Chemistry, Functionalization, and Applications of Recent Monoelemental Two-Dimensional Materials and Their Heterostructures.

The past decades have witnessed a rapid expansion in investigations of two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials (Xenes), which are promising materials in various fields, including applications in optoelectronic devices, biomedicine, catalysis, and energy storage. Apart from graphene and phosphorene, recently emerging 2D Xenes, specifically graphdiyne, borophene, arsenene, antimonene, bismuthene, and tellurene, have attracted considerable interest due to their unique optical, electrical, and catalytic properties, endowing them a broader range of intriguing applications. In this review, the structures and properties of these emerging Xenes are summarized based on theoretical and experimental results. The synthetic approaches for their fabrication, mainly bottom-up and top-down, are presented. Surface modification strategies are also shown. The wide applications of these emerging Xenes in nonlinear optical devices, optoelectronics, catalysis, biomedicine, and energy application are further discussed. Finally, this review concludes with an assessment of the current status, a description of existing scientific and application challenges, and a discussion of possible directions to advance this fertile field.

Recent Progress in Emerging Novel MXenes Based Materials and their Fascinating Sensing Applications.

Early transition metals based 2D carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides nanomaterials are known as MXenes, a novel and extensive new class of 2D materials family. Since the first accidently synthesis based discovery of Ti3 C2 in 2011, more than 50 additional compositions have been experimentally reported, including at least eight distinct synthesis methods and also more than 100 stoichiometries are theoretically studied. Due to its distinctive surface chemistry, graphene like shape, metallic conductivity, high hydrophilicity, outstanding mechanical and thermal properties, redox capacity and affordable with mass-produced nature, this diverse MXenes are of tremendous scientific and technological significance. In this review, first we'll come across the MXene based nanomaterials possible synthesis methods, their advantages, limitations and future suggestions, new chemistry related to their selected properties and potential sensing applications, which will help us to explain why this family is growing very fast as compared to other 2D families. Secondly, problems that help to further improve commercialization of the MXene nanomaterials based sensors are examined, and many advances in the commercializing of the MXene nanomaterials based sensors are proposed. At the end, we'll go through the current challenges, limitations and future suggestions.

CRISPR-Cas13a-powered electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the L452R mutation in clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Since the end of 2019, a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has deprived numerous lives worldwide, called COVID-19. Up to date, omicron is the latest variant of concern, and BA.5 is replacing the BA.2 variant to become the main subtype rampaging worldwide. These subtypes harbor an L452R mutation, which increases their transmissibility among vaccinated people. Current methods for identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants are mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by gene sequencing, making time-consuming processes and expensive instrumentation indispensable. In this study, we developed a rapid and ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor to achieve the goals of high sensitivity, the ability of distinguishing the variants, and the direct detection of RNAs from viruses simultaneously. We used electrodes made of MXene-AuNP (gold nanoparticle) composites for improved sensitivity and the CRISPR/Cas13a system for high specificity in detecting the single-base L452R mutation in RNAs and clinical samples. Our biosensor will be an excellent supplement to the RT-qPCR method enabling the early diagnosis and quick distinguishment of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 and BA.2 variants and more potential variants that might arise in the future.

Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.

Photodynamic immunotherapy of cancers based on nanotechnology: recent advances and future challenges.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive or minimally-invasive treatment which applies photosensitizers (PSs) to create reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposed to light trigger to destroy cancer cells. PDT can activate host anti-tumor immune responses but not powerful enough to kill metastatic tumors. Because of its carrier advantage, imaging, and therapeutic function together with enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, nano-materials have already been used in photo-immunotherapy. Herein, photodynamic immunotherapy (PDIT) based on nanotechnology seems to be a hopeful new form of cancer therapy. In this article, we firstly summarize the recent development in photodynamic immunotherapy based on nanotechnology.

Relationship between bone mineral density and fragility fracture risk: a case-control study in Changsha, China.

