Treatment of Children With Cancer and/or Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Intensive Care Unit: Experience at a Large European Pediatric Cancer Center.

Pediatric cancer treatment and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) carry considerable risks of morbidity. We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in unselected children and adolescents treated for cancer or undergoing HSCT. In a 10-year time period, 140 patients had 188 ICU admissions for a life-threatening condition. Main reasons for ICU admission were respiratory or cardiovascular insufficiency and sepsis. Mortality in the ICU was 19.1% and related to organ failure or acute complications in 77.8% and progress of the underlying malignancy in 22.2%. Mortality rates at 30, 100, and 365 days after discharge from the ICU were 24.5%, 30.9%, and 39.9%. Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities at 5 and 10 years were 46.4% and 39.8%, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed the number of failed organ systems, the number of prior ICU stays, and days spent in the ICU as parameters independently associated with death. Taken together, the outcome of pediatric cancer and/or HSCT patients admitted to the ICU for life-threatening conditions was not as dismal as reported elsewhere. Most patients benefitted from ICU care, and survival was predominantly compromised by the evolution of complications.

Durable control of hepatitis C through interferon-free antiviral combination therapy immediately prior to allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection carries increased risks for morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) but has become curable through the advent of directly acting antiviral compounds. Current guidelines of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (ASBMT) recommend that HCV-infected HSCT candidates preferably start and complete therapy prior to transplant. However, this is often not feasible due to time constraints or treatment-limiting comorbidities, conditions and treatments. For these reasons, data on the safety of antiviral treatment, its efficacy to achieve durable eradication of the virus until full immune recovery, and late effects of former HCV infection in patients receiving HSCT are unknown. Here, we report the course of two paediatric patients with chronic HCV infection who received a full course of directly acting antivirals prior to allogeneic HSCT and achieved and maintained viral eradication throughout transplantation until complete immune recovery.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis in children and adolescents with acute leukemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) may occur after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, little is known about its incidence, strategies for ophthalmic surveillance, and timely implementation of adequate antiviral treatment in pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients. We provide a retrospective analysis of the epidemiology and clinical features of CMVR in pediatric allogeneic HSCT patients transplanted at our center over a 16-year period. Two patients of this cohort with leukemia are presented. Our analysis is supplemented by a systematic review on pediatric patients with leukemia and CMVR in the setting of allogeneic HSCT. The overall incidence of CMVR in our cohort was 1% (4/338) and 14.2% (3/21) in leukemic patients. In published cases, CMVR occurred at a median of 143 days after transplantation, and, in the majority of patients, was preceded by CMV detection in blood by a median of 93 days. Continued immune suppression following engraftment likely triggers CMVR. Preemptive treatment with ganciclovir as standard is usually successful. Foscarnet is used in case of resistance to ganciclovir or drug-induced granulocytopenia. Overall, CMVR after HSCT in pediatric leukemic patients is rare, but a potentially higher vulnerability of this population for involvement of the eye warrants a standardized ophthalmological examination plan.

Observation of Phase-Filling Singularities in the Optical Dielectric Function of Highly Doped n-Type Ge.

Phase-filling singularities in the optical response function of highly doped (>10^{19} cm^{-3}) germanium are theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Contrary to direct-gap semiconductors, which display the well-known Burstein-Moss phenomenology upon doping, the critical point in the joint density of electronic states associated with the partially filled conduction band in n-Ge corresponds to the so-called E_{1} and E_{1}+Δ_{1} transitions, which are two-dimensional in character. As a result of this reduced dimensionality, there is no edge shift induced by Pauli blocking. Instead, one observes the "original" critical point (shifted only by band gap renormalization) and an additional feature associated with the level occupation discontinuity at the Fermi level. The experimental observation of this feature is made possible by the recent development of low-temperature, in situ doping techniques that allow the fabrication of highly doped films with exceptionally flat doping profiles.

Synovial sarcoma is a gateway to the role of chromatin remodeling in cancer.

Patients afflicted with synovial sarcoma share the fate of other translocation positive sarcomas; the driver mutation for this cancer is known, yet no means to target the fusion protein SS18-SSX directly exist. Current chemotherapeutic regimens are minimally beneficial, particularly in patients with metastatic disease. SS18-SSX putatively promotes its oncogenic activity through protein-protein interactions that alter genetic programs through chromatin remodeling. This review discusses the functional protein network of SS18-SSX, both wild-type and fusion protein, considers its intrinsically disordered nature, and provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive overview of the clinical characteristics reveals the need for newly targeted therapeutics based upon oncogenic transformation by the fusion protein SS18-SSX. The wild-type, non-fused proteins SS18 and SSX are presented including their molecular structure and biological function with regard to protein-protein interactions. The interactions of the wild-type proteins inform the oncogenic changes of the fusion protein. The SS18-SSX fusion protein and its protein interactions are described and evaluated for their biological consequences that lead to oncogenesis. This review illustrates the key protein interactions of SS18-SSX that may qualify as primary targets for small molecule-based disruption leading to the development of SS18-SSX-specific drugs. These novel targeted therapeutics may provide a specificity that ultimately improves survival while reducing morbidity of patients with synovial sarcoma.

