Transcription factor LBD16 targets cell wall modification/ion transport genes in peach lateral root formation.

LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKEs (LBDs/ASLs) are plant-specific transcription factors that function downstream of auxin-regulated lateral root (LR) formation. Our previous research found that PpLBD16 positively regulates peach (Prunus persica) LR formation. However, the downstream regulatory network and target genes of PpLBD16 are still largely unknown. Here, we constructed a PpLBD16 homologous overexpression line and a PpLBD16 silenced line. We found that overexpressing PpLBD16 promoted peach root initiation, while silencing PpLBD16 inhibited peach root formation. Through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of roots from PpLBD16 overexpression and silenced lines, we discovered that genes positively regulated by PpLBD16 were closely related to cell wall synthesis and degradation, ion/substance transport, and ion binding and homeostasis. To further detect the binding motifs and potential target genes of PpLBD16, we performed DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis in vitro. PpLBD16 preferentially bound to CCNGAAANNNNGG (MEME-1), [C/T]TTCT[C/T][T/C] (MEME-2), and GCGGCGG (ABR1) motifs. By combined analysis of RNA-seq and DAP-seq data, we screened candidate target genes for PpLBD16. We demonstrated that PpLBD16 bound and activated the cell wall modification-related genes EXPANSIN-B2 (PpEXPB2) and SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE 1.7 (PpSBT1.7), the ion transport-related gene CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED ION CHANNEL 1 (PpCNGC1) and the polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-encoding gene PpPPO, thereby controlling peach root organogenesis and promoting LR formation. Moreover, our results displayed that PpLBD16 and its target genes are involved in peach LR primordia development. Overall, this work reveals the downstream regulatory network and target genes of PpLBD16, providing insights into the molecular network of LBD16-mediated LR development.

Chromosome instability functions as a potential therapeutic reference by enhancing chemosensitivity to BCL-XL inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma.

Chromosome instability (CIN) and subsequent aneuploidy are prevalent in various human malignancies, influencing tumor progression such as metastases and relapses. Extensive studies demonstrate the development of chemoresistance in high-CIN tumors, which poses significant therapeutic challenges. Given the association of CIN with poorer prognosis and suppressed immune microenvironment observed in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), here we aimed to discover chemotherapeutic drugs exhibiting increased inhibition against high-CIN CRC cells. By using machine learning methods, we screened out two BCL-XL inhibitors Navitoclax and WEHI-539 as CIN-sensitive reagents in CRC. Subsequent analyses using a CIN-aneuploidy cell model confirmed the vulnerability of high-CIN CRC cells to these drugs. We further revealed the critical role of BCL-XL in the viability of high-CIN CRC cells. In addition, to ease the evaluation of CIN levels in clinic, we developed a three-gene signature as a CIN surrogate to predict prognosis, chemotherapeutic and immune responses in CRC samples. Our results demonstrate the potential value of CIN as a therapeutic target in CRC treatment and the importance of BCL-XL in regulating survival of high-CIN CRC cells, therefore representing a valuable attempt to translate a common trait of heterogeneous tumor cells into an effective therapeutic target.

STING inhibitors target the cyclic dinucleotide binding pocket.

Cytosolic DNA activates cGAS (cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic AMP-GMP synthase)-STING (stimulator of interferon genes) signaling, which triggers interferon and inflammatory responses that help defend against microbial infection and cancer. However, aberrant cytosolic self-DNA in Aicardi-Goutière's syndrome and constituently active gain-of-function mutations in STING in STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) patients lead to excessive type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, which cause difficult-to-treat and sometimes fatal autoimmune disease. Here, in silico docking identified a potent STING antagonist SN-011 that binds with higher affinity to the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN)-binding pocket of STING than endogenous 2'3'-cGAMP. SN-011 locks STING in an open inactive conformation, which inhibits interferon and inflammatory cytokine induction activated by 2'3'-cGAMP, herpes simplex virus type 1 infection, Trex1 deficiency, overexpression of cGAS-STING, or SAVI STING mutants. In Trex1-/- mice, SN-011 was well tolerated, strongly inhibited hallmarks of inflammation and autoimmunity disease, and prevented death. Thus, a specific STING inhibitor that binds to the STING CDN-binding pocket is a promising lead compound for STING-driven disease.

