The expanding Pandora's toolbox of CD8+T cell: from transcriptional control to metabolic firing.

CD8+ T cells are the executor in adaptive immune response, especially in anti-tumor immunity. They are the subset immune cells that are of high plasticity and multifunction. Their development, differentiation, activation and metabolism are delicately regulated by multiple factors. Stimuli from the internal and external environment could remodel CD8+ T cells, and correspondingly they will also make adjustments to the microenvironmental changes. Here we describe the most updated progresses in CD8+ T biology from transcriptional regulation to metabolism mechanisms, and also their interactions with the microenvironment, especially in cancer and immunotherapy. The expanding landscape of CD8+ T cell biology and discovery of potential targets to regulate CD8+ T cells will provide new viewpoints for clinical immunotherapy.

CX3 CL1 promotes tumour cell by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in lung cancer.

It has been reported that chemokine CX3 CL1 can regulate various tumours by binding to its unique receptor CX3 CR1. However, the effect of CX3 CL1-CX3 CR1 on the lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. Here, we showed that CX3 CL1 can further invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and lung squamous cell carcinoma H520. In addition, Western blot and immunofluorescence test indicated CX3 CL1 up-regulated the phosphorylation level of cortactin, which is a marker of cell pseudopodium. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of c-Src and c-Abl, which are closely related to the regulation of cortactin phosphorylation, are elevated. Nevertheless, the src/abl inhibitor bosutinib and mutations of cortactin phosphorylation site could inhibit the promotion effect of CX3 CL1 on invasion and migration of A549 and H520. Moreover, these results of MTT, Hoechst staining and Western blot suggested that CX3 CL1 had no effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 and H520 in vitro. The effects of CX3 CL1 were also verified by the subcutaneous tumour formation in nude mice, which showed that it could promote proliferation and invasion of A549 in vivo. In summary, our results indicated that CX3 CL1 furthered invasion and migration in lung cancer cells partly via activating cortactin, and CX3 CL1 may be a potential molecule in regulating the migration and invasion of lung cancer.

Potential role of full-length and nonfull-length progranulin in affecting aortic valve calcification.

Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) which is a major contributor to cardiovascular mortality and lacks non-surgical treatment. The progranulin (PGRN) is an important immunomodulatory factor in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and pneumonia. However, its role in calcification of aortic valve remains unknown. We firstly found that PGRN was increased in calcified human aortic valve (AV) tissues. Interestingly, in addition to full-length PGRN (68KD), a much stronger band of approximately 45 KD was also significantly increased. The band of 45 KD (45-GRN), was present in wild type (WT) mouse MEFs and AV but absent in grn-/-MEFs, indicating that it was a specific degradation product derived from PGRN. 45-GRN was upregulated whereas PGRN was reduced in human valve interstitial cells (hVICs) under calcifying conditions which is induced by osteogenic medium (OM). In primary porcine VICs (pVICs), PGRN downregulated TNF-α and α-SMA which was accompanied by downregulation of RUNX2, OPN, OCN, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition, effects pointing to reduced inflammation, myofibroblastic and osteoblastic transition under calcifying conditions. We overexpressed a mimic of 45-GRN which contains p-G-F-B-A-C in pVICs. However, 45-GRN overexpression promoted OM-induced calcification through activating the Smad1/5/8, NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways. Inhibition of the three signaling pathways suppressed 45-GRN's effect on VICs phenotype transition. 45-GRN promoted TNF-α and expressed converse pathogenic signatures with PGRN during TNF-α stimulation. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the pathogenesis of CAVD, indicating that PGRN is a stratagem in mitigating valve fibrosis/osteoblastic differentiation, and also presenting 45-GRN as a potential target for the treatment of CAVD.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 induces hepatic steatosis through activating MLXIPL and mTORC1 networks in hepatocytes.

