Model-based precision dosing and remedial dosing recommendations for delayed or missed doses of isoniazid in Chinese patients with tuberculosis.

AIMS: Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a first-line drug to treat tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. However, large interindividual variability was found in its pharmacokinetics, and effects of nonadherence to INH treatment and corresponding remedy regime remain unclear. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of INH in Chinese patients with TB to provide model-informed precision dosing and explore appropriate remedial dosing regimens for nonadherent patients. METHODS: In total, 1012 INH observations from 736 TB patients were included. A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to analyse the PPK of INH. Using Monte Carlo simulations to determine optimal dosage regimens and design remedial dosing regimens. RESULTS: A 2-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to best describe the PK characteristics of INH. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of INH elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in fast and slow eliminators were 28.0 and 11.2 L/h, respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 40.5%. Monte Carlo simulations determined optimal dosage regimens for slow and fast eliminators with different body weight. For remedial dosing regimens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible when the delay does not exceed 12 h, and an additional dose is not needed. delay for an INH dose exceeds 12 h, the patient only needs to take the next single dose normally. CONCLUSION: PPK modelling and simulation provide valid evidence on the precision dosing and remedial dosing regimen of INH.

QTc prolongation after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage might be associated with worse neurologic outcome in patients receiving microsurgical clipping or embolization of the intracranial aneurysms: a retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: QT interval prolongation is one of the most common electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Whether corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation is associated with perioperative cardiac events and dismal neurological outcome in mid to long-term follow-up in patients after aSAH is insufficiently studied and remains controversial. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the adult (≥ 18 years) patients admitted to our institution between Jan 2018 and Dec 2020 for aSAH who underwent intracranial aneurysm clipping or embolization. The patients were divided into 2 groups (normal and QTc prolongation groups) according to their QTc. To minimize the confounding bias, a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to compare the neurologic outcomes between patients with normal QTc and QTc prolongation. RESULTS: After screening, 908 patients were finally included. The patients were divided into 2 groups: normal QTc groups (n = 714) and long QTc group (n = 194). Female sex, hypokalemia, posterior circulation aneurysm, and higher Hunt-Hess grade were associated with QTc prolongation. In multiple regression analysis, older age, higher hemoglobin level, posterior circulation aneurysm, and higher Hunt-Hess grade were identified to be associated with worse outcome during 1-year follow-up. Before PSM, patients with QTc prolongation had higher rate of perioperative cardiac arrest or ventricular arrhythmias. After PSM, there was no statistical difference between normal and QTc prolongation groups in perioperative cardiac events. However, patients in the QTc prolongation group still had worse neurologic outcome during 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: QTc prolongation is associated with worse outcome in patients following SAH, which is independent of perioperative cardiac events.

Hybrid Optimization Path Planning Method for AGV Based on KGWO.

To address the path planning problem for automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in challenging and complex industrial environments, a hybrid optimization approach is proposed, integrating a Kalman filter with grey wolf optimization (GWO), as well as incorporating partially matched crossover (PMX) mutation operations and roulette wheel selection. Paths are first optimized using GWO, then refined with Kalman filter corrections every ten iterations. Moreover, roulette wheel selection guides robust parent path selection, while an elite strategy and partially matched crossover (PMX) with mutation generate diverse offspring. Extensive simulations and experiments were carried out under a densely packed goods scenario and complex indoor layout scenario, within a fully automated warehouse environment. The results showed that this hybrid method not only enhanced the various optimization metrics but also ensured more predictable and collision-free navigation paths, particularly in environments with complex obstacles. These improvements lead to increased operational efficiency and safety, highlighting the method's potential in real-world applications.

Research progress of PBX1 in developmental and regenerative medicine.

Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (PBX1) proteins are a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved atypical homeodomain transcription factors belonging to the superfamily of triple amino acid loop extension homeodomain proteins. PBX family members play crucial roles in the regulation of various pathophysiological processes. This article reviews the research progress on PBX1 in terms of structure, developmental function, and regenerative medicine. The potential mechanisms of development and research targets in regenerative medicine are also summarized. It also suggests a possible link between PBX1 in the two domains, which is expected to open up a new field for future exploration of cell homeostasis, as well as the regulation of endogenous danger signals. This would provide a new target for the study of diseases in various systems.