Mediating effect of meaning in life on death anxiety and attitude toward palliative care among undergraduate nursing students.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the mediating effect of meaning in life between death anxiety and attitude toward palliative care among nursing students. METHODS: We enrolled 363 undergraduate nursing students using a convenience sampling method as the respondents and conducted a survey using general information about nursing students, the Chinese version of the FATCOD-B Scale, the Chinese version of the Death Anxiety Scale, and the Chinese version of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The SPSS25.0 statistical software was used to analyze the mediating effect. RESULTS: The mean total attitude score toward palliative care was (104.72 ± 10.62). Death anxiety had a significant negative predictive effect on the attitude toward palliative care (ß = -0.520, P < 0.01). When the mediating variable of the presence of meaning in life was included, the negative predictive effect of death anxiety on attitude toward palliative care remained significant (ß = -0.379, P = 0.036); the mediating effect (-0.141) accounted for 27.12% of the total impact (-0.520). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of meaning in life mediates the relationship between death anxiety and attitude toward palliative care. This implies that nursing educators, through their role in educating nursing students about the meaning of life, can significantly influence the development of a positive attitude toward palliative care.

In Silico Prediction of Human Organ Toxicity via Artificial Intelligence Methods.

Unpredicted human organ level toxicity remains one of the major reasons for drug clinical failure. There is a critical need for cost-efficient strategies in the early stages of drug development for human toxicity assessment. At present, artificial intelligence methods are popularly regarded as a promising solution in chemical toxicology. Thus, we provided comprehensive in silico prediction models for eight significant human organ level toxicity end points using machine learning, deep learning, and transfer learning algorithms. In this work, our results showed that the graph-based deep learning approach was generally better than the conventional machine learning models, and good performances were observed for most of the human organ level toxicity end points in this study. In addition, we found that the transfer learning algorithm could improve model performance for skin sensitization end point using source domain of in vivo acute toxicity data and in vitro data of the Tox21 project. It can be concluded that our models can provide useful guidance for the rapid identification of the compounds with human organ level toxicity for drug discovery.

Diagnostic value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in ovarian malignant mesothelioma.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ovarian malignant mesothelioma (OMM). METHODS: The clinical and imaging data of 10 pathologically-confirmed OMM patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULT: (1) The patients were 27 years to 70 years old, with an average age of 57.2 ± 15.4 years. Seven patients reported abdominal distension and pain, 1 reported lower abdominal discomfort and decreased appetite, and 2 patients had no symptoms. (2) Two cases of localized OMM with incomplete semi-annular "capsule" observed around the localized OMM tumors were reported while 8 cases had diffuse OMM in which the tumor parenchyma showed isointense or slightly hypointense on T1WI, inhomogeneous hyperintense on T2WI, and obviously hyperintense on DWI, with obvious inhomogeneous enhancement after enhancement. Diffuse OMM was not mainly composed of ovarian masses and was mainly characterized by mild ovarian enlargement, nodular and irregular thickening of the peritoneum, cloudy omentum, unclear fat gap, and reticular or irregular thickening, which can fuse into a "cake-shape". (3) All 10 patients underwent surgery, while 9 patients underwent systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy after surgery. All patients with localized OMM survived. Out of the 8 diffuse-type patients, 5 died, 1 was lost to follow-up, and 2 survived. CONCLUSION: OMM has certain clinical and imaging characteristics. There is no liquefaction, calcification, or partition in the tumor. The ovarian enlargement in the diffuse lesion is not significant. The diffuse thickening of the peritoneum and omentum with early appearance of mural nodules and ascites in the upper abdomen, help the diagnosis of OMM.

