Identification of circRNAs expression profiles and functional networks in parotid gland of type 2 diabetes mouse.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel kind of non-coding RNAs proved to play crucial roles in the development of multiple diabetic complications. However, their expression and function in diabetes mellitus (DM)-impaired salivary glands are unknown. RESULTS: By using microarray technology, 663 upregulated and 999 downregulated circRNAs companied with 813 upregulated and 525 downregulated mRNAs were identified in the parotid glands (PGs) of type2 DM mice under a 2-fold change and P < 0.05 cutoff criteria. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis of upregulated mRNAs showed enrichments in immune system process and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased inflammatory cytokines were observed in diabetic PGs. Seven differently expressed circRNAs validated by qRT-PCR were selected for coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks analysis. PPAR signaling pathway was primarily enriched through analysis of circRNA-mRNA networks. Moreover, the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks highlighted an enrichment in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton. CONCLUSION: The inflammatory response is elevated in diabetic PGs. The selected seven distinct circRNAs may attribute to the injury of diabetic PG by modulating inflammatory response through PPAR signaling pathway and actin cytoskeleton in diabetic PGs.

Direct effects of alcohol on gut-epithelial barrier: Unraveling the disruption of physical and chemical barrier of the gut-epithelial barrier that compromises the host-microbiota interface upon alcohol exposure.

The development of alcohol-associated diseases is multifactorial, mechanism of which involves metabolic alteration, dysregulated immune response, and a perturbed intestinal host-environment interface. Emerging evidence has pinpointed the critical role of the intestinal host-microbiota interaction in alcohol-induced injuries, suggesting its contribution to disease initiation and development. To maintain homeostasis in the gut, the intestinal mucosa serves as the first-line defense against exogenous factors in the gastrointestinal tract, including dietary contents and the commensal microbiota. The gut-epithelial barrier comprises a physical barrier lined with a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a chemical barrier with mucus trapping host regulatory factors and gut commensal bacteria. In this article, we review recent studies pertaining to the disrupted gut-epithelial barrier upon alcohol exposure and examine how alcohol and its metabolism can affect the regulatory ability of intestinal epithelium.

Interleukin-1 receptor 1 deficiency worsens hepatocellular carcinoma, while gemcitabine treatment alleviates the hepatocellular carcinoma-induced increase in intra-hepatic immune cells.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), represents a substantial global health challenge. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in HCC treatment, several patients still experience disease progression. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulates immunity and inflammation. We investigate the role of IL-1 in HCC development and progression and determine the potential therapeutic impact of gemcitabine in treating HCC. METHODS: Hydrodynamics-based transfection, employing the sleeping beauty transposase system, delivered surrogate tumor antigens, NRAS (NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase), ShP53, and SB100 to C57BL/6 mice. A basic HCC mouse model was established. Pathogen-free animals were tested for serum and hepatotoxicity. The HCC prognosis was monitored using alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Liver histology immunohistochemistry and mouse splenocyte/intra-hepatic immune cell flow cytometry were conducted. IL-1ß levels in human and mouse serum were assessed. RESULTS: Interleukin-1ß levels were elevated in patients with HCC compared with those in non-HCC controls. Hepatic IL-1ß levels were higher in HCC mouse models than those in non-HCC mice, suggesting localized hepatic inflammation. IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) knockout (IL-1R1-/-) mice exhibited less severe HCC progression than that in wild-type mice, despite the high intra-hepatic IL-1ß concentration. IL-1R1-/- mice exhibited increased hepatic levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, which may exacerbate HCC. Gemcitabine significantly reduced the HCC tumor burden, improved liver conditions, and increased survival rates in HCC mouse models. Gemcitabine reduced the hepatic levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, potentially alleviating immune suppression in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting IL-1 or combining gemcitabine with immunotherapy is a promising approach for treating advanced-stage HCC.

The role and mechanism of tight junctions in the regulation of salivary gland secretion.

