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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease that has caused huge economic losses to the pig and related industries worldwide. At present, rapid, accurate, and sensitive laboratory detection technologies are important means of preventing and controlling ASF. However, because attenuated strains of African swine fever virus (ASFV) are constantly emerging, an ASFV antibody could be used more effectively to investigate the virus and control the disease on pig farms. The isolation of ASFV-specific antibodies is also essential for the diagnosis of ASF. Therefore, in this study, we developed two chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) to detect antibodies directed against ASFV p72: a traditional plate-type blocking CLIA (p72-CLIA) and an automatic tubular competitive CLIA based on magnetic particles (p72-MPCLIA). We compared the diagnostic performance of these two methods to provide a feasible new method for the effective prevention and control of ASF and the purification of ASFV. The cut-off value, diagnostic sensitivity (Dsn), and diagnostic specificity (Dsp) of p72-CLIA were 40%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively, in known background serum, whereas those of p72-MPCLIA were 36%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively. Thus, both methods show good Dsn, Dsp, and repeatability. However, when analytical sensitivity was evaluated, p72-MPCLIA was more sensitive than p72-CLIA or a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. More importantly, p72-MPCLIA reduced the detection time to 15 min and allowed fully automated detection. In summary, p72-MPCLIA showed superior diagnostic performance and offered a new tool for detecting ASFV infections in the future. KEY POINTS: ⢠Two chemiluminescence immunoassay (plate-type CLIA and tubular CLIA) methods based on p72 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were developed to detect ASFV antibody. ⢠Both methods show good diagnostic performance (Dsn (100%), Dsp (99.6%), and good repeatability), and p72-MPCLIA detects antibodies against ASFV p72 with high efficiency in just 15 min.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Fiebre Porcina Africana , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Fiebre Porcina Africana/diagnóstico , Fiebre Porcina Africana/virología , Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Porcinos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Mediciones Luminiscentes/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal disease in domestic pigs caused by ASF virus (ASFV), for which there is currently no commercial vaccine available. The genome of ASFV encodes more than 150 proteins, some of which have been included in subunit vaccines but only induce limited protection against ASFV challenge. METHODS: To enhance immune responses induced by ASFV proteins, we expressed and purified three fusion proteins with each consisting of bacterial lipoprotein OprI, 2 different ASFV proteins/epitopes and a universal CD4+ T cell epitope, namely OprI-p30-modified p54-TT, OprI-p72 epitopes-truncated pE248R-TT, and OprI-truncated CD2v-truncated pEP153R-TT. The immunostimulatory activity of these recombinant proteins was first assessed on dendritic cells. Then, humoral and cellular immunity induced by these three OprI-fused proteins cocktail formulated with ISA206 adjuvant (O-Ags-T formulation) were assessed in pigs. RESULTS: The OprI-fused proteins activated dendritic cells with elevated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the O-Ags-T formulation elicited a high level of antigen-specific IgG responses and interferon-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after stimulation in vitro. Importantly, the sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs vaccinated with the O-Ags-T formulation respectively reduced ASFV infection in vitro by 82.8% and 92.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the OprI-fused proteins cocktail formulated with ISA206 adjuvant induces robust ASFV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs. Our study provides valuable information for the further development of subunit vaccines against ASF.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Fiebre Porcina Africana , Vacunas Virales , Porcinos , Animales , Sus scrofa , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Inmunidad Celular , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Vacunas de Subunidad/genética , Vacunas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
The drug delivery system based on nano/micromotors has become a research hot spot in recent years. However, naked micromotors may be ruptured or passivated under the complex biological environment, which will result in the leakage of drugs in advance or limited self-propulsion performance. Herein, an injectable micromotor@hydrogel drug delivery system to protect micromotors from the external environment is proposed. The micromotors were prepared through layer-by-layer assembly technology. The asymmetric decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the locally distributed platinum nanoparticles enabled efficient propulsion of the micromotors in low concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In order to protect micromotors, they were loaded into the Schiff base hydrogel. The micromotor@hydrogel system can be injected directly into the lesion to release micromotors in response to the environment, reducing external influence on micromotors and improving the sustained-release effect. Erythromycin (Ery) loaded into the micromotors and the