RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Theoretically, a rapid urease test (RUT) using a swab of the gastric wall (Swab-RUT) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is safe. However, the validity and utility of Swab-RUT remain unclear. Therefore, we assessed the validity and utility of Swab-RUT compared to RUT using mucosal forceps of the gastric wall (Forceps-RUT) and 13C-urea breath test (UBT). METHODS: This study was a multicenter prospective observational study. When the examinees were suspected of H. pylori infection during esophagogastroduodenoscopy, we performed Swab-RUT and Forceps-RUT continuously. When the examinees were not suspected of H. pylori infection, we performed Swab-RUT alone. We validated the status of H. pylori infection using UBT. RESULTS: Ninety-four examinees were enrolled from four institutions between May 2016 and December 2020 (median age [range], 56.5 [26-88] years). In this study, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Swab-RUT to UBT were 0.933 (95% confidence interval: 0.779-0.992), 0.922 (0.827-0.974), and 0.926 (0.853-0.970), respectively. The Kappa coefficient of Swab-RUT to UBT was 0.833, and that of Swab-RUT to forceps-RUT was 0.936. No complications were observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Swab-RUT is a valid examination for the status of H. pylori infection compared to the conventional Forceps-RUT.
Asunto(s)
Pruebas Respiratorias , Infecciones por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Ureasa , Humanos , Pruebas Respiratorias/métodos , Pruebas Respiratorias/instrumentación , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Helicobacter/microbiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Ureasa/análisis , Ureasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Helicobacter pylori/enzimología , Adulto , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiología , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Isótopos de Carbono , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) has poor prognosis. The Notch receptor is aberrantly expressed in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). However, the role of Notch signaling in the initiation and progression of eCCA and gallbladder (GB) cancer remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the functional role of Notch signaling during tumorigenesis of the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) and GB. Activation of Notch signaling and oncogenic Kras resulted in the development of biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilINs) in the EHBD and GB, which were premalignant lesions that progressed to adenocarcinoma in mice. The expression of genes involved in the mTORC1 pathway was increased in biliary spheroids from Hnf1b-CreERT2; KrasLSL-G12D ; Rosa26LSL-NotchIC mice and inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway suppressed spheroid growth. Additionally, simultaneous activation of the PI3K-AKT and Notch pathways in EHBD and GB induced biliary cancer development in mice. Consistent with this, we observed a significant correlation between activated NOTCH1 and phosphorylated Ribosomal Protein S6 (p-S6) expression in human eCCA. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway suppressed the growth of Notch-activated human biliary cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the Kras/Notch-Myc axis activated mTORC1 through TSC2 phosphorylation in mutant biliary spheroids. These data indicate that inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway could be an effective treatment strategy for Notch-activated human eCCA. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares , Neoplasias del Sistema Biliar , Carcinoma in Situ , Colangiocarcinoma , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Carcinoma in Situ/patología , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Conductos Biliares Intrahepáticos/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises from several types of premalignant lesions, including intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN); however, the molecular pathogenesis of ITPN remains unknown. METHODS: We performed studies with Hnf1b-CreERT2; Ptenf/f; Arid1af/f mice to investigate the consequence of genetic deletion of Arid1a in adult pancreatic ductal cells in the context of oncogenic PI3K/Akt pathway activation. RESULTS: Simultaneous deletion of Arid1a and Pten in pancreatic ductal cells resulted in the development of ITPN, which progressed to PDAC, in mice. Simultaneous loss of Arid1a and Pten induced dedifferentiation of pancreatic ductal cells and Yes-associated protein 1/Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) pathway activation. Consistent with the mouse data, TAZ expression was found elevated in human ITPNs and ITPN-derived PDACs but not in human intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, indicating that activation of the TAZ pathway is a distinctive feature of ITPN. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the YAP/TAZ pathway suppressed the dedifferentiation of pancreatic ductal cells and development of ITPN in Arid1a and Pten double-knockout mice. CONCLUSION: Concurrent loss of Arid1a and Pten in adult pancreatic ductal cells induced ITPN and ITPN-derived PDAC in mice through aberrant activation of the YAP/TAZ pathway, and inhibition of the YAP/TAZ pathway prevented the development of ITPN. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of ITPN-derived PDAC and highlight the YAP/TAZ pathway as a potential therapeutic target.