Tight junctions (TJs) are cell-cell interactions that localize at the most apical portion of epithelial/endothelial cells. One of the predominant functions of TJs is to regulate material transport through paracellular pathway, which serves as a selective barrier. In recent years, the expression and function of TJs in salivary glands has attracted great interest. The characteristics of multiple salivary gland TJ proteins have been identified. During salivation, the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1, as well as other stimuli, promote the opening of acinar TJs by inducing internalization of TJs, thereby contributing to increased paracellular permeability. Besides, endothelial TJs are also redistributed with leakage of blood vessels in cholinergic-stimulated submandibular glands. Furthermore, under pathological conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis, and autotransplantation, the integrity and barrier function of TJ complex are impaired and may contribute to hyposalivation. Moreover, in submandibular glands of Sjögren's syndrome mouse model and patients, the endothelial barrier is disrupted and involved in hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration. These findings enrich our understanding of the secretory mechanisms that link the importance of epithelial and endothelial TJ functions to salivation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Alteration of tight junctions during botulinum toxin type A-inhibited salivary secretion.

OBJECTIVES: Tight junctions (TJs) are involved in the regulation of salivary secretion via paracellular pathway. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) is widely used for the treatment of hypersecretion diseases such as sialorrhea. This study aimed to investigate the role of TJs in BTXA-inhibited secretion of the submandibular gland (SMG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: BTXA was injected into the SMGs of rats, and the same amount of saline was injected as a control. Western blot, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression and distribution of TJ proteins. Paracellular permeability was evaluated using the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements and fluorescent tracer detection in BTXA-stimulated SMG-C6 cells. RESULTS: BTXA injection into the SMGs of rats led to increased expression of claudin (Cldn) -1 and Cldn3. Immunofluorescence staining showed no significant changes in the distribution of TJ proteins. In vitro, BTXA increased the TER values and significantly reduced the permeability of fluorescent tracer, suggesting that BTXA decreased the paracellular permeability. The expression levels of Cldn1, Cldn3, and Cldn4 were upregulated after BTXA treatment. CONCLUSION: The expression of TJ proteins changed in both animal models and SMG-C6 cells after BTXA treatment, which may contribute to the inhibition of salivary secretion.

Complement C1q mediates the expansion of periportal hepatic progenitor cells in senescence-associated inflammatory liver.

Most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop in patients with chronic hepatitis, which creates a microenvironment for the growth of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) at the periportal area and subsequent development of HCCs. We investigated the signal from the inflammatory liver for this pathogenic process in the hepatic conditional ß-catenin knockout mouse model. Senescent ß-catenin-depleted hepatocytes in aged mice create an inflammatory microenvironment that stimulates periportal HPC expansion but arrests differentiation, which predisposes mice to the development of liver tumors. The release of complement C1q from macrophages in the inflammatory niche was identified as the unorthodox signal that activated the ß-catenin pathway in periportal HPCs and was responsible for their expansion and de-differentiation. C1q inhibitors blocked the ß-catenin pathway in both the expanding HPCs and the liver tumors but spared its orthodox pathway in pericentral normal hepatocytes. This mechanism has been validated in human liver specimens from patients with chronic hepatitis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that C1q- mediated activation of ß-catenin pathway in periportal HPCs is a previously unrecognized mechanism for replenishing hepatocytes in the inflammatory liver and, if unchecked, for promoting hepatocarcinogenesis. C1q may become a new target for blocking carcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis.

Profiling the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network in the submandibular gland of diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND: Hyposalivation is one of the common symptoms of diabetes. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes, the role of lncRNAs in diabetes-induced hyposalivation remains unknown. METHODS: The present study aimed to explore the function of lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the submandibular gland (SMGs) under the context of diabetes. LncRNA expression profile of the SMGs was analyzed using microarray technology. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analyses were performed, and Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to explore the potential mechanisms of diabetes-induced hyposalivation. RESULTS: A total of 1273 differentially expressed lncRNAs (536 up-regulated and 737 downregulated) were identified in the SMGs tissues of db/db mice. CNC and ceRNA network analyses were performed based on five differentially expressed lncRNAs validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene Ontology analysis of target genes of CNC network revealed that "calcium ion binding" was a highly enriched molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of target genes of ceRNA network revealed that the "mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway" was significantly enriched. CONCLUSIONS: On the whole, the findings of the present study may provide insight into the possible mechanism of diabetes-induced hyposalivation.

Integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the submandibular glands of DIO mice.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity contributes to the dysfunction of salivary gland. To explore the specific underlying mechanism for obesity-induced hyposalivation, a model for high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were constructed to analyze long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression profiles. METHODS: The DIO group and control group were fed a diet containing 60 kcal% fat and a normal chow diet for 16 weeks respectively. Microarray analyses were performed to detect the expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA in submandibular gland tissues from control group mice and DIO mice. Gene ontology, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, protein-protein interaction, coding-non-coding gene co-expression, transcription factors and competing endogenous RNA analyses were performed to examine the function of differentially expressed genes. RESULTS: Microarray analyses identified that 624 lncRNAs, along with 297 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that "complement and coagulation cascades," "glutathione metabolism," "cysteine and methionine metabolism," and "estrogen signaling pathway" were significantly associated with candidate lncRNAs. Transcription factors analysis on candidate lncRNAs revealed several genes such as tribbles pseudokinase 3 may play regulatory roles. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs and provided new insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced hyposalivation using bioinformatic analyses.

A pair of long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00887 variants act antagonistically to control Carbonic Anhydrase IX transcription upon hypoxia in tongue squamous carcinoma progression.

BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in tumor progression. However, their biological functions and underlying mechanisms in hypoxia adaptation remain largely unclear. RESULTS: Here, we established a correlation between a Chr3q29-derived lncRNA gene and tongue squamous carcinoma (TSCC) by genome-wide analyses. Using RACE, we determined that two novel variants of this lncRNA gene are generated in TSCC, namely LINC00887_TSCC_short (887S) and LINC00887_TSCC_long (887L). RNA-sequencing in 887S or 887L loss-of-function cells identified their common downstream target as Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA9), a gene known to be upregulated by hypoxia during tumor progression. Mechanistically, our results showed that the hypoxia-augmented 887S and constitutively expressed 887L functioned in opposite directions on tumor progression through the common target CA9. Upon normoxia, 887S and 887L interacted. Upon hypoxia, the two variants were separated. Each RNA recognized and bound to their responsive DNA cis-acting elements on CA9 promoter: 887L activated CA9's transcription through recruiting HIF1α, while 887S suppressed CA9 through DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS: We provided hypoxia-permitted functions of two antagonistic lncRNA variants to fine control the hypoxia adaptation through CA9.

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 attenuates TNF-α-induced apoptosis in salivary acinar cells via AMPK/SIRT1-modulated miR-34a-5p expression.

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 (CTRP6) is a newly identified adipokine involved in diverse biological processes. However, its role in salivary glands remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that CTRP6 was mainly distributed in the nuclei, apicolateral membranes, and cytoplasm of human submandibular glands (SMGs), serous cells of parotid glands, and ducts and apicolateral membranes of serous cells in rats and mice. CTRP6 inhibited the apoptosis rate and reversed the increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and cytochrome C and the decreased Bcl-2 expression induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in both SMG-C6 cells and cultured human SMG tissues. Microarray analysis identified 43 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in the SMGs of nonobese diabetic mice. miR-34a-5p was selected due to its upregulation by TNF-α, which was abolished by CTRP6. The miR-34a-5p inhibitor promoted whereas the miR-34a-5p mimic suppressed the effects of CTRP6 on TNF-α-induced apoptosis. CTRP6 increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and reversed TNF-α-induced SIRT1 downregulation in salivary cells. AraA, an AMPK inhibitor, reversed the effects of CTRP6 on TNF-α-induced alterations in the levels of SIRT1, miR-34a-5p, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 in vitro and ex vivo, whereas activating AMPK by AICAR reversed the decrease in SIRT1 expression and increase in miR-34a-5p expression induced by TNF-α. Inhibition of SIRT1 by EX527 suppressed the effects of CTRP6 on TNF-α-induced changes in miR-34a-5p and apoptosis-related proteins. Our findings indicate that salivary glands are novel sites for CTRP6 synthesis and secretion. CTRP6 protects acinar cells against TNF-α-induced apoptosis via AMPK/SIRT1-modulated miR-34a-5p expression.

Aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs after botulinum toxin type A inhibiting salivary secretion.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we sought to determine the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and construct functional networks to analyze their potential roles following botulinum toxin type A (BTXA)-mediated inhibition of salivary secretion. METHODS: The submandibular gland of rats in the BTXA and control groups was injected with BTXA and saline, respectively. Microarray analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were performed to examine the biological functions. Functional networks, including lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, were constructed to reveal the interaction between the coding and non-coding genes. RESULTS: Microarray analysis revealed that 254 lncRNAs and 631 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the BTXA and control groups. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that most of the mRNAs were closely related to transmembrane transporter activity. lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and ceRNA networks were constructed, and several critical mRNA-lncRNA axes and key microRNAs related to salivary secretion were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs through microarray analysis and explored the interactions between the coding and non-coding genes through bioinformatic analysis. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of BTXA-mediated inhibition of salivary secretion.

The POLR2E rs3787016 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer. We investigated the associations of RNA polymerase II subunit E (POLR2E) rs3787016 polymorphism with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). The study subjects included 368 GC patients who underwent surgical resection and 294 healthy volunteers, adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol status, and Helicobacter pylori infection status. The data was subjected to logistic regression analyses and revealed that the subjects carrying AA genotype of rs3787016 in POLR2E had a significant 1.85-1.98-fold increased risk of GC when compared with those carrying GG genotype (adjusted OR=1.979, 95% CI=1.198-3.267; p=0.008) or those carrying AG/GG genotypes (adjusted OR=1.847, 95% CI=1.222-2.793; p=0.004). For the GC patients, the AA genotype of rs3787016 was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated GC (p=0.018), advanced TNM stage (p=0.023), higher depth of invasion (p=0.022), positive lymph node metastasis (p=0.01), and worse overall survival (OS; p=0.004). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the POLR2E rs3787016 polymorphism is an independent prognostic factor for GC (HR=1.668, 95% CI=1.058-2.631; p=0.028). Our cumulative results thus suggest that the presence of POLR2E rs3787016 polymorphism could serve as a genetic factor that affects the susceptibility to and the prognosis of GC.

Type 2 diabetes-induced hyposalivation of the submandibular gland through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Diabetes is often accompanied by dysfunction of salivary glands. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The mechanisms that underlie diabetic hyposalivation were studied by db/db mice and SMG-C6 cells. We found morphological changes and decreased stimulated salivary flow rates of the submandibular gland (SMG) in diabetic mice. We observed structural changes and dysfunction of mitochondria. More mitophagosomes and higher expression of autophagy-related proteins were detected. Increased levels of proteins PINK1 and Parkin indicate that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated in diabetic SMG. Consistently, high glucose (HG) induced mitochondrial dysfunction and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in cultivated SMG-C6 cells. HG also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lessened activation of antioxidants in SMG-C6 cells. In addition, HG lowered ERK1/2 phosphorylation and HG-induced mitophagy was decreased after ERK1/2 was activated by LM22B-10. Altogether, these data suggest that ROS played a crucial role in diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and ERK1/2 was required in HG-induced mitophagy in SMG.

Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Complex, Locus C+ Monocytes and Kupffer Cells Orchestrate Liver Immune Responses Against Hepatitis B Virus in Mice.

To understand the mechanism(s) of age-dependent outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans, we previously established an age-related HBV mouse model in which 6-week-old (N6W) C3H/HeN mice exhibited virus tolerance whereas 12-week-old (N12W) counterparts presented virus clearance. By investigating the hepatic myeloid cell dynamics in mice of these two ages, we aim to identify factors associated with HBV clearance. C3H/HeN mice were transfected with an HBV plasmid by hydrodynamic injection. Serum HBV markers were monitored weekly. Hepatic leucocyte populations and their cytokine/chemokine productions were examined at baseline, day 3 (D3), day 7 (D7), and day 14 after injection. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antagonist and clodronate (CLD) were respectively administered to N12W and N6W mice to study the roles of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C)+ monocytes and Kupffer cells (KCs) in viral clearance. N12W mice had a significantly higher number of TNF-α-secreting Ly6C+ monocytes and fewer IL-10-secreting KCs at D3 in the liver than their younger N6W counterparts after HBV transfection. In addition, the elevated number of interferon-γ+ TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells at D7 was only seen in the older cohort. The enhanced Ly6C+ monocyte induction in N12W mice resulted from elevated C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion by hepatocytes. CCR2 antagonist administration hampered Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and degree of KC reduction and delayed HBV clearance in N12W animals. Depletion of KCs by CLD liposomes enhanced Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and accelerated HBV clearance in N6W mice. Conclusions: Ly6C+ monocytes and KCs may, respectively, represent the resistance and tolerance arms of host defenses. These two cell types play an essential role in determining HBV clearance/tolerance. Manipulation of these cells is a promising avenue for immunotherapy of HBV-related liver diseases.