micromotor@hydrogel system demonstrated excellent antibacterial effect. Micromotors released from the hydrogel underwent enhanced diffusion in the surroundings of bacteria without addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, which was manifested by their appearance in edge of the inhibition zone. The proposed micromotor@hydrogel drug delivery system offers a new strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Infecciones Bacterianas , Nanopartículas del Metal , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Hidrogeles , Platino (Metal)RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease, which threatens the global pig industry. There is no commercially available vaccine against ASF and effective subunit vaccines would represent a real breakthrough. METHODS: In this study, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins, OPM (OprI-p30-modified p54) and OPMT (OprI-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope), which combine the bacterial lipoprotein OprI with ASF virus proteins p30 and p54. Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by these proteins was first assessed. Then, humoral and cellular immunity induced by the proteins were evaluated in mice. RESULTS: Both OPM and OPMT activated DCs with elevated expression of relevant surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, OPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines including interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and proliferation of lymphocytes. Importantly, the sera from mice vaccinated with OPM or OPMT neutralized more than 86% of ASF virus in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that OPMT has good immunostimulatory activities and immunogenicity in mice, and might be an appropriate candidate to elicit immune responses in swine. Our study provides valuable information on further development of a subunit vaccine against ASF.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Fiebre Porcina Africana , Vacunas Virales , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Lipoproteínas/genética , Ratones , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Porcinos , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , Vacunas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating animal disease. Anti-non-structural protein (NSP) antibody detection is very important for confirming suspected cases, evaluating the prevalence of infection, certifying animals for trade and controlling the disease. METHODS: In this study, a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (3B-cCLIA) was developed for the rapid detection of antibodies against NSPs in different species of livestock animals using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9E2 as a competitive antibody that recognizes NSP 3B. RESULTS: The cut-off value (50%), diagnostic sensitivity (Dsn) (97.20%, 95.71%, and 96.15%) and diagnostic specificity (Dsp) (99.51%, 99.43%, and 98.36) of the assay were estimated by testing a panel of known-background sera from swine, cattle and sheep, respectively. The accuracy rate of the 3B-cCLIA was further validated and subsequently compared with that of two commercial diagnostic kits. The early diagnostic results showed that antibodies recognizing NSPs developed later (approximately 1-2 days) than antibodies recognizing structural proteins. Furthermore, anti-NSP antibody presence in animals vaccinated multiple times (false positives), especially cattle and sheep, was confirmed, and the false-positive rate increased with the number of vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the 3B-cCLIA is suitable for the rapid detection of antibodies against FMDV NSP 3B in a wide range of species.
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Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa , Fiebre Aftosa , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Luminiscencia , Ovinos , Porcinos , Proteínas no Estructurales ViralesRESUMEN
A solar evaporator is regarded as a prospective approach to solve the problem of water shortage. Here, we report an aerogel-based solar evaporator with self-propulsion and self-healing behavior to achieve efficient desalination and enhanced heavy-metal removal. The aerogel solar evaporator is prepared from a Schiff-base hydrogel with an asymmetric Au deposition layer via a simple freeze-drying method. The hydrogel is composed of chitosan and dialdehyde starch, and the Au layer generates a thermal gradient to drive the self-propulsion of the aerogel solar evaporator. Also, the dynamic linkages involved in the Schiff-base hydrogel endow the aerogel solar evaporator with self-healing ability upon external damage. Meanwhile, the Schiff-base framework is used as the interaction site between the aerogel evaporator and water molecules to lower the water evaporation enthalpy. Moreover, the aerogel evaporators are designed into small elliptical spheres and a porous structure, which offer the aerogel evaporators excellent water evaporation behavior with an evaporation rate of 3.12 kg m-2 h-1 in natural seawater under 1-sun irradiation. The self-propulsion ability and self-healing property of such solar evaporators provide the advantages of enhanced purification efficiency, good durability, stability (maintain over 88.2% at the 10th day), and high salt resistance (maintain 80% at 200 g kg-1). More notably, heavy-metal ions in water have been removed effectively to a drinkable level after evaporation. These results prove that the self-propelled aerogel solar evaporator holds great promise for practical applications for on-site water desalination and purification.