Pharmacological Therapies for Osteoporosis: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis. The aim of this Bayesian network meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for eligible RCTs from their inception up to January 2021. The primary endpoints were all fractures, vertebral fractures, and non-vertebral fractures, while the secondary endpoints were fractures at hip or peripheral locations, bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites, and potential adverse events. RESULTS We included 79 RCTs reporting a total of 108 797 individuals in the final quantitative analysis. The results of network analysis indicated that romosozumab (92.1%) was the most effective in reducing the risk for all fractures, with the best therapeutic effects on vertebral fracture (97.2%) and non-vertebral fracture (88.0%). Romosozumab (92.5%) provided better therapeutic effects for the reduction of hip fracture. The best treatment agents for improving whole-body BMD (100.0%), spine BMD (95.7%), hip BMD (92.4%), femoral neck BMD (86.7%), and trochanter BMD (95.5%) were alendronate, strontium ranelate, ibandronate, risedronate, and ibandronate, respectively. Finally, the use of bazedoxifene was associated with the highest incidence of any upper-gastrointestinal event, nasopharyngitis, and back pain, while risedronate was associated with higher incidence of abdominal pain and dyspepsia. CONCLUSIONS This study found that romosozumab yielded the best effects for preventing fracture risk, while abaloparatide was the most effective in reducing the risk of vertebral fracture and non-vertebral fracture.

Rea regulates microglial polarization and attenuates neuronal apoptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signalings for spinal cord injury repair.

Inflammation and neuronal apoptosis aggravate the secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Rehmannioside A (Rea) is a bioactive herbal extract isolated from Rehmanniae radix with low toxicity and neuroprotection effects. Rea treatment inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from microglial cells, and promoted M2 polarization in vitro, which in turn protected the co-cultured neurons from apoptosis via suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways. Furthermore, daily intraperitoneal injections of 80 mg/kg Rea into a rat model of SCI significantly improved the behavioural and histological indices, promoted M2 microglial polarization, alleviated neuronal apoptosis, and increased motor function recovery. Therefore, Rea is a promising therapeutic option for SCI and should be clinically explored.

Duraplasty of PHBV/PLA/Col membranes promotes axonal regeneration by inhibiting NLRP3 complex and M1 macrophage polarization in rats with spinal cord injury.

Duraplasty after decompression decreases the lesion size and scar formation, promoting better functional recovery, but the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. Here, we fabricated a series of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)/polylactic acid/collagen (PHBV/PLA/Col) membranes and cultured them with VSC4.1 motor neurons. The material characteristics and in vitro biological characteristics were evaluated. In the subcutaneous implantation test, PHBV/PLA/COl scaffolds supported the cellular infiltration, microvasculature formation, and decreased CD86-positive macrophage aggregation. Following contusion spinal cord injury at T10 in Sprague-Dawley rats, durotomy was performed with allograft dura mater or PHBV/PLA or PHBV/PLA/Col membranes. At 3 days post-injury, Western blot assay showed decreased the expression of the NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and CD86 expression but increased the expression of CD206. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that duraplasty with PHBV/PLA/Col membranes reduced the infiltration of CD86-positive macrophages in the lesion site, decreased the glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, and increased the expression of NF-200. Moreover, duraplasty with PHBV/PLA/Col membranes improved locomotor functional recovery at 8 weeks post-injury. Thus, duraplasty with PHBV/PLA/Col membranes decreased the glial scar formation and promoted axon growth by inhibiting inflammasome activation and modulating macrophage polarization in acute spinal cord injury.

The role of angiotensin-(1-7) on acquired platinum resistance-induced angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signaling has been implicated in the development of cancer. The new RAS ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis antagonizes the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis. Ang-(1-7) has pleiotropic roles in lung cancer including suppressing proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This research was designed to investigate the effect of Ang-(1-7) on tumor-associated angiogenesis in DDP-resistant lung cancer cell lines. We first established acquired DDP-resistant cell lines A549 (A549-DDP) and LLC (LLC-DDP). We next performed RT-qPCR, western blot, ELISA, tube formation, microvessel density detection, immunohistochemistry, and tumor formation assays. The results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of RAS components and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFa) were lessened in the A549/LLC-DDP+Ang-(1-7) group compared with the A549/LLC-DDP group. This effect could be blocked by the MAS receptor antagonist A779. The data revealed that Ang-(1-7) could perform its antiangiogenic function by PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, the impact of Ang-(1-7) on tumor-associated angiogenesis has been confirmed in lung cancer xenograft model with acquired DDP resistance. These results provide a theoretical basis for designing therapeutic strategies for targeting Ang-(1-7) in the treatment of NSCLC.

