcome after stroke in rats.

Endogenous Retroviruses Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Inflammatory Signaling/Senescence-Related Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), a subset of genomic transposable elements (TEs) in a broader sense, have remained latent within mammalian genomes for tens of millions of years. These genetic elements are typically in a silenced state due to stringent regulatory mechanisms. However, under specific conditions, they can become activated, triggering inflammatory responses through diverse mechanisms. This activation has been shown to play a potential role in various neurological disorders, tumors, and cellular senescence. Consequently, the regulation of ERV expression through various methods holds promise for clinical applications in disease treatment. ERVs also engage in interactions with a variety of exogenous viruses, thereby influencing the outcomes of viral infectious diseases. This article comprehensively reviews the pathogenic cascade of ERVs, encompassing activation, inflammation, associated diseases, senescence, and interplay with viruses. Additionally, it outlines therapeutic strategies targeting ERVs with the aim of offering novel research directions for understanding the relationship between ERVs and diseases, along with corresponding treatment modalities.

Association of white matter hyperintensities with long-term EGFR-TKI treatment and prediction of progression risk.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that brain white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are more common in patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) and identify clinical risk factors associated with WMH. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This multiple-center, prospective cohort study was conducted from March 2017 to July 2020. Two groups of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received or did not receive EGFR-TKI were included and followed up for more than 24 months. The progression of WMH was defined as an increase of ≥1 point on the Fazekas visual rating scale between the baseline and at the 2-year follow-up. A modified Poisson regression model was performed to evaluate risk factors on increased WMH load. RESULTS: Among 286 patients with NSCLC, 194 (68%) patients with NSCLC who received EGFR-TKI and 92 (32%) patients with NSCLC without EGFR-TKI treatment were analyzed. Modified Poisson regression analysis showed that EGFR-TKI treatment was independently associated with the WMH progression (EGFR-TKI: aRR 2.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-5.06, p = .002). Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were associated with increased WMH in the adjusted model (IL-2: aRR 1.55 [95% CI 1.06-2.25], p = .023; IL-4: aRR 1.66 [95% CI 1.13-2.43], p = .010; IL-10: aRR 1.48 [95% CI 1.06-2.06], p = .020). CONCLUSION: Patients with NSCLC who received EGFR-TKI may be at higher risk of developing WMH or worsening of WMH burden. The impact of increased WMH lesions in these patients is to be further assessed. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 may be used as potential biomarkers to monitor the risk of increased WMH burden.

Advances in the development of biodegradable coronary stents: A translational perspective.

Implantation of cardiovascular stents is an important therapeutic method to treat coronary artery diseases. Bare-metal and drug-eluting stents show promising clinical outcomes, however, their permanent presence may create complications. In recent years, numerous preclinical and clinical trials have evaluated the properties of bioresorbable stents, including polymer and magnesium-based stents. Three-dimensional (3D) printed-shape-memory polymeric materials enable the self-deployment of stents and provide a novel approach for individualized treatment. Novel bioresorbable metallic stents such as iron- and zinc-based stents have also been investigated and refined. However, the development of novel bioresorbable stents accompanied by clinical translation remains time-consuming and challenging. This review comprehensively summarizes the development of bioresorbable stents based on their preclinical/clinical trials and highlights translational research as well as novel technologies for stents (e.g., bioresorbable electronic stents integrated with biosensors). These findings are expected to inspire the design of novel stents and optimization approaches to improve the efficacy of treatments for cardiovascular diseases.

Nanomedicine: An Emerging Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Hemorrhagic stroke is one of the most devastating diseases worldwide due to a high rate of disability and mortality with few effective treatments. Recent advances in nanomedicines to promote hemostasis, drug delivery, neuroprotection, and nerve regeneration may provide insight into hemorrhagic stroke treatment. In this review, we first view the pathophysiology and conventional therapeutics of hemorrhagic stroke. Second, we comprehensively summarize the current nanomedicines applied in hemorrhagic stroke, including inorganic nanomaterials, polymer-based nanomaterials, lipid-based nanomaterials, self-assembling peptide-based hydrogel, exosomes, and gel systems. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives of nanomedicines for hemorrhagic stroke are discussed. Thus, this review promotes greater exploration of effective therapies for hemorrhagic stroke with nanomedicines.