pH-Responsive and liver-targeting drug delivery system for combination delivery of artesunate with arsenic trioxide prodrug against hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) exerts therapeutic effects on various solid tumors, and artesunate (ART) synergizes with antitumor drugs. We herein combined ART and an ATO prodrug (ATOP) in pH-responsive and liver-targeting liposomes to improve targeted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. METHODS: 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE)-hydrazone (HYD)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) (DSPE-HYD-PEG-GA) was synthesized and characterized. The optimal ratio of ART and ATOP was selected. Calcium arsenate nanoparticles (CaAs NPs) and DSPE-HYD-PEG-GA@ART/CaAs NPs liposomes were prepared and their physicochemical properties were characterized. Their intracellular uptake, intracellular localization, uptake pathway identification, cytotoxicity, proapoptotic effects, and relevant mechanisms were studied. RESULTS: The DSPE-HYD-PEG-GA was successfully synthesized. The best ratio of ART and ATOP was 7:1. The particle size of CaAs NPs under transmission electron microscopy was 142.39 ± 21.50 nm. Arsenic (As), calcium, and oxygen elements were uniformly distributed in CaAs NPs, and the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of As are 37.28% and 51.40%, respectively. The liposomes were elliptical, and the particle size was 100.91 ± 39.31 nm. The liposome cell intake was significantly increased in Huh-7 cells. The liposomes entered the cell through macropinocytosis and caveolin-mediated endocytosis and were predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm. They exerted an excellent inhibitory effect on Huh-7 cells and promoted tumor cell apoptosis through lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and cell-cycle blockage. CONCLUSIONS: The pH-responsive and liver-targeting drug delivery system for the combination delivery of ART with ATOP showed promising effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Silicon enhances the drought resistance of peach seedlings by regulating hormone, amino acid, and sugar metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Drought is one of the main concerns worldwide and restricts the development of agriculture. Silicon improves the drought resistance of plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. RESULTS: We sequenced the transcriptomes of both control and silicon-treated peach seedlings under drought stress to identify genes or gene networks that could be managed to increase the drought tolerance of peach seedlings. Peach (Prunus persica) seedlings were used to analyse the effects of silicon on plant growth and physiological indexes related to drought resistance under drought stress. The results showed that silicon addition improved the water use efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and net photosynthetic rate, inhibition of stomatal closure, promoted the development of roots, and further regulated the synthesis of hormones, amino acids and sugars in peach seedlings. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified a total of 2275 genes that respond to silicon under drought stress. These genes were mainly involved in ion transport, hormone and signal transduction, biosynthetic and metabolic processes, stress and defence responses and other processes. We analysed the effects of silicon on the modulation of stress-related hormonal crosstalk and amino acid and sugar metabolism. The results showed that silicon promotes zeatin, gibberellin, and auxin biosynthesis, inhibits the synthesis of abscisic acid, then promote lateral root development and inhibit stomatal closure, and regulates the signal transduction of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and salicylic acid. Silicon also regulates the metabolism of various amino acids and promotes the accumulation of sucrose and glucose to improve drought resistance of peach seedlings. CONCLUSIONS: Silicon enhanced the drought resistance of peach seedlings by regulating stress-related hormone synthesis and signal transduction, and regulating amino acid and sugar metabolism.

Fusarium verticillioides Pex7/20 mediates peroxisomal PTS2 pathway import, pathogenicity, and fumonisin B1 biosynthesis.

Fusarium verticillioides, a well-known fungal pathogen that causes severe disease in maize and contaminates the grains with fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxin, affects the yield and quality of maize worldwide. The intrinsic roles of peroxisome targeting signal (PTS)-containing proteins in phytopathogens remain elusive. We therefore explored the regulatory role and other biological functions of the components of PTS2 receptor complex, FvPex7 and FvPex20, in F. verticillioides. We found that FvPex7 directly interacts with the carboxyl terminus of FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. PTS2-containing proteins are recognized and bound by the FvPex7 receptor or the FvPex7-Pex20 receptor complex in the cytoplasm, but the peroxisome localization of the PTS2-Pex7-Pex20 complex is only determined by Pex20 in F. verticillioides. However, we observed that some putative PTS2 proteins that interact with Pex7 are not transported into the peroxisomes, but a PTS1 protein that interacts with Pex5 was detected in the peroxisomes. Furthermore, ΔFvpex7pex20 as well as ΔFvpex7pex5 double mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis, along with defects in conidiation. The PTS2 receptor complex mutants (ΔFvpex7pex20) grew slowly on minimal media and showed reduced sensitivity to cell wall and cell membrane stress-inducing agents compared to the wild type. Taken together, we conclude that the PTS2 receptor complex mediates peroxisome matrix proteins import and contributes to pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides. KEY POINTS: • FvPex7 directly interacts with FvPex20 in F. verticillioides. • vThe PTS2 receptor complex is essential for the importation of PTS2-containing matrix protein into peroxisomes in F. verticillioides. • Fvpex7/pex20 is involved in pathogenicity and FB1 biosynthesis in F. verticillioides.