Disruption of tight junctions contributes to hyposalivation of salivary glands in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

Tight junction (TJ) plays an important role in regulating paracellular fluid transport in salivary glands; however, little is known about the involvement of TJs in diabetes salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of TJs and their possible contribution in diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Here, we observed that the morphologies of submandibular glands (SMGs) were impaired, characterized by enlarged acini accumulation with giant secretory granules, which were significantly reduced in atrophic ducts in SMGs of db/db mice, a spontaneous model of type-2 diabetes. However, the secretory granules were increased and scattered in the acini of diabetes parotid glands (PGs). Other ultrastructural damages including swollen mitochondria, expansive endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagosomes were observed in the diabetes group. The levels of TJ proteins including claudin-1 (Cldn1) and claudin-3 (Cldn3) were increased, whereas those of claudin-4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were decreased in SMGs of db/db mice. Higher Cldn1 and Cldn3 and lower claudin-10 (Cldn10) and Ocln levels were observed in PGs of diabetes mice. Taken together, the structures of SMGs and PGs were impaired in diabetes mice, and the disruption of TJ integrity in both SMGs and PGs may contribute to diabetes-induced hyposalivation.

HBV X protein-based therapeutic vaccine accelerates viral antigen clearance by mobilizing monocyte infiltration into the liver in HBV carrier mice.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infected about 250 million people worldwide, and a curative treatment remains an unmet medical need. Among many approaches to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB), therapeutic vaccines have been developed for two decades, but none have yielded promising results in clinical trials. Therefore, dissection of HBV clearance mechanisms during therapeutic vaccination in appropriate models, which could give rise to new curative therapies, is urgently needed. Growing evidence indicates that prolonged and intensive exposure of antigen-specific T cells to viral antigens is a major cause of T cell exhaustion, and decreases anti-HBV immunity efficacy of therapeutic vaccination. HBV X protein (HBx) is expressed at low levels, and the understanding of its immunogenicity and potential in therapeutic CHB vaccines is limited. METHODS: HBV genome sequences from CHB patients were cloned into a pAAV plasmid backbone and transfected into immunocompetent mouse hepatocytes through hydrodynamic injection. Mice carrying > 500 IU/mL serum HBV surface antigen (HBs) for more than 4 weeks were considered HBV carriers mimicking human CHB and received 3 doses of weekly HBx vaccine by subcutaneous immunization. Serum HBV clearance was evaluated by monitoring serum HBs and HBV-DNA titers. Residual HBV in the liver was evaluated by western blotting for HBV core antigen. The splenic antigen-specific T cell response was quantified by a 15-mer overlapping peptide-stimulated interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Blood and hepatic immune cells were quantified by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: Our HBx-based vaccine induced systemic HBx-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in HBV carrier mice and demonstrated significant HBs and HBV-DNA elimination. The protective effect persisted for at least 30 days without additional booster immunization. Different infiltrating myeloid cell subsets, each with distinctive roles during immune-mediated HBV clearance, were found in the liver of vaccinated mice. During vaccine therapy, inflammatory monocyte depletion resulted in sustained HBV clearance inhibition, whereas phagocytic monocyte-derived macrophage and Kupffer cell elimination resulted in only transient inhibition of vaccine-induced HBV clearance. CONCLUSIONS: We report the potential role of HBx as a major immunogen in an HBV therapeutic vaccine and the significance of a liver-infiltrating monocyte subset during hepatic viral clearance.

CTRP15 derived from cardiac myocytes attenuates TGFß1-induced fibrotic response in cardiac fibroblasts.