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Factores de Transcripción , Animales , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Conductos Pancreáticos/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ligation therapy, including endoscopic detachable snare ligation (EDSL) and endoscopic band ligation (EBL), has emerged as an endoscopic treatment for colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB); its comparative effectiveness and risk of recurrent bleeding remain unclear, however. Our goal was to compare the outcomes of EDSL and EBL in treating CDB and identify risk factors for recurrent bleeding after ligation therapy. METHODS: We reviewed data of 518 patients with CDB who underwent EDSL (n = 77) or EBL (n = 441) in a multicenter cohort study named the Colonic Diverticular Bleeding Leaders Update Evidence From Multicenter Japanese Study (CODE BLUE-J Study). Outcomes were compared by using propensity score matching. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed for recurrent bleeding risk, and a competing risk analysis was used to treat death without recurrent bleeding as a competing risk. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of initial hemostasis, 30-day recurrent bleeding, interventional radiology or surgery requirements, 30-day mortality, blood transfusion volume, length of hospital stay, and adverse events. Sigmoid colon involvement was an independent risk factor for 30-day recurrent bleeding (odds ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.40; P = .042). History of acute lower GI bleeding (ALGIB) was a significant long-term recurrent bleeding risk factor on Cox regression analysis. A performance status score of 3/4 and history of ALGIB were long-term recurrent bleeding factors on competing risk regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in outcomes between EDSL and EBL for CDB. After ligation therapy, careful follow-up is required, especially in the treatment of sigmoid diverticular bleeding during admission. History of ALGIB and performance status at admission are important risk factors for long-term recurrent bleeding after discharge.
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Enfermedades Diverticulares , Divertículo del Colon , Hemostasis Endoscópica , Humanos , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedades Diverticulares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Diverticulares/terapia , Divertículo del Colon/complicaciones , Divertículo del Colon/cirugía , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiología , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/cirugía , Hemostasis Endoscópica/efectos adversos , Ligadura/efectos adversos , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Tumor stem cells (TSCs), capable of self-renewal and continuous production of progeny cells, could be potential therapeutic targets. We have recently reported that chromatin remodeling regulator Brg1 is required for maintenance of murine intestinal TSCs and stemness feature of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by inhibiting apoptosis. However, it is still unclear how BRG1 suppression changes the underlying intracellular mechanisms of human CRC cells. We found that Brg1 suppression resulted in upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway in human CRC cells and murine intestinal TSCs. Simultaneous suppression of BRG1 and the JNK pathway, either by pharmacological inhibition or silencing of c-JUN, resulted in even stronger inhibition of the expansion of human CRC cells compared to Brg1 suppression alone. Consistently, high c-JUN expression correlated with worse prognosis for survival in human CRC patients with low BRG1 expression. Therefore, the JNK pathway plays a critical role for expansion and stemness of human CRC cells in the context of BRG1 suppression, and thus a combined blockade of BRG1 and the JNK pathway could be a novel therapeutic approach against human CRC.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Animales , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromatina , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , ADN Helicasas , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos , Ratones , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares , Factores de TranscripciónRESUMEN
Tumor cells capable of self-renewal and continuous production of progeny cells are called tumor stem cells (TSCs) and are considered to be potential therapeutic targets. However, the mechanisms underlying the survival and function of TSCs are not fully understood. We previously reported that chromatin remodeling regulator Brg1 is essential for intestinal stem cells in mice and Dclk1 is an intestinal TSC marker. In this study, we investigated the role of Brg1 in Dclk1+ intestinal tumor cells for the maintenance of intestinal tumors in mice. Specific ablation of Brg1 in Dclk1+ intestinal tumor cells reduced intestinal tumors in ApcMin mice, and continuous ablation of Brg1 maintained the reduction of intestinal tumors. Lineage tracing in the context of Brg1 ablation in Dclk1+ intestinal tumor cells revealed that Brg1-null Dclk1+ intestinal tumor cells did not give rise to their descendent tumor cells, indicating that Brg1 is essential for the self-renewal of Dclk1+ intestinal tumor cells. Five days after Brg1 ablation, we observed increased apoptosis in Dclk1+ tumor cells. Furthermore, Brg1 was crucial for the stemness of intestinal tumor cells in a spheroid culture system. BRG1 knockdown also impaired cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Microarray analysis revealed that apoptosis-related genes were upregulated and stem cell-related genes were downregulated in human CRC cells by BRG1 suppression. Consistently, high BRG1 expression correlated with poor disease-specific survival in human CRC patients. These data indicate that Brg1 plays a crucial role in intestinal TSCs in mice by inhibiting apoptosis and is critical for cell survival and stem cell features in human CRC cells. Thus, BRG1 represents a new therapeutic target for human CRC. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , ADN Helicasas/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Animales , RatonesRESUMEN
