Interactions between the gut bacterial community of Exopalaemon carinicauda and infection by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei.

To explore the relationship between the intestinal flora of Exopalaemon Carinicauda and infection by Enterocytozoo Hepatopenaei (EHP), we analyzed the species and richness of gut microbiota in infected individuals in different EHP load groups [i.e., control (C), high load (H), and low load (L)] using gene sequencing after infection. The results showed that the abundance of intestinal flora in the high-load EHP group was significantly lower than that in the healthy group. Based on the UPGMA cluster tree and PCoA analysis, with comparisons to healthy shrimp, the gut microbiota of the EHP high load and low load groups were clustered into one branch, which indicated that EHP infection changed the composition of the gut microbiota of infected shrimps. The heat map analysis of species abundance clustering revealed that the dominant bacteria in the low EHP load group and the control group were beneficial genera such as Lactococcus, Ligilactobacillius, and Bifidobacterium, but the dominant bacteria in the high EHP load group were harmful genera such as Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Candidatus hepatincola. The functions of the intestinal flora predicted that most genes related to metabolism were more abundant in healthy shrimp, most genes related to metabolism and the organisms' system were more abundant in the low EHP load group, and most genes related to diseases and environmental information processing were more abundant in the high EHP load group. After separation and purification, the dominant bacteria (Bifidobacterium animalis in healthy shrimp and Lactococcus garvieae in the low EHP load group) and the non-dominant bacteria (Macrococus caseolyticus in the low EHP load group) were obtained. Each of these isolated strains were used together with EHP to infect E. carinicauda, and the results showed that Bifidobacterium animali and Lactococcus garvieae significantly reduced the EHP load in EHP-infected individuals. At the same time, the morphology and structure of the hepatopancreas and intestinal tissue of EHP-infected E. carinicauda were improved. No improvement was seen in tissue that was infected with Macrococus caseolyticus.

De novo transcriptional analysis of the response to starvation stress in the white ridgetail prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda.

To study the mechanism of the biomolecular response in Exopalaemon carinicauda to starvation stress, we subjected muscle tissue RNA samples from four stress points, including 0 d(control group), 10 d, 20 d, and 30 d, to starvation stress on white ridgetail prawn with a body weight of 1.41 + 0.42 g, aquaculture water temperature of 23-25 °C, salinity of 26, dissolved oxygen ≥5 mg/L, and pH 8-8.5, Then performed de novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis using BGISEQ-500 with a tag-based digital gene expression (DGE) system. By de novo assembling at the four times, we obtained 28,167, 21,115, 24,497, and 27,080 reads, respectively. The results showed that the stress at 10 d led to no significant difference in the expressed genes, while the stress at 20 d and 30 d showed a significant increase (or decrease) in the expression of 97 (276) and 143 (410) genes, respectively, which were involved in 8 different metabolic pathways. In addition, we detected 2647 unigene transcription factors. Eleven upregulated and sixteen downregulated genes from the different starvation stress groups were choose to verify the reliability of the transcriptome data, and the results showed that the expression trends of these genes were consistent with the results shown by the transcriptome. The analysis of the experimental data and our discussion of the response mechanism of white ridgetail prawn under starvation stress provides a foundation for further screening of the key genes of starvation stress and may help to elucidate their functions.

Characterization of a crustin-like peptide involved in shrimp immune response to bacteria and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection in Palaemon carinicauda.

Crustins represent one type of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are key components of the innate immune process of crustaceans. This study successfully identified a novel crustin-like peptide, EcCrustin2, in ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda (formerly Exopalaemon carinicauda). EcCrustin2 was found to be 1082 bp in length, with a 378 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 125 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of EcCrustin2 exhibited characteristics of crustins in crustacean, including a Cys-rich region at the N-terminus as well as a whey acidic protein domain at the C-terminus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the EcCrustin2 was first clustered with Type I crustins, then with other crustins. Expression of EcCrustin2 was mainly detected in immune tissues, including hemocytes, gill and stomach. The expression level of EcCrustin2 was also significantly up-regulated after being exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. EHP infection could also induce EcCrustin2 expression in P. carinicauda. Knockdown of EcCrustin2 with siRNA increased the mortality of V. parahaemolyticus challenged shrimp. Finally, the recombinant EcCrustin2 protein was obtained and demonstrated a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro. These results indicated that EcCrustin2 takes part in the immune response against bacteria and EHP infection.

Dietary ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate Supplementation Affects Growth Performance, Digestion, TOR Pathway, and Muscle Quality in Kuruma Shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicas) Fed a Low Protein Diet.