PURPOSE: Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the  myocardium and facilitates the development of heart failure. C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 15 (CTRP15) is a novel member of the CTRP family, and its gene expression is detected in adult mouse hearts. The present study was performed to determine the effect of CTRP15 on pressure overload-induced fibrotic remodeling. METHODS: Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, and adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-carrying mouse CTRP15 gene was injected into mice to achieve CTRP15 overexpression in the myocardium. Adenovirus carrying the gene encoding CTRP15 or small interfering RNA (siRNA) of interest was infected into cultured neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCs) or cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression and distribution were determined by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: CTRP15 was predominantly produced by cardiac myocytes. CTRP15 expression in the left ventricles was downregulated in mice that underwent TAC. AAV9-mediated CTRP15 overexpression alleviated ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in the pressure-overloaded mice. Treatment of CFs with recombinant CTRP15 or the conditioned medium containing CTRP15 inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1-induced Smad3 activation and myofibroblast differentiation. CTRP15 increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. Blockade of IR/IRS-1/Akt pathway reversed the inhibitory effect of CTRP15 on TGF-ß1-induced Smad3 activation. CONCLUSION: CTRP15 exerts an anti-fibrotic effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. The activation of IR/IRS-1/Akt pathway contributes to the anti-fibrotic effect of CTRP15 through targeting Smad3.

The effectiveness of formative assessment in pathophysiology education from students' perspective: a questionnaire study.

Current interdisciplinary medical training calls for reforms and innovations in the assessment of pathophysiology education. Formative assessment is used to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can improve both learning and teaching. Beginning in 2016, we implemented a formative assessment composed of case-based multiple-choice questions (MCQs) for all students in all majors. In 2017, case study questions began to be employed in the formative assessment, and student-set, case-based questions were further introduced. Aiming to gather the students' suggestions and feedback on the mixed-method assessment, we conducted a survey on aspects such as the effectiveness of the assessment, assessment content and completion, opinions on student-set questions, and the impact on pathophysiology learning for students from 2017 to 2019. In addition, we compared students' semesterly final scores with those of previous students and evaluated the relationship between formative and summative assessment scores. The results for 1,277 students clearly showed that the reformed formative assessment system was well received by the students. The students thought that the formative assessment not only allowed for the provision of real-time feedback on the effectiveness of teaching and learning but also nurtured self-motivation, the development of analytical and problem-solving skills, and collaborative efforts. Both the semesterly final scores and the proportions of students scoring in higher score ranges increased after the implementation of the formative assessment, and the summative assessment scores were positively related to the formative assessment scores. Consequently, the reformed formative assessment system significantly improved the quality of pathophysiology education.

[Application and enlightenment of formative assessment in the innovation and development of higher education in basic medical science].

Formative assessment aims at cultivating and improving students' comprehensive qualities and abilities. It acquires and analyzes the dynamic changes of students' learning process through flexible and diverse assessment methods. The assessment contents cover multiple aspects including knowledge, abilities, attitudes, literacy, etc., which help teachers and students to formulate practical and efficient improvement strategies and to meet the inherent needs of students for comprehensive development. This review describes the connotation of formative assessment and summarizes its application in higher education of basic medical science in China. The existing shortcomings and the reasonable advice are proposed. We also introduce our experience in the application of formative assessment in pathophysiology education. This review will provide reference and enlightenment for the reform and innovation of the assessment system in higher education of basic medical science.

Parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the submandibular gland in minipigs in the long term.

Parasympathectomy leads to retrogressive alteration and dysfunction of the submandibular gland (SMG) within 1 month, but its long-term effect is unclear. Excessive secretion is observed in half of the patients 4-6 months after SMG transplantation, which completely denervates the gland. Here, we investigated the long-term effect of parasympathectomy on the secretion of SMGs in minipigs. The results showed that the resting salivary secretion of SMGs decreased by 82.9% of that in control at 2 months after denervation, but increased by 156% at 6 months. Although experiencing an atrophic period, the denervated glands regained their normal morphology by 6 months. The expression of the function-related proteins, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) 3, aquaporin 5 (AQP5), tight junction protein claudin-3, and claudin-4 was decreased at 2 months after denervation. Meanwhile, the protein expression of stem cell markers, including sex-determining region Y-box 2 and octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and the number of Ki67+ cells were significantly increased. However, at 6 months after denervation, the expression of mAChR3, AQP5, claudin-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 was significantly raised, and the membrane distribution of these proteins was increased accordingly. The autonomic axonal area of the glands was reduced at 2 months after denervation but returned to the control level at 6 months, suggesting that reinnervation took place in the long term. In summary, parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the SMGs in the long term with a possible mechanism involving improved transepithelial fluid transport. This finding may provide a new strategy for xerostomia treatment.