Cancer stem cell (CSC)-specific markers may be potential therapeutic targets. We previously identified that Dclk1, a tuft cell marker, marks tumor stem cells (TSCs) in mouse intestinal adenomas. Based on the analysis of mouse Dclk1+ tumor cells, we aimed to identify a CSC-specific cell surface marker in human colorectal cancers (hCRCs) and validate the therapeutic effect of targeting it. IL17RB was distinctively expressed by Dclk1+ mouse intestinal tumor cells. Using Il17rb-CreERT2-IRES-EGFP mice, we show that IL17RB marked intestinal TSCs in an IL13-dependent manner. Tuft cell-like cancer cells were detected in a subset of hCRCs. In these hCRCs, lineage-tracing experiments in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated IL17RB-CreERT2 knockin organoids and xenograft tumors revealed that IL17RB marks CSCs that expand independently of IL-13. We observed up-regulation of POU2F3, a master regulator of tuft cell differentiation, and autonomous tuft cell-like cancer cell differentiation in the hCRCs. Furthermore, long-term ablation of IL17RB-expressing CSCs strongly suppressed the tumor growth in vivo. These findings reveal insights into a CSC-specific marker IL17RB in a subset of hCRCs, and preclinically validate IL17RB+ CSCs as a cancer therapeutic target.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Carcinogénesis , Diferenciación Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Quinasas Similares a Doblecortina , Técnicas de Sustitución del Gen , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Factores de Transcripción de Octámeros/metabolismo , Cultivo Primario de Células , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Esferoides Celulares , Imagen de Lapso de Tiempo , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Regulación hacia Arriba , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: SETDB1, a histone methyltransferase that trimethylates histone H3 on lysine 9, promotes development of several tumor types. We investigated whether SETDB1 contributes to development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS: We performed studies with Ptf1aCre; KrasG12D; Setdb1f/f, Ptf1aCre; KrasG12D; Trp53f/+; Setdb1f/f, and Ptf1aCre; KrasG12D; Trp53f/f; Setdb1f/f mice to investigate the effects of disruption of Setdb1 in mice with activated KRAS-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis, with heterozygous or homozygous disruption of Trp53. We performed microarray analyses of whole-pancreas tissues from Ptf1aCre; KrasG12D; Setdb1f/f, and Ptf1aCre; KrasG12D mice and compared their gene expression patterns. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed using acinar cells isolated from pancreata with and without disruption of Setdb1. We used human PDAC cells for SETDB1 knockdown and inhibitor experiments. RESULTS: Loss of SETDB1 from pancreas accelerated formation of premalignant lesions in mice with pancreata that express activated KRAS. Microarray analysis revealed up-regulated expression of genes in the apoptotic pathway and genes regulated by p53 in SETDB1-deficient pancreata. Deletion of Setdb1 from pancreas prevented formation of PDACs, concomitant with increased apoptosis and up-regulated expression of Trp53 in mice heterozygous for disruption of Trp53. In contrast, pancreata of mice with homozygous disruption of Trp53 had no increased apoptosis, and PDACs developed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that SETDB1 bound to the Trp53 promoter to regulate its expression. Expression of an inactivated form of SETDB1 in human PDAC cells with wild-type TP53 resulted in TP53-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 is required for development of PDACs, induced by activated KRAS, in mice. SETDB1 inhibits apoptosis by regulating expression of p53. SETDB1 might be a therapeutic target for PDACs that retain p53 function.