Real-time batch inspection system for surface defects on circular optical filters.

Optical filters, one of the essential parts of many optical instruments, are used to select a specific radiation band of optical devices. There are specifications for the surface quality of the optical filter in order to ensure the instrument's regular operation. The traditional machine learning techniques for examining the optical filter surface quality mentioned in the current studies primarily rely on the manual extraction of feature data, which restricts their ability to detect optical filter surfaces with multiple defects. In order to solve the problems of low detection efficiency and poor detection accuracy caused by defects too minor and too numerous types of defects, this paper proposes a real-time batch optical filter surface quality inspection method based on deep learning and image processing techniques. The first part proposes an optical filter surface defect detection and identification method for seven typical defects. A deep learning model is trained for defect detection and recognition by constructing a dataset. The second part uses image processing techniques to locate the accurate position of the defect, determine whether the defect is located within the effective aperture, and analyze the critical eigenvalue data of the defect. The experimental results show that the method improves productivity and product quality and reduces the manual workload by 90%. The proposed model and method also compare the results of surface defect detection with the actual measurement data in the field, verifying that the method has good recognition accuracy while improving efficiency.

Strawberry FaSnRK1α Regulates Anaerobic Respiratory Metabolism under Waterlogging.

Sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central integrator of plant stress and energy starvation signalling pathways. We found that the FaSnRK1α-overexpression (OE) roots had a higher respiratory rate and tolerance to waterlogging than the FaSnRK1α-RNAi roots, suggesting that FaSnRK1α plays a positive role in the regulation of anaerobic respiration under waterlogging. FaSnRK1α upregulated the activity of anaerobic respiration-related enzymes including hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). FaSnRK1α also enhanced the ability to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. We sequenced the transcriptomes of the roots of both wild-type (WT) and FaSnRK1α-RNAi plants, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were clearly enriched in the defence response, response to biotic stimuli, and cellular carbohydrate metabolic process. In addition, 42 genes involved in glycolysis and 30 genes involved in pyruvate metabolism were significantly regulated in FaSnRK1α-RNAi roots. We analysed the transcript levels of two anoxia-related genes and three ERFVIIs, and the results showed that FaADH1, FaPDC1, FaHRE2 and FaRAP2.12 were upregulated in response to FaSnRK1α, indicating that FaSnRK1α may be involved in the ethylene signalling pathway to improve waterlogging tolerance. In conclusion, FaSnRK1α increases the expression of ERFVIIs and further activates anoxia response genes, thereby enhancing anaerobic respiration metabolism in response to low-oxygen conditions during waterlogging.

Overexpression of PpSnRK1α in Tomato Increased Autophagy Activity under Low Nutrient Stress.

Plants suffer from a variety of environmental stresses during their growth and development. The evolutionarily conserved sucrose nonfermenting kinase 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in response to stresses. In plant cells, autophagy is a degradation process occurring during development or under stress, such as nutrient starvation. In recent years, SnRK1 signaling has been reported to be an upstream activator of autophagy. However, these studies all focused on the regulatory effect of SnRK1 on TOR signaling and the autophagy-related gene 1 (ATG1) complex. In this study, overexpression of the gene encoding the Prunus persica SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in tomato improved the photosynthetic rates and enhanced the resistance to low nutrient stress (LNS). Overexpression of PpSnRK1α increased autophagy activity and upregulated the expression of seven autophagy-related genes (ATGs). The transcriptional levels of SlSnRK2 family genes were altered significantly by PpSnRK1α, signifying that PpSnRK1α may be involved in the ABA signaling pathway. Further analysis showed that PpSnRK1α not only activated autophagy by inhibiting target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling but also enhanced ABA-induced autophagy. This indicates that PpSnRK1α regulates the photosynthetic rate and induces autophagy, and then responds to low nutrient stress.

Fusarium verticillioides FvPex8 Is a Key Component of the Peroxisomal Docking/Translocation Module That Serves Important Roles in Fumonisin Biosynthesis but Not in Virulence.