An 8-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on growth performance and muscle quality of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicas) (initial weight: 2.00 ± 0.01 g) fed a low protein diet. The positive control diet (HP) with 490 g/kg protein and negative control diet (LP) with 440 g/kg protein were formulated. Based on the LP, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate calcium were supplemented to design the other five diets named as HMB0.25, HMB0.5, HMB1, HMB2 and HMB4, respectively. Results showed that compared with the shrimp fed LP, the HP, HMB1 and HMB2 groups had significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate, while significantly lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, intestinal trypsin activity was significantly elevated in the above three groups than that of the LP group. Higher dietary protein level and HMB inclusion upregulated the expressions of target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and serine/threonine-protein kinase in shrimp muscle, accompanied by the increases in most muscle free amino acids contents. Supplementation of 2 g/kg HMB in a low protein diet improved muscle hardness and water holding capacity of shrimp. Total collagen content in shrimp muscle increased with increasing dietary HMB inclusion. Additionally, dietary inclusion of 2 g/kg HMB significantly elevated myofiber density and sarcomere length, while reduced myofiber diameter. In conclusion, supplementation of 1-2 g/kg HMB in a low protein diet improved the growth performance and muscle quality of kuruma shrimp, which may be ascribed to the increased trypsin activity and activated TOR pathway, as well as elevated muscle collagen content and changed myofiber morphology caused by dietary HMB.

Hypoxia stress affects the physiological responses, apoptosis and innate immunity of Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus.

For commercial aquatic animals, hypoxia phenomenon often occurs in live transport and aquaculture. In previous studies, much interest has been focused on antioxidant enzyme activities and could not present the complexities. The multifaceted responses, especially considering physiological indexes, histological structure, cell apoptosis, and immune pathways, are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the comprehensive hypoxic responses of Marsupenaeus japonicus. The results showed that the physiological indexes showed time-dependent changes upon hypoxia stress. Hypoxia stress led to significant tissue damage and cell apoptosis in the gill and hepatopancreas. Compared with the control group, the apoptosis index (AI) of the 12 h hypoxic treatment increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the gills and hepatopancreas. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 900 and 1400 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gill and hepatopancreas, respectively. Several DEGs were related to the lysosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle, and apoptosis, and seven of them were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. This study provided valuable clues to understanding the mechanisms underlying the hypoxic responses of M. japonicus.

Expression and function analysis of crustacyanin gene family involved in resistance to heavy metal stress and body color formation in Exopalaemon carinicauda.

Crustacyanin has the function of binding astaxanthin which is the best antioxidant, and plays an important role in the body color variation of crustaceans. To investigate the causes of body color variation of the ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda, the present study obtained four subtypes of crustacyanin gene: C1, C2, A1, and A2. Based on fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, lipocalin-C1 is mainly expressed in the eyestalk, lipocalin-C2 is in the ventral nerve cord, and lipocalin-A1 and lipocalin-A2 are in subcutaneous adipose tissues. Under the inhibiting effect of Cd2+ stress, the expression of four subtypes first increases and then decreases within 24 h, and reaches the maximum at 6 or 12 h. RNA interference experiments showed a decrease in the expression of lipocalin genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue for each subtype, with the body color changing from transparent to red, and the dark red spots on the epidermis changing to bright red. Moreover, the blue protein in the subcutaneous adipose tissue largely disappeared, based on the light micrographs. In view of these findings, the crustacyanin gene appears to fulfill some function in the resistance to heavy metal stress and body color formation of E. carinicauda.

Cloning and functional study of lipocalin: retinol-binding protein-like gene family of the ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda.

Lipocalin is a large family with complex functions including retinol-binding protein (RBP), crustacyanin (CRCN), apolipoprotein D, etc. In shrimps, it is well known that CRCN is related to body color. Recently, retinoic acid/retinol-binding protein was found in shrimp. However, little is known about the function of RBP and relationships among the gene members of lipocalin in shrimps. Based on the transcriptome sequences responding to starvation stress, three genes of the lipocalin-retinol-binding protein-like gene family (lipocalin-1, lipocalin-2, and lipocalin-3) were cloned by RACE from the ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda. Homology analysis showed that these three genes had high similarity with the known insect apolipoprotein D gene and vertebrate retinol-binding protein gene, and they are of the same type in terms of evolution. Fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the above three genes were mainly expressed in the ventral nerve cord of E. carinicauda. The expression characteristics of the three genes at different developmental stages showed that they were more highly expressed at the larval stage, which suggests that they might be related to embryonic and larval development. The RNA interference tests showed that after silencing lipocalin-1 and lipocalin-3, the body color of individual shrimps turned slightly red and the blue pigment in the epidermis largely disappeared, but no significant change took place in the appearance of individuals after silencing lipocalin-2. In addition, on the 6th and 16th days of interference, dead shrimps appeared in the lipocalin-1 and lipocalin-3 interference groups. The dead shrimps had hard crusts and remained in a molting posture. Totally, this study showed that the retinol-binding protein-like gene obtained in this study had certain biological functions in the growth and development and body color formation as CRCN; in addition, it also plays a role in nerve system and molting of E. carinicauda.