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/enzimología , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/deficiencia , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/genética , Humanos , Ratones Noqueados , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/deficiencia , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The ARID1A gene encodes a protein that is part of the large adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF and is frequently mutated in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). We investigated the functions of ARID1A during formation of PDACs in mice. METHODS: We performed studies with Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D mice, which express activated Kras in the pancreas and develop pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), as well as those with disruption of Aird1a (Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D;Arid1af/f mice) or disruption of Brg1 (encodes a catalytic ATPase of the SWI/SNF complex) (Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D; Brg1f/fmice). Pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) were isolated from Arid1af/f mice and from Arid1af/f;SOX9OE mice, which overexpress human SOX9 upon infection with an adenovirus-expressing Cre recombinase. Pancreatic tissues were collected from all mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry; cells were isolated and grown in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cultures. We performed microarray analyses to compare gene expression patterns in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) from the different strains of mice. We obtained 58 samples of IPMNs and 44 samples of PDACs from patients who underwent pancreatectomy in Japan and analyzed them by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D mice developed PanINs, whereas Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D;Arid1af/f mice developed IPMNs and PDACs; IPMNs originated from PDCs. ARID1A-deficient IPMNs did not express SOX9. ARID1A-deficient PDCs had reduced expression of SOX9 and dedifferentiated in culture. Overexpression of SOX9 in these cells allowed them to differentiate and prevented dilation of ducts. Among mice with pancreatic expression of activated Kras, those with disruption of Arid1a developed fewer PDACs from IPMNs than mice with disruption of Brg1. ARID1A-deficient IPMNs had reduced activity of the mTOR pathway. Human IPMN and PDAC specimens had reduced levels of ARID1A, SOX9, and phosphorylated S6 (a marker of mTOR pathway activation). Levels of ARID1A correlated with levels of SOX9 and phosphorylated S6. CONCLUSIONS: ARID1A regulates expression of SOX9, activation of the mTOR pathway, and differentiation of PDCs. ARID1A inhibits formation of PDACs from IPMNs in mice with pancreatic expression of activated KRAS and is down-regulated in IPMN and PDAC tissues from patients.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma in Situ/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Conductos Pancreáticos/citología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Factor de Transcripción SOX9/genética , Adenocarcinoma in Situ/metabolismo , Animales , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Ratones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Factores de TranscripciónAsunto(s)
Enfermedades del Colon , Resección Endoscópica de la Mucosa , Humanos , Resección Endoscópica de la Mucosa/efectos adversos , Hematoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Hematoma/etiología , Enfermedades del Colon/cirugía , Enfermedades del Colon/complicaciones , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/complicacionesAsunto(s)
Divertículo , Resección Endoscópica de la Mucosa , Neoplasias , Humanos , Tracción , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Colon , Fístula Gástrica/complicaciones , Halitosis/etiología , Fístula Intestinal/complicaciones , Linfoma/complicaciones , Biopsia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Femenino , Fístula Gástrica/diagnóstico , Halitosis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Fístula Intestinal/diagnóstico , Linfoma/diagnóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XAsunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Ablación por Catéter/efectos adversos , Fiebre/microbiología , Absceso Piógeno Hepático/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico por imagen , Anciano , Antibacterianos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virología , Quimioembolización Terapéutica/métodos , Infecciones por Clostridium/sangre , Infecciones por Clostridium/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por Clostridium/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Clostridium perfringens/aislamiento & purificación , Fiebre/sangre , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepacivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis C/diagnóstico por imagen , Hepatitis C/terapia , Hepatitis C/virología , Humanos , Absceso Piógeno Hepático/tratamiento farmacológico , Absceso Piógeno Hepático/microbiología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virología , Masculino , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/sangre , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/microbiología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Aneurisma de la Aorta/complicaciones , Aneurisma de la Aorta/diagnóstico , Gastroenteritis/complicaciones , Gastroenteritis/patología , Infecciones por Salmonella/complicaciones , Infecciones por Salmonella/diagnóstico , Anciano , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Aneurisma de la Aorta/patología , Colon/patología , Colonoscopía , Gastroenteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Levofloxacino/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Radiografía Abdominal , Infecciones por Salmonella/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Salmonella/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Although solitary P-J type hamartomatous polyp in the duodenum is rare, the polyp has malignant potential. We should recognize the entity and resect it with a safety margin in case the polyp exhibits an irregular form.