Liver plays an essential role in regulating lipid metabolism, and chronically disturbed hepatic metabolism may cause obesity and metabolic syndrome, which may lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increasing evidence indicates long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in energy metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNA H19 in hepatic lipid metabolism and its potential association with NAFLD. We found that H19 was up-regulated in oleic acid-induced steatosis and during the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Exogenous overexpression of H19 in hepatocytes induced lipid accumulation and up-regulated the expression of numerous genes involved in lipid synthesis, storage and breakdown, while silencing endogenous H19 led to a decreased lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Mechanistically, H19 was shown to promote hepatic steatosis by up-regulating lipogenic transcription factor MLXIPL. Silencing Mlxipl diminished H19-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, H19-induced lipid accumulation was effectively inhibited by PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502. Accordingly, H19 overexpression in hepatocytes up-regulated most components of the mTORC1 signalling axis, which were inhibited by silencing endogenous H19. In vivo hepatocyte implantation studies further confirm that H19 promoted hepatic steatosis by up-regulating both mTORC1 signalling axis and MLXIPL transcriptional network. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that H19 may play an important role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.

The Biological Role of Macrophage in Lung and Its Implications in Lung Cancer Immunotherapy.

The lungs are the largest surface of the body and the most important organ in the respiratory system, which are constantly exposed to the external environment. Tissue Resident Macrophages in lung constitutes the important defense against external pathogens. Macrophages connects the innate and adaptive immune system, and also plays important roles in carcinogenesis and cancer immunotherapy. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an overall five-year survival rate of only 21%. Macrophages that infiltrate or aggregate in lung tumor microenvironment are defined as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are the main components of immune cells in the lung tumor microenvironment. The differentiation and maturation process of TAMs can be roughly divided into two different types: classical activation pathway produces M1 tumor-associated macrophages, and bypass activation pathway produces M2 tumor-associated macrophages. Studies have found that TAMs are related to tumor invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance, and show potential as a new target for tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, the biological function of macrophages in lung and the role of TAMs in the occurrence, development, and treatment of lung cancer are discussed in this paper.

The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases.

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.

Carboxymethyl chitosan prolongs adenovirus-mediated expression of IL-10 and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model.

Effective and safe liver-directed gene therapy has great promise in treating a broad range of liver diseases. While adenoviral (Ad) vectors have been widely used for efficacious in vivo gene delivery, their translational utilities are severely limited due to the short duration of transgene expression and solicitation of host immune response. Used as a promising polymeric vehicle for drug release and nucleic acid delivery, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is biocompatible, biodegradable, anti-microbial, inexpensive, and easy accessible. Here, by exploiting its biocompatibility, controlled release capability and anti-inflammatory activity, we investigated whether CMC can overcome the shortcomings of Ad-mediated gene delivery, hence improving the prospect of Ad applications in gene therapy. We demonstrated that in the presence of optimal concentrations of CMC, Ad-mediated transgene expression lasted up to 50 days after subcutaneous injection, and at least 7 days after intrahepatic injection. Histologic evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CMC effectively alleviated Ad-induced host immune response. In our proof-of-principle experiment using the CCl4-induced experimental mouse model of chronic liver damage, we demonstrated that repeated intrahepatic administrations of Ad-IL10 mixed with CMC effectively mitigated the development of hepatic fibrosis. Collectively, these results indicate that CMC can improve the prospect of Ad-mediated gene therapy by diminishing the host immune response while allowing readministration and sustained transgene expression.

Electro-mechanical coupling band gaps of a piezoelectric phononic crystal Timoshenko nanobeam with surface effects.

Plane wave expansion (PWE) method is extended to calculate the band structures of a proposed piezoelectric phononic crystal (PC) nanobeam by applying surface elasticity and Timoshenko beam theories. The calculation method is derived and formulized in detail. Further, electrical voltage and external axial force are picked to study the effects of electro-mechanical coupling fields on band gaps, residual surface stress and material intrinsic length are chosen to research the influences of surface effects on band gaps, and ratio between lengths of PZT-4 and epoxy in a unit cell and height-width ratio are picked to investigate the effects of geometric parameters on band gaps. In addition, all the results are compared to those in Euler nanobeam with same parameters. All the results and further analysis demonstrate that the influence rules will play an active role in design process and active control of nano electro-mechanical system based on piezoelectric PC nanobeam.

Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in dysthyroid optic neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in eyes with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) and its relationship with clinical characteristics and disease severity. METHODS: Patients diagnosed as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), with or without DON, and healthy participants were recruited. Vertical and horizontal sectional images of the optic nerve were collected by B-scan ultrasonography. ONSDs at 3 mm and 6 mm behind the eyeball were measured independently by two researchers. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of ONSD with demographic and ocular parameters in TAO patients. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were applied to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ONSD for DON. RESULTS: A total of 47 healthy eyes, 36 TAO eyes without DON, and 33 eyes with DON were studied. ONSDs at 3 mm and 6 mm of DON eyes were significantly higher than those in non-DON and healthy eyes (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in ONSDs between clinically active and inactive eyes (both P > 0.05). DON occurrence showed a positive association with both ONSDs at 3 mm (ß = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.14-0.83, P = 0.007) and 6 mm (ß = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.20-0.96, P = 0.003). ONSDs at 3 mm and 6 mm showed a desirable diagnostic capacity to distinguish DON from non-DON eyes (AUROC was 0.77 and 0.75, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in ONSD is evident in DON eyes independent of clinical activity. Ultrasound-based ONSD has sufficient ability to distinguish DON from non-DON eyes.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) promotes hepatic glycogen accumulation and reduces glucose level in hepatocytes through mTORC2 signaling pathway.

Liver is an important organ for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) may play important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that BMP4 significantly inhibits hepatic steatosis and lowers serum triglycerides, playing a protective role against the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the direct impact of BMP4 on hepatic glucose metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the regulatory roles of BMP4 in hepatic glucose metabolism. Through a comprehensive analysis of the 14 types of BMPs, we found that BMP4 was one of the most potent BMPs in promoting hepatic glycogen accumulation, reducing the level of glucose in hepatocytes and effecting the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BMP4 reduced the hepatic glucose levels through the activation of mTORC2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that BMP4 may play an essential role in regulating hepatic glucose metabolism. This knowledge should aid us to understand the molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD, and may lead to the development of novel therapeutics by exploiting the inhibitory effects of BMPs on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism.

Ciprofloxacin promotes polarization of CD86+CD206­ macrophages to suppress liver cancer.

Gut microbiota can promote tumor development by producing toxic metabolites and inhibiting the function of immune cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota can reach the liver through the circulation and promote the occurrence of liver cancer. Ciprofloxacin, an effective broad­spectrum antimicrobial agent, can promote cell apoptosis and regulate the function of immune cells. As an important part of the tumor microenvironment, macrophages play an important role in tumor regulation. The present study demonstrated that the treatment of macrophages with ciprofloxacin was able to promote the production of interleukin­1ß, tumor necrosis factor­α and the polarization of CD86+CD206­ macrophages, while inhibiting the polarization of CD86­CD206+ macrophages. This transformation may help macrophages promote tumor cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, reduce metastasis and downregulate the phosphoinositide 3­kinase/AKT signaling pathway in liver cancer cell lines. In vivo experiments demonstrated that macrophages treated with ciprofloxacin inhibited the growth of subcutaneous implanted tumors in nude mice. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that ciprofloxacin may inhibit liver cancer by upregulating the expression of CD86+CD206­ macrophages. This study further revealed the biological mechanism underlying the potential value of ciprofloxacin in antitumor therapy and provided new targets for the treatment of liver cancer.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) alleviates hepatic steatosis by increasing hepatic lipid turnover and inhibiting the mTORC1 signaling axis in hepatocytes.

Liver has numerous critical metabolic functions including lipid metabolism, which is usually dysregulated in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increasing evidence indicates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in adipogenesis and thermogenic balance in adipogenic progenitors and adipose tissue. However, the direct impact of BMPs on hepatic steatosis and possible association with NAFLD are poorly understood. Here, we found that BMP4 was up-regulated in oleic acid-induced steatosis and during the development of high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Exogenous BMP4 reduced lipid accumulation and up-regulated the genes involved in lipid synthesis, storage and breakdown in hepatocytes. Exogenous BMP4 inhibited hepatic steatosis, reduced serum triglyceride levels and body weight, and alleviated progression of NAFLD in vivo. Mechanistically, BMP4 overexpression in hepatocytes down-regulated most components of the mTORC1 signaling axis. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that BMP4 may play an essential role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and the molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD. Manipulating BMP4 and/or mTORC1 signaling axis may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.