Genetics of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Risk and Outcome.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common fatal event without an effective therapy. Of note, some familial aggregation and inherited tendency is found in ICH and heritability estimates indicate that genetic variations contribute substantially to ICH risk and outcome. Thus, identification of genetic variants that affect the occurrence and outcome may be helpful for ICH prevention and therapy. There are several reviews summarizing numerous genetic variants associated with the occurrence of ICH before, but genetic variants contributing to location distribution and outcome have rarely been introduced. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of genetic variants and pay special attention to location distribution and outcome. So far, investigations have reveled variations in APOE, GPX1, CR1, ITGAV, PRKCH, and 12q21.1 are associated with lobar ICH (LICH), while ACE, COL4A2, 1q22, TIMP1, TIMP2, MMP2, MMP9, and TNF are associated with deep ICH (DICH). Moreover, variations in APOE, VWF, 17p12, HP, CFH, IL6ST, and COL4A1 are possible genetic contributors to ICH outcome. Furthermore, the prospects for ICH related genetic studies from the bench to the bed were discussed.

Cell Heterogeneity Uncovered by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Offers Potential Therapeutic Targets for Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is a detrimental neurological disease characterized by an irreversible infarct core surrounded by an ischemic penumbra, a salvageable region of brain tissue. Unique roles of distinct brain cell subpopulations within the neurovascular unit and peripheral immune cells during ischemic stroke remain elusive due to the heterogeneity of cells in the brain. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows for an unbiased determination of cellular heterogeneity at high-resolution and identification of cell markers, thereby unveiling the principal brain clusters within the cell-type-specific gene expression patterns as well as cell-specific subclusters and their functions in different pathways underlying ischemic stroke. In this review, we have summarized the changes in differentiation trajectories of distinct cell types and highlighted the specific pathways and genes in brain cells that are impacted by stroke. This review is expected to inspire new research and provide directions for investigating the potential pathological mechanisms and novel treatment strategies for ischemic stroke at the level of a single cell.

Endothelial ETS1 inhibition exacerbate blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis through inducing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been recognized as an early pathological feature and contributing factor in multiple sclerosis. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a process associated with endothelial dysfunction leading to the disruption of vessel stability and barrier function, yet its functional consequence in multiple sclerosis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition accompanied the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in several neurological disorders, especially in multiple sclerosis. The activity of transcription factor ETS1, which is highly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and responded to an inflammatory condition, is suppressed in the central nervous system (CNS) ECs in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We identify ETS1 as a central regulator of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) associated with the compromise of barrier integrity. These phenotypical and functional alterations can further induce high permeability, immune infiltration, and organ fibrosis in multiple sclerosis, thus promoting disease progression. Together, these results demonstrate a functional role of EndMT in blood-brain barrier dysfunction and propose ETS1 as a potential transcriptional switch of EndMT to target the development of multiple sclerosis.

Lipid accumulation and novel insight into vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive process. It is the most important pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are an essential cell type in atherosclerosis. Previous studies have revealed that VSMCs undergo phenotypic transformation in atherosclerosis to participate in the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins as well as the formation of the fibrous cap and the underlying necrotic core in plaques. The emergence of lineage-tracing studies indicates that the function and number of VSMCs in plaques have been greatly underestimated. In addition, recent studies have revealed that VSMCs make up at least 50% of the foam cell population in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, understanding the formation of lipid-loaded VSMCs and their regulatory mechanisms is critical to elucidate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to explore potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, combination of many complementary technologies such as lineage tracing, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, and mass cytometry (CyTOF) with immunostaining has been performed to further understand the complex VSMC function. Correct identification of detrimental and beneficial processes may reveal successful therapeutic treatments targeting VSMCs and their derivatives during atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the process of lipid-loaded VSMC formation in atherosclerosis and to describe novel insight into VSMCs gained by using multiple advanced methods.

pH-Sensitive, Cerebral Vasculature-Targeting Hydroxyethyl Starch Functionalized Nanoparticles for Improved Angiogenesis and Neurological Function Recovery in Ischemic Stroke.

Angiogenesis, an essential restorative process following ischemia, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve neurological deficits. However, overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and effective drug enrichment are challenges for conventional drug delivery methods, which has limited the development of treatment strategies. Herein, a dual-targeted therapeutic strategy is reported to enable pH-sensitive drug release and allow cerebral ischemia targeting to improve stroke therapeutic efficacy. Targeted delivery is achieved by surface conjugation of Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) peptides, which binds to integrin α5 ß1 enriched in the cerebral vasculature of ischemic tissue. Subsequently, smoothened agonist (SAG), an activator of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, is coupled to PHSRN-HES by pH-dependent electrostatic adsorption. SAG@PHSRN-HES nanoparticles can sensitively release more SAG in the acidic environment of ischemic brain tissue. More importantly, SAG@PHSRN-HES exerts the synergistic mechanisms of PHSRN and SAG to promote angiogenesis and BBB integrity, thus improving neuroplasticity and neurological function recovery. This study proposes a new approach to improve the delivery of medications in the ischemic brain. Dual-targeted therapeutic strategies have excellent potential to treat patients suffering from cerebral infarction.