Genomic organization and promoter analysis of a transcriptional repressor gene from Fenneropenaeus chinensis.

In this study, we cloned and sequenced genomic sequences from a Fenneropenaeus chinensis transcriptional repressor gene, FcTR. The FcTR gene is 2,671 bp in length and has four exons and three introns. The 873 bp promoter contains several transcription factor binding sites, including a TATA box and a cyclic AMP-responsive element. Promoter deletion analysis using a luciferase reporter gene identified regulatory elements. Challenge with white spot syndrome virus increased expression from the promoter-deletion constructs. These results suggest that FcTR might play an important role in the shrimp immune response.

The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene cloned from Exopalaemon carinicauda plays a key role in resisting infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a vital member of the lectin family, crucial for mediating functions within the complement lectin pathway. In this study, following the cloning of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene in the ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda, we examined its expression patterns across various tissues and its role in combating challenges posed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results revealed that the MBL gene spans 1342 bp, featuring an open reading frame of 972 bp. It encodes a protein comprising 323 amino acids, with a predicted relative molecular weight of 36 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.18. The gene exhibited expression across various tissues including the eyestalk, heart, gill, hepatopancreas, stomach, intestine, ventral nerve cord, muscle, and hemolymph, with the highest expression detected in the hepatopancreas. Upon challenge with V. parahaemolyticus, RT-PCR analysis revealed a trend of MBL expression in hepatopancreatic tissues, characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, peaking at 24 h post-infection. Employing RNA interference to disrupt MBL gene expression resulted in a significant increase in mortality rates among individuals challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, we successfully generated the Pet32a-MBL recombinant protein through the construction of a prokaryotic expression vector for conducting in vitro bacterial inhibition assays, which demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the recombinant protein on V. parahaemolyticus, laying a foundation for further exploration into its immune mechanism in response to V. parahaemolyticus challenges.

Impact of Ocean Acidification on the Gut Histopathology and Intestinal Microflora of Exopalaemon carinicauda.

Marine crustaceans are severely threatened by environmental factors such as ocean acidification, but, despite the latter's negative impact on growth, molting, and immunity, its effects on intestinal microflora remain poorly understood. This work studied the gut morphology and intestinal microflora of Exopalaemon carinicauda, grown in seawater of different pH levels: 8.1 (control group), 7.4 (AC74 group), and 7.0 (AC70 group). Ocean acidification was found to cause intestinal damage, while significantly altering the microflora's composition. However, the α-diversity did not differ significantly between the groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the acidification groups, while at the genus level, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas decreased. Babeliales was a prominent discriminative biomarker in the AC74 group, with Actinobacteriota, Micrococcales, Beijerinckiaceae, Methylobacterium, and Flavobacteriales being the main ones in the AC70 group. The function prediction results also indicated an enrichment of pathways related to metabolism for the acidification groups. At the same time, those related to xenobiotics' biodegradation and metabolism were inhibited in AC74 but enhanced in AC70. This is the first study examining the impact of ocean acidification on the intestinal microflora of crustaceans. The results are expected to provide a better understanding of the interactions between shrimp and their microflora in response to environmental stressors.

Comparative Analyses of the Exopalaemon carinicauda Gut Bacterial Community and Digestive and Immune Enzyme Activity during a 24-Hour Cycle.

The change in life activities throughout a cycle of approximately 24 h is called the circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm has an important impact on biological metabolism, digestion, immunity, and other physiological activities, but the circadian rhythm of crustaceans has rarely been studied. In this study, the activity of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, trypsin, and lipase) and immune enzymes (superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, and catalase), as well as the circadian rhythm of the intestinal bacterial community of Exopalaemon carinicauda, were studied. The results showed that the digestive and immune enzyme activities of E. carinicauda changed significantly (p < 0.05) at four time points throughout the day by one-way ANOVA analysis, with the highest value at 24:00 and the lowest value at 12:00. The highest values of alpha diversity and richness were observed in the 24:00 samples, which were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results obviously showed that the samples from the same sampling time had higher similarity in the bacterial community structure. Candidatus hepatoplasma had the highest abundance among the intestinal microorganisms at 24:00, and Marinomonas had the highest abundance at 12:00. This study contributed to the understanding of digestive enzyme activity, immune enzyme activity, and the circadian rhythm of the intestinal bacterial community structure in E. carinicauda. It will play an important role in optimizing feeding times and improving digestion and nutrient utilization for E. carinicauda. The results of this study provide a basis for further study on the physiological mechanism of diurnal variation of intestinal flora in crustaceans.