The prospects and pitfalls in the endovascular treatment of moyamoya disease-associated intracranial aneurysms.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is characterized by progressive stenosis or occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery and simultaneous formation of collateral vasculature. The fragile alteration and increased hemodynamic stress in the intra- and extracranial vasculature would conjointly result in the formation of intracranial aneurysms in MMD patients. According to our classification, the MMD-associated aneurysms are divided into the major artery aneurysms (MAAs) and non-MAAs. The non-MAAs are further subdivided into the distal choroidal artery aneurysms, moyamoya vessel aneurysms, transdural collateral aneurysms, and anastomosis aneurysms. Currently, endovascular treatment (EVT) has become the main stream for the MMD-associated aneurysms. There is no difference to EVT for the MMD-associated MAAs of the non-stenosed major arteries with that in the non-MMD patients. While it is a big challenge to perform EVT for MMD-associated aneurysms in the stenosed arteries. Generally speaking, the parent arteries of the non-MAAs are slim, and super-selective catheterization is technically difficult. Most of the times, parent artery occlusion with liquid embolic agents or coils can only be performed. The vasculature in MMD patients is fragile; perioperative management and meticulous intraoperative manipulation are also very important to avoid complications during EVT. In spites of the complications, the EVT can bring good outcome in selected cases of MMD-associated aneurysms.

Retraction Note: Bone mesenchymal stem cell-derivedexosomal microRNA-29b-3p preventshypoxic-ischemic injury in rat brain byactivating the PTEN-mediated Aktsignaling pathway.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Correction to: Bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-29b-3p prevents hypoxic-ischemic injury in rat brain by activating the PTEN-mediated Akt signaling pathway.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-29b-3p prevents hypoxic-ischemic injury in rat brain by activating the PTEN-mediated Akt signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are suspected to exert neuroprotective effects in brain injury, in part through the secretion of extracellular vesicles like exosomes containing bioactive compounds. We now investigate the mechanism by which bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs)-derived exosomes harboring the small non-coding RNA miR-29b-3p protect against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. METHODS: We established a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and primary cortical neuron or brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) models of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Exosomes were isolated from the culture medium of BMSCs. We treated the MCAO rats with BMSC-derived exosomes in vivo, and likewise the OGD-treated neurons and BMECs in vitro. We then measured apoptosis- and angiogenesis-related features using TUNEL and CD31 immunohistochemical staining and in vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assays. RESULTS: The dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that miR-29b-3p targeted the protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). miR-29b-3p was downregulated and PTEN was upregulated in the brain of MCAO rats and in OGD-treated cultured neurons. MCAO rats and OGD-treated neurons showed promoted apoptosis and decreased angiogenesis, but overexpression of miR-29b-3p or silencing of PTEN could reverse these alterations. Furthermore, miR-29b-3p could negatively regulate PTEN and activate the Akt signaling pathway. BMSCs-derived exosomes also exerted protective effects against apoptosis of OGD neurons and cell apoptosis in the brain samples from MCAO rats, where we also observed promotion of angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: BMSC-derived exosomal miR-29b-3p ameliorates ischemic brain injury by promoting angiogenesis and suppressing neuronal apoptosis, a finding which may be of great significance in the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Endovascular treatment for dural arteriovenous fistulas in the petroclival region.

Petroclival region dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are rare and difficult lesions to manage. They often have very complex anatomical structures and can be further divided into the superior petrosal sinus, petrous apex, inferior petrosal sinus, upper clival, and upper clival epidural-osseous DAVFs. Most petroclival region DAVFs should be treated due to their high Cognard grades. Currently, endovascular treatment (EVT) has become the first-line therapeutic option for petroclival region DAVFs. But not all the petroclival region DAVFs could be cured with EVT. When the arterial feeders are large or the DAVF is adjacent to the venous sinus, the success rate may be higher. In petroclival region DAVFs, if EVT can be performed successfully, satisfactory outcome can be anticipated. However, there are some inadvertent complications, which include cranial nerve palsy, subsequent sinus thrombosis, and migration embolization of the internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. Currently, a review of the EVT of petroclival region DAVFs is lacking. In this article, we performed a review of the relevant literature on this issue. In addition, some illustrative cases would be provided to elaborate these specific entities.