Inhibition of Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling alleviates vascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and leads to blindness. Anti-VEGF is a primary treatment for DR. Its therapeutic effect is limited in non- or poor responders despite frequent injections. By performing a comprehensive analysis of the semaphorins family, we identified the increased expression of Sema4D during oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced retinopathy. The levels of soluble Sema4D (sSema4D) were significantly increased in the aqueous fluid of DR patients and correlated negatively with the success of anti-VEGF therapy during clinical follow-up. We found that Sema4D/PlexinB1 induced endothelial cell dysfunction via mDIA1, which was mediated through Src-dependent VE-cadherin dysfunction. Furthermore, genetic disruption of Sema4D/PlexinB1 or intravitreal injection of anti-Sema4D antibody reduced pericyte loss and vascular leakage in STZ model as well as alleviated neovascularization in OIR model. Moreover, anti-Sema4D had a therapeutic advantage over anti-VEGF on pericyte dysfunction. Anti-Sema4D and anti-VEGF also conferred a synergistic therapeutic effect in two DR models. Thus, this study indicates an alternative therapeutic strategy with anti-Sema4D to complement or improve the current treatment of DR.

Semaphorin-3A protects against neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury.

BACKGROUND: Neointimal hyperplasia is a prominent pathological event during in-stent restenosis. Phenotype switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a differentiated/contractile to a dedifferentiated/synthetic phenotype, accompanied by migration and proliferation of VSMCs play an important role in neointimal hyperplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotype switching of VSMCs have yet to be fully understood. METHODS: The mouse carotid artery ligation model was established to evaluate Sema3A expression and its role during neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays and promoter-luciferase reporter assays were used to examine regulatory mechanism of Sema3A expression. SiRNA transfection and lentivirus infection were performed to regulate Sema3A expression. EdU assays, Wound-healing scratch experiments and Transwell migration assays were used to assess VSMC proliferation and migration. FINDINGS: In this study, we found that semaphorin-3A (Sema3A) was significantly downregulated in VSMCs during neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in mice and in human atherosclerotic plaques. Meanwhile, Sema3A was transcriptionally downregulated by PDGF-BB via p53 in VSMCs. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of Sema3A inhibited VSMC proliferation and migration, as well as increasing differentiated gene expression. Mechanistically, Sema3A increased the NRP1-plexin-A1 complex and decreased the NRP1-PDGFRß complex, thus inhibiting phosphorylation of PDGFRß. Moreover, we found that overexpression of Sema3A suppressed neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in vivo. INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that local delivery of Sema3A may act as a novel therapeutic option to prevent in-stent restenosis.

Sema3E/PlexinD1 inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for improving cerebral perfusion and restoring functional loss after stroke in aged rats.

Brain tissue survival and functional recovery after ischemic stroke greatly depend on cerebral vessel perfusion and functional collateral circulation in the ischemic area. Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), one of the class 3 secreted semaphorins, has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator in embryonic and postnatal vascular formation via binding to its receptor PlexinD1. However, whether Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling is involved in poststroke neovascularization remains unknown. To determine the contribution of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling to poststroke recovery, aged rats (18 months) were subjected to a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that depletion of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling with lentivirus-mediated PlexinD1-specific-shRNA improves tissue survival and functional outcome. Sema3E/PlexinD1 inhibition not only increases cortical perfusion but also ameliorates blood-brain barrier damage, as determined by positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Sema3E suppresses endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic capacity. More importantly, Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling inhibits recruitment of pericytes by decreasing production of platelet derived growth factor-BB in endothelial cells. Overall, our study revealed that inhibition of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling in the ischemic penumbra, which increases both endothelial angiogenic capacity and recruitment of pericytes, contributed to functional neovascularization and blood-brain barrier integrity in the aged rats. Our findings imply that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling is a novel therapeutic target for improving brain tissue survival and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.

Semaphorin-3E attenuates neointimal formation via suppressing VSMCs migration and proliferation.