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With the development of digital pathology, deep learning is increasingly being applied to endometrial cell morphology analysis for cancer screening. And cytology images with different staining may degrade the performance of these analysis algorithms. To address the impact of staining patterns, many strategies have been proposed and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images have been transferred to other staining styles. However, none of the existing methods are able to generate realistic cytological images with preserved cellular layout, and many important clinical structural information is lost. To address the above issues, we propose a different staining transformation model, CytoGAN, which can quickly and realistically generate images with different staining styles. It includes a novel structure preservation module that preserves the cell structure well, even if the resolution or cell size between the source and target domains do not match. Meanwhile, a stain adaptive module is designed to help the model generate realistic and high-quality endometrial cytology images. We compared our model with ten state-of-the-art stain transformation models and evaluated by two pathologists. Furthermore, in the downstream endometrial cancer classification task, our algorithm improves the robustness of the classification model on multimodal datasets, with more than 20 % improvement in accuracy. We found that generating specified specific stains from existing H&E images improves the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Our code will be available on github.
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This study proposes a recognition model for different drying methods of grain using hyperspectral imaging technology (HSI) and multivariate analysis. Fresh harvested grain samples were dried using three different methods: rotating ventilation drying, mechanical drying, and natural drying. Hyperspectral images of the samples were collected within the 388-1065 nm band range. The spectral features of the samples were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), while the texture features were extracted using second-order probability statistical filtering. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) drying models with different characteristics were established. At the same time, a BPNN (Back-propagation neural network, BPNN) based on spectral texture fusion features was established to compare the recognition effects of different models. Texture analysis indicated that the mean-image had the clearest contour, and the texture characteristics of mechanical drying were smaller than those of rotating ventilation drying and natural drying. The BPNN model established using spectral-texture feature variables showed the best performance in distinguishing grain in different drying modes, with a prediction model obtained based on the correlation coefficients of special variables. The spectral and texture feature values were fused for pseudo-color visualization expression, and the three drying methods of grain showed different colors. This study provides a reference for non-destructive and rapid detection of grain with different drying methods.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a crucial role in the cellular energy metabolism pathway. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+. Herein, a series of new NAMPT activators were designed to increase the NAD+ levels and improve aging-associated dysfunctions. In particular, compound C8 effectively activated NAMPT and promoted the biosynthesis of NAD+. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NAMPT activator C8 possessed excellent antiaging effects both in vitro and in vivo. Activator C8 showed potent activity in delaying aging in senescent HL-7702 cells and extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. In a naturally aging mouse model, compound C8 effectively alleviated age-related dysfunctions and markers. Therefore, NAMPT activator C8 represented a promising lead compound for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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NAD , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferasa , Ratones , Animales , NAD/metabolismo , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , EnvejecimientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Wuling capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine composed of four herbals. It has been widely used to treat chronic active hepatitis and has shown significant efficacy in hyperlipidemia. However, the treatment of NAFLD disease has not been studied in depth. METHODS: Firstly, the potential bioactive compounds in Wuling capsules were identified by TCMSP (https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php). Secondlyï¼ the pathway and GO function were analyzed by using the DAVID database (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/). Then, the molecular docking techniques were used to confirm the accuracy of binding between key targets and components. Furthermore, the experimental pharmacology validation was conducted using RT-qPCR and WB of the NAFLD model. RESULTS: A total of 138 active compounds and 40 common potential targets associated with NAFLD were identified through network pharmacology. The pathway and functional enrichment analysis showed that the Wuling capsule was associated with the PI3K-AKT and HIF-1α signaling pathways. In vivo experiments showed that the Wuling capsule could reduce IL-6, TNF-α, and HIF-1α proteins and up-regulate STAT3 and VEGFA levels (P < 0.05), thus alleviating liver inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: With the support of network pharmacology and animal experiments, the study preliminarily investigated the effect of the Wuling capsule on liver inflammation by regulating the HIF-1α signaling pathway, thereby protecting liver function and treating NAFLD.