Angiographic study of the transdural collaterals at the anterior cranial fossa in patients with Moyamoya disease.

Unlike its parietal, temporal, and occipital counterparts, the frontal lobe has a broad basal surface directly facing the anterior cranial fossa dura mater which could permit establishment of transdural collaterals (TDCs) with the frontal lobe. Studies on the TDCs from the anterior cranial fossa in moyamoya disease (MMD) are scarce and inadequately investigated. A retrospective study of 100 hemispheres in 50 patients who were diagnosed with MMD by catheter angiography between January 2015 and June 2019 was performed in our institution. TDCs through the anterior ethmoid artery (AEA) or posterior ethmoid artery (PEA) were divided into 3 types respectively based on their respective angioarchitecture. Furthermore, we also studied TDCs to the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and collaterals from the posterior circulation to the territory of the anterior cerebral artery. TDCs through the AEA and PEA were identified in 89 (89/100, 89%) and 73 (73/100, 73%) of the hemispheres. The vascularization state of the frontal lobe was good in 89 (89/100, 89%) hemispheres. Rete mirabile and TDCs through the PEA were statistically different among patients with different Suzuki stages. No statistical difference was noted in TDCs through the AEA, frontal TDCs from other sources, and the vascularization state of the frontal lobe with regard to different Suzuki stages. TDCs through the AEA and PEA at the anterior cranial fossa play a very important role in compensating the ischemic frontal lobe. The frontal lobe could be well compensated in most of the patients with TDCs at the anterior cranial fossa.

Endovascular treatment of the cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula: current status and considerations.

A cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (CS-DAVF) is an abnormal arteriovenous communication involving the dura mater within or near the CS wall. The dural arteries from the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery supply the CS-DAVF, and the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) and inferior petrous sinus (IPS) are frequent venous drainers. In CS-DAVF cases, high-risk lesions require treatment. Endovascular treatment (EVT) has been the first-line option for CS-DAVFs. To our knowledge, a review of the EVT of CS-DAVFs is lacking. Therefore, in this paper, we review the available literature on this issue. In addition, some illustrative cases are also provided to more concisely expound the EVT of CS-DAVFs. According to the recent literature, transvenous embolization via the IPS is considered the most effective method for EVT of CS-DAVFs. In addition, the transorbital approach is another reasonable choice. Other venous approaches can also be tried. Because of the low cure rate, transarterial embolization for CS-DAVFs is limited to only highly selected patients. In the EVT of CS-DAVFs, various agents have been used, including coil, Onyx, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate, with coil being the preferred one. In addition, when EVT cannot obliterate the CS-DAVF, stereotactic radiotherapy may be considered. In general, despite various complications, EVT is a feasible and effective method to manage CS-DAVFs by way of various access routes and can yield a good prognosis.

Targeted endovascular treatment for ruptured brain arteriovenous malformations.

Currently, endovascular treatment (EVT) is recommended for ruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM). When performing EVT for ruptured BAVM, curative complete embolization without complications is the ideal goal, but, more often than not, it is difficult, impossible, and dangerous. Therefore, EVT targeted toward ruptured focal weak structures plays a very important role. No previous study has comprehensively reviewed the use of targeted EVT for ruptured BAVMs. Therefore, the current paper reviews the available literature on this subject. In BAVM, the ruptured focal weak structures may include flow-related aneurysms, intranidal venous dilated structures, intranidal fistula, and venous varices or ectasia. These ruptured focal weak structures have direct and indirect imaging presentations. The indirect imaging presentations indicate various intracranial hemorrhages. In direct imaging presentations, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has the highest degree resolution for showing ruptured focal weak structures. In addition, some magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can be useful to identify ruptured focal weak structures. Of all ruptured focal weak structures, flow-related aneurysms are considered the highest risk and require urgent occlusion. Other ruptured weak structures also need to undergo targeted EVT. After targeted EVT, a good prognosis can be obtained. Therefore, the use of targeted EVT for ruptured BAVM is promising.

A supervised term ranking model for diversity enhanced biomedical information retrieval.