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes that fulfill various important metabolic functions. In this study, we investigated the role of docking/translocation module (DTM) peroxins, mainly FvPex8, FvPex13, FvPex14, and FvPex33, in Fusarium verticillioides development, virulence, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthesis. Protein interaction experiments suggested that FvPex13 serves as the central DTM subunit in F. verticillioides. Notably, FvPex8 and FvPex14 did not show direct interaction in our experiments. We generated gene-deletion mutants (ΔFvpex8, ΔFvpex13, ΔFvpex14, ΔFvpex33, ΔFvpex33/14) and further examined the functional role of these peroxins. Deletion mutants exhibited disparity in carbon nutrient utilization and defect in cell-wall integrity when stress agents were applied. Under nutrient starvation, mutants also showed higher levels of lipid droplet accumulation. Particularly, ΔFvpex8 mutant showed significant FB1 reduction and altered expression of key FB1 biosynthesis genes. However, FvPex13 was primarily responsible for asexual conidia reproduction and virulence, while the ΔFvpex33/14 double mutant also showed a virulence defect. In summary, our study suggests that FvPex13 is the central component of DTM, with direct physical interaction with other DTM peroxins, and regulates peroxisome membrane biogenesis as well as PTS1- and PTS2-mediated transmembrane cargo transportation. Importantly, we also characterized FvPex8 as a key component in F. verticillioides DTM that affects peroxisome function and FB1 biosynthesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

The Exocyst Regulates Hydrolytic Enzyme Secretion at Hyphal Tips and Septa in the Banana Fusarium Wilt Fungus Fusarium odoratissimum.

Hyphal polarized growth in filamentous fungi requires tip-directed secretion, while additional evidence suggests that fungal exocytosis for the hydrolytic enzyme secretion can occur at other sites in hyphae, including the septum. In this study, we analyzed the role of the exocyst complex involved in the secretion in the banana wilt fungal pathogen Fusarium odoratissimum. All eight exocyst components in F. odoratissimum not only localized to the tips ahead of the Spitzenkörper in growing hyphae but also localized to the outer edges of septa in mature hyphae. To further analyze the exocyst in F. odoratissimum, we attempted single gene deletion for all the genes encoding the eight exocyst components and only succeeded in constructing the gene deletion mutants for exo70 and sec5; we suspect that the other 6 exocyst components are encoded by essential genes. Deletion of exo70 or sec5 led to defects in vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in F. odoratissimum. Notably, the deletion of exo70 resulted in decreased activities for endoglucosidase, filter paper enzymes, and amylase, while the loss of sec5 only led to a slight reduction in amylase activity. Septum-localized α-amylase (AmyB) was identified as the marker for septum-directed secretion, and we found that Exo70 is essential for the localization of AmyB to septa. Meanwhile the loss of Sec5 did not affect AmyB localization to septa but led to a higher accumulation of AmyB in cytoplasm. This suggested that while Exo70 and Sec5 both take part in the septum-directed secretion, the two play different roles in this process. IMPORTANCE The exocyst complex is a multisubunit tethering complex (MTC) for secretory vesicles at the plasma membrane and contains eight subunits, Sec3, Sec5, Sec6, Sec8, Sec10, Sec15, Exo70, and Exo84. While the exocyst complex is well defined in eukaryotes from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to humans, the exocyst components in filamentous fungi show different localization patterns in the apical tips of hyphae, which suggests that filamentous fungi have evolved divergent strategies to regulate endomembrane trafficking. In this study, we demonstrated that the exocyst components in Fusarium odoratissimum are localized not only to the tips of growing hyphae but also to the outer edge of the septa in mature hyphae, suggesting that the exocyst complex plays a role in the regulation of septum-directed protein secretion in F. odoratissimum. We further found that Exo70 and Sec5 are required for the septum-directed secretion of α-amylase in F. odoratissimum but with different influences.

PpSnRK1α overexpression alters the response to light and affects photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in tomato.