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The solubility of eplerenone (EP) in 13 pure solvents (acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, ethanol, and 1-propanol) was determined by the gravimetric method at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures (from 283.15 to 323.15 K). The results showed that the solubility of EP in the selected solvents was positively correlated with the thermodynamic temperature, and the order of solubility of EP at 298.15 K was acetonitrile > DMF > 2-butanone > methyl acetate > 4-methyl-2-pentanone > methyl propionate > ethyl acetate > propyl acetate > ethyl formate > acetone > butyl acetate > ethanol >1-propanol. The modified Apelblat model, van't Hoff model, λh model, and polynomial empirical model were used for fitting the solubility data, and then the λh model was found to have the highest fitting accuracy with a minimum ARD of 7.0 × 10-3 and a minimum RMSD of 6.1 × 10-6. The solvent effect between the solute and the solvent was analyzed using linear solvation energy relationship (LSER), and the enthalpy of solvation (ΔsolH°), entropy of solvation (ΔsolS°), and Gibbs free energy of solvation (ΔsolG°) of the dissolution process of EP were calculated by the van't Hoff model, which indicated that the dissolution process of EP in the selected solvents was endothermic, nonspontaneous, and entropy-increasing. In this work, the solubility, dissolution characteristics, and thermodynamic parameters of EP were studied, which will provide data support for the production, crystallization, and purification of EP and will provide important guidance for the crystallization optimization of EP in industry.
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Anti-wear performance is a crucial quality of lubricants, and it is important to conduct research into the structure-activity relationship of anti-wear additives in bio-based lubricants. These lubricants are eco-friendly and energy-efficient. A literature review resulted in the construction of a dataset comprising 779 anti-wear properties of 79 anti-wear additives in rapeseed oil, at various loadings and additive levels. The anti-wear additives were classified into six groups, including phosphoric acid, formate esters, borate esters, thiazoles, triazine derivatives, and thiophene. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the quantity and kind of anti-wear agents had significant effects on the anti-wear properties of rapeseed oil, with phosphoric acid being the most effective and thiophene being the least effective. To identify the specific structural data that affect the anti-wear capabilities of additives in bio-based lubricants of rapeseed oil, a random forest classification model was developed. The results showed a 0.964 accuracy (ACC) and a 0.931 Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) on the test set. The ranking of importance and characterization of MACCS descriptors in the model confirms that anti-wear additives with chemical structures containing P, O, N, S and heterocyclic groups, along with more than two methyl groups, improve the anti-wear performance of rapeseed oil. The application of data analysis and machine learning to investigate the classifications and structural characteristics of anti-wear additives in rapeseed oil provides data references and guiding principles for designing anti-wear additives in bio-based lubricants.
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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal double-stranded DNA virus that is responsible for African swine fever (ASF). ASFV was first reported in Kenya in 1921. Subsequently, ASFV has spread to countries in Western Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, as well as to China in 2018. ASFV epidemics have caused serious pig industry losses around the world. Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to the development of an effective ASF vaccine, including the production of inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Progress has been made, but unfortunately, no ASF vaccine has prevented epidemic spread of the virus in pig farms. The complex ASFV structure, comprising a variety of structural and non-structural proteins, has made the development of ASF vaccines difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to fully explore the structure and function of ASFV proteins in order to develop an effective ASF vaccine. In this review, we summarize what is known about the structure and function of ASFV proteins, including the most recently published findings.
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African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease (ASF) of pigs that results in serious losses in China and elsewhere. The development of a vaccine and diagnosis technology for ASFV is essential to prevent and control the spread of ASF. The p72 protein of ASFV is highly immunogenic and reactive, and is a dominant antigen in ASF vaccine and diagnostic research. In this study, 17 p72 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. Epitope mapping by a series of overlapping peptides expressed in Escherichia coli showed that these mAbs recognized a total of seven (1-7) linear B cell epitopes. These mAbs did not show significant neutralizing activity. Epitopes 1 (249HKPHQSKPIL258), 2 (69PVGFEYENKV77), 5 (195VNGNSLDEYSS205), and 7 (223GYKHLVGQEV233) are novel. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the identified epitopes were highly conserved among 27 ASFV strains from nine genotypes. Preliminary screening using known positive and negative sera indicated the diagnostic potential of mAb-2B8D7. The results provide new insights into the antigenic regions of ASFV p72 and will inform the diagnosis of ASFV.