BACKGROUND: Fragility fracture is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), and most databases used in related researches are instrument-matched. Little is known about the relationship between BMD and fragility fracture risk of native Chinese, especially using local databases as reference databases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationship between BMD and risk of fragility fracture in native China. METHODS: 3,324 cases, including 2,423 women (67.7 ± 8.9 years) and 901 men (68.4 ± 11.6 years) having radiological fragility fractures and 3,324 age- and gender-matched controls participated in the study. We measured BMD at posteroanterior spine and hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), calculated BMD measurement parameters based on our own BMD reference database. RESULTS: BMDs and mean T-scores were lower in case group (with clinical fragility) than in control group (without clinical fragility). In patients with fragility fractures, prevalence of lumbar osteoporosis, low bone mass, and normal BMD were 78.9 %, 19.3 %, and 1.8 %, respectively, in women, and 49.5, 44.8 %, and 5.7 %, respectively, in men. In hip, these prevalence rates were 67.2 %, 28.4 %, and 4.4 % in females, and 43.2 %, 45.9 %, and 10.9 % in males, respectively, showing differences between females and males. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that after adjusting age, height, weight, and body mass index, fracture hazard ratio (HR) increased by 2.7-2.8 times (95 % CI 2.5-3.1) and 3.6-4.1 times (95 %CI 3.0-5.1) for women and men respectively with decreasing BMD parameters. In both sexes, risk of fragility fracture increased approximately 1.6-1.7 times (95 % CI 1.5-1.8) for every 1 T-score reduction in BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of clinical fragility fracture increases with decreasing BMD measurement parameters and anthropometric indicators in native China, and fracture HR varies from gender and site.

The Value of Historical Height Loss for Detecting Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women in China.

OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis and management of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are challenging in rural and underdeveloped areas of China because medical resources are inaccessible; thus, a simple and accurate method is essential for the detection of vertebral fractures. We aimed to examine the relationship between historical height loss (HHL) and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal Chinese women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 255 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older was conducted in September 2017. Demographic data, including self-reported tallest historical height and current height were analyzed. Vertebral fractures were assessed using X-ray radiography and HHL thresholds were examined using specificity and sensitivity testing. RESULTS: The average age of the 255 participants was 66.3 ± 9.0 years and their mean HHL was 3.5 ± 2.8 cm. The 24 women who were found to have vertebral fractures were older, had more years since menopause (YSM), and a larger HHL compared to those without vertebral fractures. Logistic regression analysis showed that age was a better predictor of vertebral fractures than HHL was, and the cutoff age for detecting vertebral fractures was 71 years, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.750. CONCLUSIONS: Although the women in this study with vertebral fractures had a greater height loss than those without fractures, it was apparent that age, rather than HHL, is the best way to determine who is most likely to develop vertebral fractures.

Emerging combination strategies with phototherapy in cancer nanomedicine.

Optical techniques using developed laser and optical devices have made a profound impact on modern medicine, with "biomedical optics" becoming an emerging field. Sophisticated technologies have been developed in cancer nanomedicine, such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, among others. However, single-mode phototherapy cannot completely treat persistent tumors, with the challenges of relapse or metastasis remaining; therefore, combinatorial strategies are being developed. In this review, the role of light in cancer therapy and the challenges of phototherapy are discussed. The development of combinatorial strategies with other therapeutic methods, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and radiotherapy, is presented and future directions are further discussed. This review aims to highlight the significance of light in cancer therapy and discuss the combinatorial strategies that show promise in addressing the challenges of phototherapy.

p120-catenin suppresses proliferation and tumor growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma via inhibiting nuclear phospholipase C-γ1 signaling.

p120-catenin (p120) serves as a stabilizer of the calcium-dependent cadherin-catenin complex and loss of p120 expression has been observed in several types of human cancers. The p120-dependent E-cadherin-ß-catenin complex has been shown to mediate calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation via inducing activation of plasma membrane phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). On the other hand, PLC-γ1 has been shown to interact with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhancer in the nucleus and plays a critical role in epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. To determine whether p120 suppresses OSCC proliferation and tumor growth via inhibiting PLC-γ1, we examined effects of p120 knockdown or p120 and PLC-γ1 double knockdown on proliferation of cultured OSCC cells and tumor growth in xenograft OSCC in mice. The results showed that knockdown of p120 reduced levels of PLC-γ1 in the plasma membrane and increased levels of PLC-γ1 and its signaling in the nucleus in OSCC cells and OSCC cell proliferation as well as xenograft OSCC tumor growth. However, double knockdown of p120 and PLC-γ1 or knockdown of PLC-γ1 alone did not have any effect. Immunohistochemical analysis of OSCC tissue from patients showed a lower expression level of p120 and a higher expression level of PLC-γ1 compared with that of adjacent noncancerous tissue. These data indicate that p120 suppresses OSCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inhibiting signaling mediated by nuclear PLC-γ1.