AIMS: The migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are crucial events in the neointimal formation, a hallmark of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Semaphorin3E (Sema3E) has been found to be a critical regulator of cell migration and proliferation in many scenarios. However, its role on VSMCs migration and proliferation is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Sema3E on VSMCs migration, proliferation and neointimal formation, and explore possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that the expression of Sema3E was progressively decreased during neointimal formation in a carotid ligation model. H&E-staining showed lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Sema3E in carotid ligation area attenuated neointimal formation. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the receptor (PlexinD1) of Sema3E was expressed in vascular walls. In cultured mouse VSMCs, Sema3E inhibited VSMCs migration and proliferation via plexinD1 receptor. The inhibitory effect was mediated, at least in part, by inactivating Rap1-AKT signalling pathways in VSMCs. Moreover, we found that PDGFBB down-regulated the expression of Sema3E in VSMCs and Sema3E notably inhibited the expression of PDGFB in endothelial cells. In addition, the number of Sema3E-positive VSMCs was diminished in plaques of atherosclerotic patients. Results from a public GEO microarray database showed a negative correlation between Sema3E and PDGFB transcriptional levels in the human plaques examined. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that Sema3E/plexinD1 inhibits proliferation and migration of VSMCs via inactivation of Rap1-AKT signalling pathways. The mutual inhibition between PDGF-BB and Sema3E after vascular injury plays a critical role in the process of neointimal formation.

Identification of leukemia-associated antigens in chronic myeloid leukemia by proteomic analysis.

The immune system plays an important role in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Identification of leukemia-associated antigens (LAAs) eliciting an immune response in patients is a prerequisite for specific immunotherapy of CML. To identify new LAAs in CML, We utilized a novel approach based serology and proteomics technologies. LAAs were identified by comparing the reactivity of proteins resolved by 2-DE with sera from CML patients and healthy donors. Several new LAAs were identified including alpha enolase, aldolase A, HSP70 protein8, beta-tubulin and tropomyosin isoforms. Although, the functions of these identified proteins in CML need further investigation, the detection of autoantibodies in CML may have value on CML screening, diagnosis, or follow-up. Additionally, identification of LAAs in CML may also be of vital importance in antigen-based immunotherapy.

Rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Clostridium tetani by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.

Tetanus is a specific infectious disease, which is often associated with catastrophic events such as earthquakes, traumas, and war wounds. The obligate anaerobe Clostridium tetani is the pathogen that causes tetanus. Once the infection of tetanus progresses to an advanced stage within the wounds of limbs, the rates of amputation and mortality increase manifold. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a rapid and sensitive point-of-care detection method for C. tetani so as to ensure an early diagnosis and clinical treatment of tetanus. In this study, we developed a detection method for C. tetani using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, wherein the C. tetani tetanus toxin gene was used as the target gene. The method was highly specific and sensitive, with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, and allowed quantitative analysis. While detecting C. tetani in clinical samples, it was found that the LAMP results completely agreed with those of the traditional API 20A anaerobic bacteria identification test. As compared with the traditional API test and PCR assay, LAMP detection of C. tetani is simple and rapid, and the results can be identified through naked-eye observation. Therefore, it is an ideal and rapid point-of-care testing method for tetanus.

[Association of serum transforming growth factor-ß1 with radiation injury and survival of patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in serum transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) in patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after radiotherapy and explore the correlation of serum TGF-ß1 with radiation injury and disease-free survival. METHODS: The average serum TGF-ß1 level (50.2∓3.2 ng/ml) determined from 32 healthy volunteers was used as the standard value for NPC patients in this trial. Fifty-seven patients with early-stage (T1-2N0-1M0) NPC without prior treatment were divided into two groups with serum TGF-ß1 level before treatment lower than or equal to the standard value (group A, 29 cases) and a level beyond the standard value (group B, 28 cases). Serum TGF-ß1 level was determined in all the patients before, during and after the radiotherapy to evaluate the radiation injury and therapeutic effect. RESULTS: The serum TGF-ß1 level before radiotherapy was significantly lower in group A than in group B (35.4∓1.4 vs 58.8∓1.0 ng/ml, P<0.05). After radiotherapy, acute radiation mucositis and skin reaction was significantly severer in group B (P<0.05). The serum TGF-ß1 level before radiotherapy was significantly higher in patients with grade 3 acute radiation mucositis and skin reaction than in those with injuries below grade 3 (54.0∓2.2 vs 42.0∓2.3 ng/ml and 54.3∓2.4 vs 43.4∓2.2 ng/ml, P<0.05). The two groups showed no significant differences in the locoregional failure rate (3.4% vs 7.1%), distant metastasis rate (3.4% vs 10.8%) or disease-free survival (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy can significantly decrease serum TGF-ß1 level in early NPC patients. Serum TGF-ß1 level before radiotherapy can help predict the degree of acute radiation mucositis and skin reaction, but shows no correlation with disease-free survival of early-stage NPC patients.