RESUMEN
RECK is downregulated in various human cancers; however, how RECK inactivation affects carcinogenesis remains unclear. We addressed this issue in a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mouse model and found that pancreatic Reck deletion dramatically augmented the spontaneous development of PDAC with a mesenchymal phenotype, which was accompanied by increased liver metastases and decreased survival. Lineage tracing revealed that pancreatic Reck deletion induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC cells, giving rise to inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblast-like cells in mice. Splenic transplantation of Reck-null PDAC cells resulted in numerous liver metastases with a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas reexpression of RECK markedly reduced metastases and changed the PDAC tumor phenotype into an epithelial one. Consistently, low RECK expression correlated with low E-cadherin expression, poor differentiation, metastasis, and poor prognosis in human PDAC. RECK reexpression in the PDAC cells was found to downregulate MMP2 and MMP3, with a concomitant increase in E-cadherin and decrease in EMT-promoting transcription factors. An MMP inhibitor recapitulated the effects of RECK on the expression of E-cadherin and EMT-promoting transcription factors and invasive activity. These results establish the authenticity of RECK as a pancreatic tumor suppressor, provide insights into its underlying mechanisms, and support the idea that RECK could be an important therapeutic effector against human PDAC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Cadherinas/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Proteínas Ligadas a GPI/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Páncreas , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease. We previously reported that chromatin remodeler Brg1 is essential for acinar cell-derived PDAC formation in mice. However, the functional role of Brg1 in established PDAC and its metastasis remains unknown. Here, we investigated the importance of Brg1 for established PDAC by using a mouse model with a dual recombinase system. We discovered that Brg1 was a critical player for the cell survival and growth of spontaneously developed PDAC in mice. In addition, Brg1 was essential for metastasis of PDAC cells by inhibiting apoptosis in splenic injection and peritoneal dissemination models. Moreover, cancer stem-like property was compromised in PDAC cells by Brg1 ablation. Mechanistically, the hypoxia pathway was downregulated in Brg1-deleted mouse PDAC and BRG1-low human PDAC. Brg1 was essential for HIF-1α to bind to its target genes to augment the hypoxia pathway, which was important for PDAC cells to maintain their stem-like properties and to metastasize to the liver. Human PDAC cells with high BRG1 expression were more susceptible to BRG1 suppression. In conclusion, Brg1 plays a critical role for cell survival, stem-like property and metastasis of PDAC through the regulation of hypoxia pathway, and thus could be a novel therapeutic target for PDAC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Hipoxia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Animales , Ratones , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Samples from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu provide information on the chemical evolution of organic molecules in the early solar system. Here we show the element partitioning of the major component ions by sequential extractions of salts, carbonates, and phyllosilicate-bearing fractions to reveal primordial brine composition of the primitive asteroid. Sodium is the dominant electrolyte of the salt fraction extract. Anions and NH4+ are more abundant in the salt fraction than in the carbonate and phyllosilicate fractions, with molar concentrations in the order SO42- > Cl- > S2O32- > NO3- > NH4+. The salt fraction extracts contain anionic soluble sulfur-bearing species such as Sn-polythionic acids (n < 6), Cn-alkylsulfonates, alkylthiosulfonates, hydroxyalkylsulfonates, and hydroxyalkylthiosulfonates (n < 7). The sulfur-bearing soluble compounds may have driven the molecular evolution of prebiotic organic material transforming simple organic molecules into hydrophilic, amphiphilic, and refractory S allotropes.
RESUMEN
Mesenchymal activation, characterized by dense stromal infiltration of immune and mesenchymal cells, fuels the aggressiveness of colorectal cancers (CRC), driving progression and metastasis. Targetable molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) need to be identified to improve the outcome in CRC patients with this aggressive phenotype. This study reports a positive link between high thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) expression and mesenchymal characteristics, immunosuppression, and unfavorable CRC prognosis. Bone marrow-derived monocyte-like cells recruited by CXCL12 are the primary source of THBS1, which contributes to the development of metastasis by inducing cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion and impairing vascularization. Furthermore, in orthotopically generated CRC models in male mice, THBS1 loss in the TME renders tumors partially sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-cancer drugs. Our study establishes THBS1 as a potential biomarker for identifying mesenchymal CRC and as a critical suppressor of antitumor immunity that contributes to the progression of this malignancy with a poor prognosis.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Monocitos , Humanos , Masculino , Animales , Ratones , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Agresión , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a safe and minimally invasive method for the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC). However, whether ESD for EGC is also safe and feasible in patients aged ≥85 years is unclear. The patients enrolled in this study were divided into three groups: age ≥85 years (44 patients, 49 lesions), age 65−84 years (624 patients, 687 lesions), and age ≤64 years (162 patients, 174 lesions). We evaluated the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). We analyzed the factors that had a significant impact on the prognosis of patients aged ≥85 years. No significant differences were found in the incidence of AEs among the three groups (p = 0.612). The OS was significantly lower in patients aged ≥85 years (p < 0.001). Conversely, DSS was not significantly worse in patients aged ≥85 years (p = 0.100). The poor Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index correlated with poor prognosis in patients aged ≥85 years (p < 0.001). ESD is a safe and valid treatment for EGC in patients aged ≥85 years. However, the indications should be carefully decided because it is difficult to estimate the survival contribution of ESD for EGC in patients aged ≥85 years, especially in those with poor nutritional status.