Long-Term Bioavailability of Single Doses of Intramuscular Vitamin D2.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the long-term bioavailability of single doses of intramuscular (IM) vita-min D2 (D2) in healthy adults. METHODS: Forty healthy volunteers with hypovitaminosis D received a single dose of 200,000, 400,000, or 600,000 IU intramuscular D2 or no treatment. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (25[OH]D2) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) in serum were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone turnover markers (BTMs), and serum and urinary calcium were also measured. RESULTS: After a single dose of D2 injection, the level of 25(OH)D2 increased slowly and reached a plateau at 8 weeks. The plateau remained stable for 12 weeks. The mean increase in 25(OH)D2 was 6.8, 9.6, or 15.6 ng/mL after injection of 200,000 IU, 400,000 IU, or 600,000 IU D2. Although endogenous 25(OH)D3 levels were reduced by IM D2, the total 25(OH)D levels increased by 5.0, 7.0, or 10.3 ng/mL in average after injection of 200,000 IU, 400,000 IU, or 600,000 IU D2. The iPTH levels were also decreased by IM D2. However, levels of serum calcium, BTMs, and DBP and urinary calcium were not altered by IM D2. CONCLUSION: A single dose of 200,000 IU, 400,000 IU, or 600,000 IU IM D2 raises total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels by 5.0, 7.0, or 10.3 ng/mL on average for at least 12 weeks and reduces iPTH and endogenous 25(OH)D3 levels without affecting levels of serum calcium, BTMs, DBP, and urinary calcium.

Two-dimensional non-layered selenium nanoflakes: facile fabrications and applications for self-powered photo-detector.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit many interesting properties, but most 2D materials are exfoliated from layered bulk materials, limiting the development of the 2D material group. Recently, non-layered 2D materials have aroused great attention due to their excellent catalysis performance, favored compatibility with silicon substrates and high chemical activity. With high photoconductivity, high responsivity and fast response time, non-layered selenium (Se) exhibits important applications in the field of optoelectronics. In this work, we use a simple liquid phase exfoliation method to fabricate 2D Se nanoflakes from bulk Se which possesses a unique chain structure. The thickness of 2D Se nanoflakes was measured to be in the range of 5-10 nm. As-fabricated Se nanoflakes were used in a photodetector by the photoelectrochemical method, showing a high photocurrent density (1.28 µA cm-2) and photoresponsivity (10.45 µA W-1). In addition, the long-term photoelectric measurements indicate that the 2D Se-based photodetector has good time and cycle stability. Our results show that 2D Se has promising potential in liquid-based photo-detectors.

p120-catenin is required for regulating epidermal proliferation, differentiation, and barrier function.

p120-catenin (p120) is an important regulator in the function and stability of E-cadherin. However, the role of p120 in the epidermis is unclear. Previous studies have shown that globally knockout of p120 caused increased epidermal proliferation but little changes in epidermal differentiation and permeability. In the present study, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model and examined epidermal proliferation, differentiation and permeability. The results showed that conditional knockout of p120 in the epidermis caused not only increased epidermal proliferation but also decreased epidermal differentiation and increased permeability. These data suggest that p120 is required for suppressing epidermal proliferation, promoting epidermal differentiation and maintaining permeability barrier function of the epidermis.

Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase in keratinocytes by PTH and FGF23.

Renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (1αOHase, CYP27B1) and 24-hydroxylase (24OHase, CYP24A1) are tightly regulated. However, little is known about the regulation of 1α(OH)ase and 24(OH)ase in extrarenal tissue such as the epidermis. This study was to determine the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23) in the regulation of 1α(OH)ase and 24(OH)ase in epidermal keratinocytes as well as epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. The results showed that PTH increased the protein level of 1α(OH)ase in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, but had no effect on the level of 24(OH)ase. The effect of PTH on 1α(OH)ase was blocked by the PKC inhibitor. Treatment with FGF23 decreased mRNA and protein levels of 1α(OH)ase and increased mRNA and protein levels of 24(OH)ase in HaCaT cells. The effect of FGF23 on 1α(OH)ase and 24(OH)ase was blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) inhibitor. In addition, treatment with PTH enhanced levels of differentiation markers including keratin 1, involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin but reduced levels of BrdU incorporation in HaCaT cells. These effects were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor. FGF23 enhanced proliferation of HaCaT cells, but reduced levels of early differentiation markers including keratin 1 and involucrin and enhanced levels of the later differentiation markers including loricrin and filaggrin. These results suggest that PTH stimulates 1α(OH)ase expression and differentiation of HaCaT cells and inhibits proliferation via PKC. The data also suggest that FGF23 inhibits 1α(OH)ase expression and stimulates 24(OH)ase expression via MAPK/ERK. In addition, FGF23 enhances proliferation and late differentiation and inhibits early differentiation of HaCaT keratinocytes.

Successful treatment of a giant ovarian cyst by levothyroxin in a young adult woman: A case report.

Ovarian cysts are one of the most common gynecologic affections for females. The most effective therapy is surgery, but not for all conditions. An 18-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of menstruation disorder and abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computer tomography of the abdomen revealed a giant ovarian cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed profound pituitary enlargement. Laboratory studies showed severe hypothyroidism, mild anemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperprolactinemia and an elevated level of cancer antigen-125. Regression of the giant ovarian cyst and pituitary enlargement was observed after a 5-month levothyroxine replacement therapy. Thus, for patients with ovarian cysts, hypothyroidism should be taken into account. Making correct diagnosis would avoid unnecessary surgery.

p120-Catenin Is Required for Dietary Calcium Suppression of Oral Carcinogenesis in Mice.

Previous studies have shown that dietary calcium suppresses oral carcinogenesis, but the mechanism is unclear. p120-catenin (p120) is a cytoplasmic protein closely associated with E-cadherin to form the E-cadherin-ß-catenin complex and may function as a tumor suppressor in the oral epithelium. To determine whether p120 is involved in the mechanism by which dietary calcium suppresses oral carcinogenesis, The normal, low, or high calcium diet was fed control mice (designated as floxed p120 mice) or mice in which p120 was specifically deleted in the oral squamous epithelium during the adult stage (designated as p120cKO mice). All mice were exposed to a low dose of oral cancer carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and proliferation and differentiation in the cancerous and non-cancerous oral epithelium of these mice were examined. The results showed that the low calcium diet increased rates of OSCC and proliferation of the non-cancerous oral epithelium and decreased differentiation of the non-cancerous oral epithelium, but had no effect on cancerous oral epithelium. In contrast, the high calcium diet had opposite effects. However, the effect of the dietary calcium on the rates of OSCC, proliferation, and differentiation of the non-cancerous epithelium were not seen in p120cKO mice. Based on these results, we conclude that p120 is required for dietary calcium suppression of oral carcinogenesis and oral epithelial proliferation and dietary calcium induction of oral epithelial differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1360-1367, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Performance evaluation of two immunoassays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Although immunoassays in measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have been improved recently, relatively large differences are still seen between results of 25(OH)D measured by immunoassays and by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the present studies, we compared two immunoassays with LC-MS/MS for measuring 25(OH)D concentrations. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in serum samples from 59 healthy subjects were measured by two immunoassays including Siemens ADVIA Centaur Vitamin D Total (Centaur) and Roche Elecsys Vitamin D Total (Elecsys) and LC-MS/MS. To determine the cross reactivity of Elecsys and Centaur toward 25(OH)D2, a dosage of 200,000 IU vitamin D2 was given after first sampling. Serum samples were obtained 30 days later and concentrations of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 were measured again. The results showed poor agreement between the immunoassays and LC-MS/MS in 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 measurements. The percentage of 25(OH)D2 cross-reactivity was 45.3% for Centaur and 41.2% for Elecsys and there was no significant difference between Centaur and Elecsys. In conclusion, Centaur and Elecsys perform unsatisfactorily in measuring 25(OH)D levels, especially for 25(OH)D2 cross-reactivity. Therefore, clinicians need to be aware of the underestimation of vitamin D status when using these immunoassays for measuring individuals supplemented with vitamin D2.

