RESUMEN
Glioma invasion is a main cause of a poor prognosis and relapse in patients suffering from the disease. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for glioma cell invasion remain poorly understood. In this study, the characteristics of exosomes were identified using electron microscope (TEM), and western blot analysis. The potential mechanism of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) activated by TGFß (lncRNAATB) was demonstrated using luciferase reporter assays and RNA immunoprecipitation. We found that glioma cellderived exosomes promoted the activation of astrocytes and had the ability to shuttle long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) activated by TGFß (lncRNAATB) to astrocytes. More importantly, lncRNAATB activated astrocytes through the suppression of microRNA (miRNA or miR)2043p in an Argonaute 2 (Ago2)dependent manner. Furthermore, astrocytes activated by lncRNAATB in turn promoted the migration and invasion of glioma cells. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that lncRNAATB may play an important role in modulating glioma microenvironment through exosomes. Thus, a better understanding of this process may provide implications for the prevention of highly invasive glioma.
Asunto(s)
Exosomas/genética , Glioma/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Astrocitos/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Glioma/patología , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , Microscopía Electrónica , Invasividad Neoplásica/genética , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMEN
Nickel-rich layered oxides are regarded as very promising materials as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries because of their environmental benignancy, low cost, and high energy density. However, insufficient cycle performance and poor thermotic characteristics induced by structural degradation at high potentials and elevated temperatures pose challenging hurdles for nickel-rich cathodes. Here, a protective pillaring layer, in which partial Ni2+ ions occupy Li slabs induced by gradient Mn4+, is integrated into the primary particle of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 to stabilize the surface/interfacial structure. With the stable outer surface provided by the enriched Mn4+ gradient concentration and the pillar effect of the NiO-like phase, Mn-incorporated quaternary cathodes show enhanced structural stability and improved Li+ diffusion as well as lithium-storage properties. Compared with the severe capacity fade of a pure layered structure, the cathode with gradient Mn4+ exhibits more stable cycling behavior with a capacity retention of 80.0% after 500 cycles at 5.0 C.