Discrepancy variation of dinucleotide microsatellite repeats in eukaryotic genomes.

To address whether there are differences of variation among repeat motif types and among taxonomic groups, we present here an analysis of variation and correlation of dinucleotide microsatellite repeats in eukaryotic genomes. Ten taxonomic groups were compared, those being primates, mammalia (excluding primates and rodentia), rodentia, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles, insects, molluscs, plants and fungi, respectively. The data used in the analysis is from the literature published in the Journal of Molecular Ecology Notes. Analysis of variation reveals that there are no significant differences between AC and AG repeat motif types. Moreover, the number of alleles correlates positively with the copy number in both AG and AC repeats. Similar conclusions can be obtained from each taxonomic group. These results strongly suggest that the increase of SSR variation is almost linear with the increase of the copy number of each repeat motif. As well, the results suggest that the variability of SSR in the genomes of low-ranking species seem to be more than that of high-ranking species, excluding primates and fungi.

Reproduction diversity of Enteromorpha prolifera.

Enteromorpha prolifera (Muell.) J. Agardh (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae), which is distributed widely in the inter-tidal zone of the ocean, is one of the most common fouling green algae. However, the present understandings of the life history of E. prolifera have been insufficient to explain their seasonal abundances. Thus it is essential to investigate how many reproductive strategies are likely to contribute to the successful colonization and flourishing of the green alga. In the present study the reproduction diversity of E. prolifera was observed and studied systematically by culturing chopped tissues. Our results showed that there are in total seven pathways of reproduction for E. prolifera including sexual, asexual and vegetative reproduction. It was indicated that the variety of the reproductive ways and the large quantity of reproductive cells produced and released during the reproductive season are the two key factors that facilitate colonization of E. prolifera. The reproduction of the alga E. prolifera mainly depends on asexual methods. The results presented here contribute to increasing our understanding about how the opportunistic macroalgae successfully maintain colonization and excessive growth.

Cloning, expression and characterization of phycoerythrin gene from Ceramium boydenn.

Phycobiliproteins function as a major light harvesting protein-pigment complex in the cyanobacteria and the eukaryotic algae. Phycoerythrin (PE) is a kind of phycobiliproteins, widely located in all rhodophytes, some species of cyanobacteria and cryptophytes, and different ecotypes of Prochlorococcus populations. PeBA encoding beta and alpha subunits of PE from Ceramium boydenn was cloned and sequenced in this research. A peBA specific PCR primer was synthesized, based on the peBA gene conserved sequences. The beta subunit encoding gene (peB) contained an open reading frame of 534 bp, while the alpha subunit (peA) was 495 bp. Recombinant expression plasmid pET-peAB was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The molecular weight of expressive product of peB and peA was about 23.3 and 18.2 KD, respectively. Results of codon usage analysis show that G + C content is heterogeneous among different groups of PE and spacers have dramatically lower G + C contents than coding regions. Also there is a high variance in G + C content among sequences at the third position sites. It is also found in this paper that several sequence regions, which might reflect functional or structural requirements of the PE organization, and several residues known for their functional importance are conserved in almost all the sequences.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus (Teleostei, Nemipteridae).

The complete mitochondrial sequence of the Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus has been determined. The circle genome is 16,995 bp in size, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition of N. japonicus was similar to that of most other teleosts. The base composition of H-strand is 28.11% (A), 28.02% (T), 16.64 % (G) and 27.24 % (C), with an AT content of 56.12%. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand with the exception of ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome of N. japonicus presented will be in favor of resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family Nemipteridae and the Perciformes.