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Introduction: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious hemorrhagic fever disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). It is very difficult to control and prevent ASF outbreaks due to the absence of safe and effective vaccines. Methods: In order to develop a safe and effective ASF vaccine for the control and prevention of ASF, two ASFV recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) live vector vaccine prototypes, containing the gene of p72, and a chimera of p30 and p54, were developed based on the replication-competent VSV, and named VSV-p72 and VSV-p35. The immune potency of VSV-p72 or VSV-p35 alone and in combination was evaluated in BALB/c mice via intramuscular and intranasal vaccination. Results: The results indicated that whether administered alone or in combination, the two vaccine prototypes showed acceptable safety in mice and, more importantly, induced high-level specific antibodies against p72, p30, and p54 of ASFV and a strong cellular immune response 28 days after vaccination. The sera from mice vaccinated with the vaccine prototypes significantly inhibited ASFV from infecting porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro. Most notably, the immunized sera from a mixture of VSV-p35 and VSV-p72 inhibited ASFV from infecting PAMs, with an inhibition rate of up to 78.58%. Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that ASFV recombinant VSV live vector vaccine prototypes may become a promising candidate vaccine for the control and prevention of ASF.
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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease threatening the global pig industry. Currently, vaccine is not commercially available for ASF. Hence, it is desirable to develop effective subunit vaccines against ASF. Here, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins comprising ASFV proteins p30 and p54 fused to a novel cell-penetrating peptide Z12, which were labeled as ZPM (Z12-p30-modified p54) and ZPMT (Z12-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope). Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The transduction capacity of these recombinant proteins was assessed in RAW264.7 cells. Both ZPM and ZPMT exhibited higher transduction efficiency than the other proteins. Subsequently, humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by these proteins were evaluated in mice. ZPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lymphocyte proliferation. Importantly, sera from mice immunized with ZPM or ZPMT neutralized greater than 85% of ASFV in vitro. Our results indicate that ZPMT induces potent neutralizing antibody responses and cellular immunity in mice. Therefore, ZPMT may be a suitable candidate to elicit immune responses in swine, providing valuable information for the development of subunit vaccines against ASF.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Fiebre Porcina Africana/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Péptidos de Penetración Celular/administración & dosificación , Péptidos de Penetración Celular/genética , Péptidos de Penetración Celular/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/administración & dosificación , Epítopos de Linfocito T/genética , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Femenino , Inmunidad Celular/inmunología , Ratones , Fosfoproteínas/administración & dosificación , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/inmunología , Porcinos , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Vacunas de Subunidad/administración & dosificación , Vacunas de Subunidad/genética , Vacunas de Subunidad/inmunología , Proteínas Virales/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas Virales/inmunología , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/genética , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
The chemical looping hydrogen (CLH) production was conducted in a fluidized bed reactor with the modified iron ore oxygen carriers (OCs) using simulated biomass pyrolysis gas (BPG) as fuel. Both carbon capture efficiency and hydrogen yield increased with the elevated reaction temperature in the fuel reactor (FR). As the reduction time in the FR increased, the carbon capture efficiency decreased but the hydrogen yield increased. An FR temperature of 900 °C and reduction time of 40 min in the FR were optimal conditions for CLH production. At this condition, the carbon capture efficiency for the NiO-iron ore, CuO-iron ore CeO-iron ore and iron ore were 83.29%, 82.75%, 70.05% and 40.46%, respectively. The corresponding hydrogen yield and hydrogen purity were 8.89 mmol g-1 and 99.02%, 7.78 mmol g-1 and 99.68%, 6.25 mmol g-1 and 99.52%, and 2.45 mmol g-1 and 97.46%, respectively. The presence of NiFe2O4, CuFe2O4 and CeFeO3 in the modified iron ore samples enhanced the reactivity of the iron ore and promoted its reduction. Both NiO-iron ore and CeO2-iron ore exhibited good cycle performance, while the sintering of the CuO-iron ore resulted in a decrease in the reactivity. Compared with the CuO-iron ore and CeO-iron ore, the NiO-iron ore was more appropriate for hydrogen production due to its high hydrogen yield and good cycle performance.
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Polymers are promising materials for fabricating photonic integrated waveguide devices. Versatile functional devices can be manufactured using a simple process, with low cost and potential mass-manufacturing. This paper reviews the recent progress of polymer photonic integrated devices fabricated using the UV imprinting technique. The passive polymer waveguide devices for wavelength filtering, power splitting, and light collecting, and the active polymer waveguide devices based on the thermal-optic tuning effect, are introduced. Then, the electro-optic (EO) modulators, by virtue of the high EO coefficient of polymers, are described. Finally, the photonic biosensors, which are based on low-cost and biocompatible polymer platforms, are presented.