BACKGROUND: The number of biomedical research articles have increased exponentially with the advancement of biomedicine in recent years. These articles have thus brought a great difficulty in obtaining the needed information of researchers. Information retrieval technologies seek to tackle the problem. However, information needs cannot be completely satisfied by directly introducing the existing information retrieval techniques. Therefore, biomedical information retrieval not only focuses on the relevance of search results, but also aims to promote the completeness of the results, which is referred as the diversity-oriented retrieval. RESULTS: We address the diversity-oriented biomedical retrieval task using a supervised term ranking model. The model is learned through a supervised query expansion process for term refinement. Based on the model, the most relevant and diversified terms are selected to enrich the original query. The expanded query is then fed into a second retrieval to improve the relevance and diversity of search results. To this end, we propose three diversity-oriented optimization strategies in our model, including the diversified term labeling strategy, the biomedical resource-based term features and a diversity-oriented group sampling learning method. Experimental results on TREC Genomics collections demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in improving the relevance and the diversity of search results. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed three strategies jointly contribute to the improvement of biomedical retrieval performance. Our model yields more relevant and diversified results than the state-of-the-art baseline models. Moreover, our method provides a general framework for improving biomedical retrieval performance, and can be used as the basis for future work.

Preventative tracheal administration of interleukin-27 attenuates allergic asthma by improving the lung Th1 microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-27 (IL-27) modulates CD4+ T-cell differentiation and function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and molecular mechanisms of IL-27 on the development of asthma. METHODS: IL-27 was intranasally administered in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model, and lung mononuclear cells and different Th cell classes were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The effect and mechanisms of IL-27 on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were investigated by measuring changes in chemotactic factors, cytokines, transcription factors, and signaling pathways. RESULTS: We found that intranasal administration of IL-27 could attenuate airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, upregulate the type 1 T helper (Th1)-T memory (Tm) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells subgroups of lung tissue lymphocytes, and diminish the levels of type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokines. IL-27 upregulated the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, and CCL4 in HBE cells and promoted the production of chemotactic factors to attract monocyte recruitment. Recruited monocytes secondarily secreted IL-27 to influence HBE cells in a positive feedback cycle. After IL-27 intervention, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation increased, while STAT4 and STAT6 phosphorylation declined. CONCLUSIONS: Preventative intranasal administration of IL-27 can recruit more IL-27-secreted monocytes to the airway and change the different T-cell classes in lung. The improved Th1 environment helps to alleviate Th2-mediated allergic asthma by repairing the STAT1 pathway but not the STAT4 pathway.

Spontaneous recession of a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm concurrent with carotid rete mirabile and moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Carotid rete mirabile (RM) is a meshwork of multiple, freely intercommunicating arterioles that reconstitute the absent or hypoplastic segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Carotid RM has been reported to be associated with cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is rarely associated with moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) region and aneurysm. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old woman was admitted complaining of sudden-onset headache, nausea, and vomiting. Further investigation revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), carotid RM, a moyamoya collateral pattern in the PCA region, and a pseudoaneurysm in the moyamoya-like vessels. The patient was treated conservatively, recovered well and was discharged 1 week later. Follow-up angiography showed that the aneurysm had disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: As shown by the present case, we believe that carotid RM could occur in combination with moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels in the PCA region; aneurysms can occur in the moyamoya-like vascular network. Congenital etiology may be the reason for these combinations. Based on our approach in this case, aneurysm located in moyamoya-like vessels can disappear spontaneously after conservative treatment.

Clinical importance of the superficial temporal artery in neurovascular diseases: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review.

The superficial temporal artery (STA) plays a very important role in neurovascular diseases and procedures. However, until now, no comprehensive review of the role of STA in neurovascular diseases from a neurosurgical perspective has ever been published. To review research on the clinical importance of STA in neurovascular diseases, a literature search was performed using the PubMed database. Articles were screened for suitability and data relevance. This paper was organized following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. According to the literature, STA is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery and can give off scalp, muscle, and transosseous branches. STA-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass is very useful for intracranial ischemic diseases, including moyamoya disease, chronic ICA and MCA insufficiency, and even acute ischemic stroke. For intracranial complex aneurysms, STA bypass remains a major option that can serve as flow replacement bypass during aneurysmal trapping or insurance bypass during temporary parent artery occlusion. Occasionally, the STA can also be involved in dural AVFs (DAVFs) via to its transosseous branches. In addition, the STA can be used as an intraoperative angiography path and the path to provide endovascular treatments. Therefore, STA is a very important artery in neurovascular diseases.