Relationships of serum lipid profiles and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that serum lipid profiles are related to bone mineral density (BMD). But data about this relationship on Chinese population are scarce. We investigated the relationships between serum lipid and BMD in postmenopausal Chinese women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 790 Chinese postmenopausal women. BMDs were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Serum lipid profiles were obtained after a 12-h fasting. RESULTS: Women with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of at least 1·55 mmol/l had a greater prevalence of osteoporosis compared with women with lower HDL-C (≤1·54 mmol/l). After controlling for age, menopausal duration, body mass index, serum creatinine levels, outdoor activity, smoking and alcohol intake, high HDL-C levels were associated with osteoporosis (OR = 1·64, 95%CI 1·16-2·33, P < 0·01). BMD at femoral neck and total hip was significantly lower in the higher HDL-C class than the lower class (0·722 ± 0·118 vs 0·744 ± 0·120 g/cm(2) , P < 0·01; 0·800 ± 0·126 vs 0·824 ± 0·125 g/cm(2) , P < 0·01, respectively). No association was found between total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with BMD. CONCLUSIONS: In Chinese postmenopausal women, elevated levels of serum HDL-C had a greater probability of being osteoporosis than the lower HDL-C levels. Our analysis showed higher HDL-C level that is favourable for cardiovascular diseases should be regarded as a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Low Vitamin D Status is Associated with Increased Thyrotropin-Receptor Antibody Titer in Graves Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency is reportedly linked to a variety of autoimmune diseases. However, the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity in Graves disease (GD) and vitamin D deficiency is unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether increased thyroid hormone autoantibody titer is associated with vitamin D deficiency in GD patients. METHODS: A total of 70 patients with GD and 70 matched control subjects were recruited to our study. The levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-receptor antibody (TRAb), thyroid-peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) in serum collected from these patients and controls were examined. RESULTS: The level of 25(OH)D in serum from TRAb-positive GD patients was significantly lower than that in serum of healthy controls or TRAb-negative patients. However, compared with control subjects, the level of PTH in serum was increased in TRAb-positive GD patients. The rate of vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25[OH]D <50 nmol/L) in TRAb-positive GD patients was significantly higher than in healthy controls or TRAb-negative GD patients. The level of 25(OH)D in serum was inversely correlated with TRAb titer in serum of TRAb-positive GD patients. However, our results did not show a correlation between 25(OH)D level and the levels of TPOAb, TGAb, FT3, FT4, or TSH. CONCLUSION: Low vitamin D status is associated with increased TRAb titer in GD, suggesting a possible link between vitamin D status and increased thyroid autoimmunity in GD patients.

Ultrasound imaging guided targeted sonodynamic therapy enhanced by magnetophoretically controlled magnetic microbubbles.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) utilizes ultrasonic excitation of a sensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy tumor. Two dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) is an emerging sonosensitizer that can promote ROS production to be used in SDT but it alone lacks active targeting effect and showed low therapy efficiency. In this study, a stable dispersion of integrated micro-nanoplatform consisting of BP nanosheets loaded and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) connected microbubbles was introduced for ultrasound imaging guided and magnetic field directed precision SDT of breast cancer. The targeted ultrasound imaging at 18 MHz and efficient SDT effects at 1 MHz were demonstrated both in-vitro and in-vivo on the breast cancer. The magnetic microbubbles targeted deliver BP nanosheets to the tumor site under magnetic navigation and increased the uptake of BP nanosheets by inducing cavitation effect for increased cell membrane permeability via ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). The mechanism of SDT by magnetic black phosphorus microbubbles was proposed to be originated from the ROS triggered mitochondria mediated apoptosis by up-regulating the pro-apoptotic proteins while down-regulating the anti-apoptotic proteins. In conclusion, the ultrasound theranostic was realized via the magnetic black phosphorus microbubbles, which could realize targeting and catalytic sonodynamic therapy.

Correction: Sugarcane stem node identification algorithm based on improved YOLOv5.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295565.].