Sucrose nonfermentation 1 (SNF1) related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central energy sensor kinase in plants and a key switch regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Fruit quality depends on leaf photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate accumulation, but the role of peach (Prunus persica) SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in regulating leaf carbon metabolism and the light signal response remains unclear. We studied the carbon metabolism of tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α and the responses of PpSnRK1α-overexpressing tomato leaves to light signals. Transcriptome, metabolome, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose, glutamate, and glucose-6-phosphate accumulated in tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α. The expression of genes (e.g., GDH2, SuSy) encoding enzymes related to carbon metabolism (e.g., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2; EC: 1.4.1.3), sucrose synthase (SS; EC: 2.4.1.13)) and chlorophyllase (CLH) encoding chlorophyllase (EC: 3.1.1.14), which regulates photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis, was significantly increased in PpSnRK1α-overexpressing plants. PpSnRK1α overexpression inhibited the growth of hypocotyls and primary roots in response to light. The chlorophyll content of the leaves was increased, the activity of SS and ADPG pyrophosphatase (AGPase; EC: 2.7.7.27) was increased, and photosynthesis was promoted in PpSnRK1α-overexpressing plants relative to wild-type plants. Under light stress, the net photosynthetic rate of plants was significantly higher in plants overexpressing PpSnRK1α than in wild-type plants. This indicates that PpSnRK1α promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates by regulating genes related to carbon metabolism, regulating genes related to chlorophyll synthesis, and then responding to light signals to increase the net photosynthetic rate of leaves.

Preparation, characterization, and anti-colon cancer activity of oridonin-loaded long-circulating liposomes.

In this study, oridonin-loaded long-circulating liposomes (LC-lipo@ORI) were prepared with the ethanol injection method. Its physicochemical properties and the morphology were characterized, and its stability and release profiles were evaluated. Furthermore, its antitumor effects were studied using two in vitro cell models of colon cancer and two tumor-bearing models in nude mice. The prepared LC-lipo@ORI was quasi-spherical, with a mean particle size of 109.55 ± 2.30 nm. The zeta potential was -1.38 ± 0.21 mV, the encapsulation efficiency was 85.79%±3.25%, and the drug loading was 5.87%±0.21%. In vitro release results showed that the cumulative release rate of LC-lipo@ORI at 12 h was 63.83%. However, ORI dispersion was almost completely released after 12 h. In vitro cytotoxicity results showed that, the inhibiting effects of LC-lipo@ORI on the proliferation of two types of colon cancer cells were apparently higher than those of ORI dispersion, whereas those of the blank carrier were not noticeable. In vivo studies confirmed that, the encapsulation of LC-lipo enhanced the inhibitory effects of ORI on tumor growth. These results indicated that LC-lipo@ORI a promising formulations for colon cancer treatment.

LLY17, a novel small molecule STAT3 inhibitor induces apoptosis and suppresses cell migration and tumor growth in triple-negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Persistent STAT3 signaling is frequently detected in many cancer types including triple-negative breast cancer, and thus could potentially serve as a viable therapeutic target. We have designed a novel non-peptide compound LLY17 targeting STAT3 using Advanced Multiple Ligand Simultaneous Docking (AMLSD) methods. However, the efficacy of LLY17 has not been evaluated extensively in human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cells. In this study, we tested LLY17 in multiple human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. METHODS: Human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, SUM159, and BT-549 cells, and murine triple-negative breast cancer 4T1 cells were used to study the inhibition effects of LLY17. The inhibition of STAT3 activation of LLY17 was investigated using western blot analysis. Cell viability, apoptosis and migration assays were carried out by MTT assay, Caspase-3/7 assay and wound healing assay, respectively. A mammary fat pad syngeneic mouse model was used to evaluate the antitumor effect of LLY17 in vivo. RESULTS: LLY17 inhibited IL-6-mediated induction of STAT3 phosphorylation but had no effect on IFN-γ-induced STAT1 phosphorylation or EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. LLY17 inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cells but exhibited minimal toxicity toward Luminal A subtype breast cancer MCF-7 cells. RNAi attenuation experiments supported the requirement of STAT3 for LLY17-mediated inhibition of cell viability in triple-negative breast cancer cells. In addition, LLY17 inhibited cell migration of human and murine triple-negative breast cancer cells. Furthermore, LLY17 suppressed tumor growth and STAT3 phosphorylation of triple-negative breast cancer cells in a mammary fat pad syngeneic mouse model in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our findings suggest that targeting persistent STAT3 signaling by novel small molecule LLY17 may be a potential approach for the therapy of triple-negative breast cancer.