The first mitochondrial genome of Coelomactra antiquata (Mollusca: Veneroida: Mactridae) from Guangxi (China) and potential molecular markers.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Coelomactra antiquata (Guangxi, in China, GX) was determined. It is 16 801 bp in length and is the first representative from this province. The mitochondrial genome encodes 35 genes, including 12 PCGs, two ribosomal RNA, and 21 transfer RNA genes. Atp8 and trnSer(UCN) genes are missing, compared with the typical gene content of animal mitochondrial genomes. Three (cob, nad1, nad4, and nad6) of the 12 PCGs in the mitochondrial genome initiate with the ATA, while other PCGs start with ATG. Two PCGs (atp6 and nad4L) end with incomplete stop codons (T-), and the remaining ones have complete stop codons (TAA or TAG). The largest non-coding region of the C. antiquata (GX) contains one section of tandem repeats (5 × 99 bp). Among all PCGs and rRNAs, the nad5 gene contains the maximum polymorphic sites (430), followed by nad4 (261) and cox2 (240). Two ribosomal RNA genes (srRNA and lrRNA) and cox1 are most conservative. The proportions of polymorphic sites in six genes (nad4, nad2, nad6, nad5, cox2, and nad3) are more than 20% (ranging from 20.25% to 25.21%). These high variable genes can be used as molecular markers in the population genetic analysis of the species.

Isolation, purification, and identification of antialgal substances in green alga Ulva prolifera for antialgal activity against the common harmful red tide microalgae.

Ten compounds (1~10) were successfully isolated from green algae Ulva prolifera through the combination of silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography. These ten compounds showed antialgal activity against red tide microalgae. Among them, compounds 3, 6, and 7 showed stronger antialgal activity against red tide microalgae. Furthermore, their structure was identified on the basis of spectroscopic data. There are three glycoglycerolipids: 1-O-octadecanoic acid-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (2), 1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (4), and 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (5); two monoglycerides: glycerol monopalmitate (1), 9-hexadecenoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (3); two terpenoids: loliolide (6) and lsololiolide (7); one lipid-soluble pigments: zeaxanthin (8); one sterol: cholest-5-en-3-ol (9); and one alkaloid: pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione (10). These compounds were isolated from U. prolifera for the first time, and compounds 2, 3, 5, and 8 were isolated from marine macroalgae for the first time.

The first representative of Coelomactra antiquata mitochondrial genome from Liaoning (China) and phylogenetic consideration.

Coelomactra antiquata is a famous delicacy and a promising new candidate for aquaculture, which belongs to the family Mactridae (Mollusca: Veneroida). The complete mitochondrial genome of C. antiquata (Liao Ning province, in China, LN) was finished, which is the first representative from this province. The results showed that the total length of LN-mtDNA sequence is 16,797 bp and the content of A + T is 65.01%. It encodes 35 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. All coding genes are encoded on the heavy strand. Compared with the typical gene content of animal mitochondrial genomes, atp8 and trnSer(UCN) genes are missing in the mitochondrial genome. The complete mitochondrial genome contains 26 non-coding regions (1598 bp), one major non-coding region consists of 1046 bp in which 4.9 tandem repeat sequences (99bp per sequence) was observed. The phylogenetic tree showed that Liaoning population was clustered into one clade with Shandong (Rizhao, Jiaonan and Jimo) and Guangxi (Beihai) populations, meanwhile all of them are far from the Fujian populations (Pingtan, Zhangzhou and Changle). So, Liaoning, Shandong and Guangxi populations have a close relationship. Actually, Fujian is located between Liaoning, Shandong and Guangxi. So, the result challenges the previously assumed relevance between geographic distance and genetic distance. The genetic distance of Liaoning C. antiquata and Fujian (Changle, Zhangzhou and Pingtan) C. antiquata (0.176-0.177) is greater than the genetic distance between Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossulus (0.160). The genetic difference of Liaoning population and Fujian populations has reached species level.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus (Teleostei, Scatophagidae).

The complete mitochondrial sequence of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus has been determined using long amplification polymerase chain reaction (LA-PCR). The total length of sequence is 16,778 bp, and includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 control region. The base composition of H-strand is 27.23% (A), 27.54% (T), 16.22% (G) and 28.81% (C), with an AT content of 55.08%. The arrangement of genes in S. argus is identical to that of other fish species. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand with the exception of ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome of S. argus presented here will contribute to resolve phylogenetic relationships within the family Scatophagidae and the Perciformes.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the redeye mullet Liza haematocheila (Teleostei, Mugilidae).

The complete mitochondrial sequence of the redeye mullet Liza haematocheila has been determined. The circle genome is 16,822 bp in size, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition of L. haematocheila was similar to that of most other teleosts. The base composition of H-strand is 26.42% (A), 26.38% (T), 16.72% (G) and 30.47% (C), with an AT content of 52.8%. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand with the exception of ND6 and eight tRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome of L. haematocheila presented will be in favor of resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family Scatophagidae and the Mugiliformes.