Effect of the antihepcidin Spiegelmer lexaptepid on inflammation-induced decrease in serum iron in humans.

Increased hepcidin production is key to the development of anemia of inflammation. We investigated whether lexaptepid, an antihepcidin l-oligoribonucleotide, prevents the decrease in serum iron during experimental human endotoxemia. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 24 healthy males. At T = 0 hours, 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was intravenously administered, followed by an intravenous injection of 1.2 mg/kg lexaptepid or placebo at T = 0.5 hours. The lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response was similar in subjects treated with lexaptepid or placebo regarding clinical and biochemical parameters. At T = 9 hours, serum iron had increased by 15.9 ± 9.8 µmol/L from baseline in lexaptepid-treated subjects compared with a decrease of 8.3 ± 9.0 µmol/L in controls (P < .0001). This study delivers proof of concept that lexaptepid achieves clinically relevant hepcidin inhibition enabling investigations in the treatment of anemia of inflammation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov as #NCT01522794.

The effects of the anti-hepcidin Spiegelmer NOX-H94 on inflammation-induced anemia in cynomolgus monkeys.

Anemia of chronic inflammation is the most prevalent form of anemia in hospitalized patients. A hallmark of this disease is the intracellular sequestration of iron. This is a consequence of hepcidin-induced internalization and subsequent degradation of ferroportin, the hepcidin receptor and only known iron-export protein. This study describes the characterization of novel anti-hepcidin compound NOX-H94, a structured L-oligoribonucleotide that binds human hepcidin with high affinity (Kd = 0.65 ± 0.06 nmol/L). In J774A.1 macrophages, NOX-H94 blocked hepcidin-induced ferroportin degradation and ferritin expression (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 19.8 ± 4.6 nmol/L). In an acute cynomolgus monkey model of interleukin 6 (IL-6)-induced hypoferremia, NOX-H94 inhibited serum iron reduction completely. In a subchronic model of IL-6-induced anemia, NOX-H94 inhibited the decrease in hemoglobin concentration. We conclude that NOX-H94 protects ferroportin from hepcidin-induced degradation. Therefore, this pharmacologic approach may represent an interesting treatment option for patients suffering from anemia of chronic inflammation.

Evaluation of the Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on CAM-Grown Sarcomas.

Resection margin adequacy plays a critical role in the local control of sarcomas. Fluorescence-guided surgery has increased complete resection rates and local recurrence-free survival in several oncological disciplines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sarcomas exhibit sufficient tumor fluorescence (photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)) after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) has an impact on tumor vitality in vivo. Sixteen primary cell cultures were derived from patient samples of 12 different sarcoma subtypes and transplanted onto the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos to generate 3-dimensional cell-derived xenografts (CDXs). After treatment with 5-ALA, the CDXs were incubated for another 4 h. Subsequently accumulated protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) was excited by blue light and the intensity of tumor fluorescence was analyzed. A subset of CDXs was exposed to red light and morphological changes of both CAMs and tumors were documented. Twenty-four hours after PDT, the tumors were excised and examined histologically. High rates of cell-derived engraftments on the CAM were achieved in all sarcoma subtypes and an intense PPIX fluorescence was observed. PDT of CDXs resulted in a disruption of tumor-feeding vessels and 52.4% of CDXs presented as regressive after PDT treatment, whereas control CDXs remained vital in all cases. Therefore, 5-ALA mediated PDD and PDT appear to be promising tools in defining sarcoma resection margins (PDD) and adjuvant treatment of the tumor bed (PDT).

Comprehensive profiling of mRNA splicing indicates that GC content signals altered cassette exon inclusion in Ewing sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a small round blue cell tumor and is the second most frequent pediatric bone cancer. 85% of EwS tumors express the fusion oncoprotein EWS-FLI1, the product of a t(11;22) reciprocal translocation. Prior work has indicated that transcription regulation alone does not fully describe the oncogenic capacity of EWS-FLI1, nor does it provide an effective means to stratify patient tumors. Research using EwS cell lines and patient samples has suggested that EWS-FLI1 also disrupts mRNA biogenesis. In this work we both describe the underlying characteristics of mRNA that are aberrantly spliced in EwS tumor samples as well as catalogue mRNA splicing events across other pediatric tumor types. Here, we also use short- and long-read sequencing to identify cis-factors that contribute to splicing profiles we observe in Ewing sarcoma. Our analysis suggests that GC content upstream of cassette exons is a defining factor of mRNA splicing in EwS. We also describe specific splicing events that discriminate EwS tumor samples from the assumed cell of origin, human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (hMSC-BM). Finally, we identify specific splicing factors PCBP2, RBMX, and SRSF9 by motif enrichment and confirm findings from tumor samples in EwS cell lines.

Secondary Malignancies after Ewing Sarcoma-Epidemiological and Clinical Analysis of an International Trial Registry.