Circular RNA UBAP2 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis of cervical cancer via modulating miR-361-3p/SOX4 axis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing researches have reported that circular RNA UBAP2 (circUBAP2) may be a potential prognosis biomarker and participate in the development of several cancers; however, the role of circUBAP2 in cervical cancer (CC) remains largely unclear. METHODS: We applied qRT-PCR and Western blot to examine expression levels of circUBAP2, miR-361-3p, SOX4, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase 3, N-cadherin, Vimentin and E-cadherin. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration were analyzed by MTT assay, Flow cytometry, and Transwell assay, respectively. The interaction between miR-361-3p and circUBAP2 or SOX4 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and pull-down assay. Murine xenograft model was established by injecting SiHa cells which stably transfected sh-circUBAP2. RESULTS: CircUBAP2 was up-regulated in CC tissues and cell lines and high circUBAP2 expression predicated poor outcome. Knockdown of circUBAP2 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while induced apoptosis in CC in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. MiR-361-3p directly bound to circUBAP2 or SOX4, and circUBAP2 could regulate SOX4 expression by sponging miR-361-3p in CC cells. Furthermore, rescue assay results demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of circUBAP2 knockdown on cell growth and metastasis were partially reversed by miR-361-3p down-regulation or SOX4 up-regulation in CC. CONCLUSION: CircUBAP2 represents a prognostic marker and contributes to tumor growth and metastasis via modulating miR-361-3p/SOX4 axis in CC, which indicates a potential therapeutic target for CC treatment.

LYW-6, a novel cryptotanshinone derived STAT3 targeting inhibitor, suppresses colorectal cancer growth and metastasis.

The constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) is associated with aggressive development and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC), but STAT3-targeting drugs remain elusive in clinic. Here, structure-based strategy was used to remodel the natural compound cryptotanshinone into a more effective STAT3 inhibitor LYW-6. Using the Biolayer Interferometry assay, we observed that LYW-6 exhibited specific interactions with STAT3(KD = 6.6 ± 0.7 µM). Western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that LYW-6 inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 tyrosine 705 (Tyr-705) and had slight effects on STAT1 and STAT5 phosphorylation. Western blot analysis on the upstream kinases of STAT3 confirmed that the inhibitory mechanism on p-STAT3 was independent of upstream kinases. Further investigation demonstrated that LYW-6 downregulated the expression of downstream oncogenes to inhibit cell viability, cell cycle development, and potently increased cell apoptosis in human CRC cells. The invasion and metastasis linked signaling was also blocked by LYW-6 treatment. LYW-6 was found to reduce the metastasis foci in lung on tail-lung metastasis models. In addition, it was observed that LYW-6 markedly diminished STAT3 phosphorylation in tumor tissue and significantly inhibited tumor growth on xenograft models. Tumor development on chemically-induced colorectal cancer model also significantly inhibited by LYW-6 treatment. These findings provided adequate evidence that STAT3 inhibitor LYW-6 might be a potential candidate agent for CRC treatment.

SRSF6-regulated alternative splicing that promotes tumour progression offers a therapy target for colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular function of splicing factor SRSF6 in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and discover candidate chemicals for cancer therapy through targeting SRSF6. DESIGN: We performed comprehensive analysis for the expression of SRSF6 in 311 CRC samples, The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Functional analysis of SRSF6 in CRC was performed in vitro and in vivo. SRSF6-regulated alternative splicing (AS) and its binding motif were identified by next-generation RNA-sequencing and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP-seq), which was validated by gel shift and minigene reporter assay. ZO-1 exon23 AS was investigated to mediate the function of SRSF6 in vitro and in vivo. Based on the analysis of domain-specific role, SRSF6-targeted inhibitor was discovered de novoby virtual screening in 4855 FDA-approved drugs and its antitumour effects were evaluated in vitroand in vivo. RESULTS: SRSF6 was frequently upregulated in CRC samples and associated with poor prognosis, which promoted proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We identified SRSF6-regulated AS targets and discovered the SRSF6 binding motif. Particularly, SRSF6 regulates ZO-1 aberrant splicing to function as an oncogene by binding directly to its motif in the exon23. Based on the result that SRSF6 RRM2 domain plays key roles in regulating AS and biological function, indacaterol, a ß2-adrenergic receptor agonist approved for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment, is identified as the inhibitor of SRSF6 to suppress CRC tumourigenicity. CONCLUSIONS: SRSF6 functions the important roles in mediating CRC progression through regulating AS, and indacaterol is repositioned as an antitumour drug through targeting SRSF6. ACCESSION NUMBERS: The accession numbers for sequencing data are SRP111763 and SRP111797.