Ewing sarcoma (EwS) represents highly aggressive bone and soft tissue tumors that require intensive treatment by multi-chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. While therapeutic regimens have increased survival rates, EwS survivors face long-term sequelae that include secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs). Consequently, more knowledge about EwS patients who develop SMNs is needed to identify high-risk patients and adjust follow-up strategies. We retrospectively analyzed data from 4518 EwS patients treated in five consecutive EwS trials from the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study (CESS) group. Ninety-six patients developed SMNs after primary EwS, including 53 (55.2%) with solid tumors. The latency period between EwS and the first SMN was significantly longer for the development of solid SMNs (median: 8.4 years) than for hematologic SMNs (median: 2.4 years) (p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of SMNs in general increased over time from 0.04 at 10 years to 0.14 at 30 years; notably, the specific CI for hematologic SMNs remained stable over the different decades, whereas for solid SMNs it gradually increased over time and was higher for metastatic patients than in localized EwS patients (20 years: 0.14 vs. 0.06; p < 0.01). The clinical characteristics of primary EwS did not differ between patients with or without SMNs. All EwS patients received multi-chemotherapy with adjuvant radiotherapy in 77 of 96 (80.2%) patients, and the use of radiation doses ≥ 60 Gy correlated with the occurrence of SMNs. The survival rate after SMNs was 0.49, with a significantly better outcome for solid SMNs compared with hematologic SMNs (3 years: 0.70 vs. 0.24, respectively; p < 0.001). The occurrence of SMNs after EwS remains a rare event but requires a structured follow-up system because it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.

Ewing Sarcoma as Secondary Malignant Neoplasm-Epidemiological and Clinical Analysis of an International Trial Registry.

Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is the second most common bone and soft tissue tumor, affecting primarily adolescents and young adults. Patients with secondary EwS are excluded from risk stratification in several studies and therefore do not benefit from new therapies. More knowledge about patients with EwS as secondary malignant neoplasms (SMN) is needed to identify at-risk patients and adapt follow-up strategies. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and survival analyses of EwS as SMN were analyzed in 3844 patients treated in the last three consecutive international EwS trials, EICESS 92, Euro-E.W.I.N.G. 99, and EWING 2008. Forty-two cases of EwS as SMN (approximately 1.1% of all patients) were reported, preceded by a heterogeneous group of malignancies, mainly acute lymphoblastic leukemias (n = 7) and lymphomas (n = 7). Three cases of EwS as SMN occurred in the presumed radiation field of the primary tumor. The median age at diagnosis of EwS as SMN was 19.4 years (range, 5.9-72) compared with 10.8 years (range, 0.9-51.2) for primary EwS. The median interval between first malignancy and EwS diagnosis was 7.4 years. The 3-year overall survival (OS)/event-free survival (EFS) was 0.69 (SE = 0.09)/0.53 (SE = 0.10) for localized patients and 0.36 (SE = 0.13)/0.29 (SE = 0.12) for metastatic patients (OS: p = 0.02; EFS: p = 0.03). Survival in patients with EwS as SMN did not differ between hematologic or solid primary malignancies. EwS as SMN is rare; however, survival is similar to that of primary EwS, and its risk-adjusted treatment should be curative, especially in localized patients.

Infectious Morbidity in Pediatric Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Sarcoma.

The purpose of this retrospective, single-center cohort study was to assess the infectious burden in pediatric sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The review included all patients with a new diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma between September 2009 and December 2018 who were enrolled in the EWING 2008, CWS SoTiSaR and EURAMOS clinical trial or registry. Primary endpoints were the occurrence of febrile neutropenia (FN) and microbiologically documented infection (MDI). Parameters with a potential impact on FN and MDI were also analyzed. A total of 170 sarcoma patients (median age: 13 years, range: 0-21; 96 m/74 f) received 948 chemotherapy courses (median: 6; range: 2-8). Of these patients, 58.8% had ≥1 FN episode and 20.6% ≥ 1 MDI. FN occurred in 272/948 courses (28.7%) with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in 231 courses and 45 MDI and 19 clinically documented infections (CDI) occurring in a total of 57 courses. Patients enrolled in EWING 2008 had significantly more FN (p < 0.001), infections (p = 0.02) and MDI (p = 0.035). No infection-related deaths were observed. Younger age, tumor type and localization, and higher median and maximum mucositis grades were significantly associated with higher numbers of FN (p < 0.001), and younger age (p = 0.024) and higher median mucositis grade (p = 0.017) with MDI. The study shows substantial infectious morbidity in sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment and opportunities to improve prevention and management.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections in Pediatric Patients - Experience at a European Center for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important nosocomial pathogen in immunocom-promised individuals and characterized by intrinsic resistance to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Limited data exists on its clinical relevance in immunocompromised pediatric patients, particularly those with hematological or oncological disorders. In a retrospective single center cohort study in pediatric patients receiving care at a large european pediatric hematology and oncology department, ten cases of invasive S.maltophilia infections (blood stream infections (BSI), 4; BSI and pneumonia, 3, or soft tissue infection, 2; and pneumonia, 1) were identified between 2010 and 2020. Seven patients had lymphoblastic leukemia and/or were post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Invasive S.maltophilia infections occurred in a setting of indwelling central venous catheters, granulocytopenia, defective mucocutaneous barriers, treatment with broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, and admission to the intensive care unit. Whole genome sequencing based typing revealed no genetic relationship among four individual S.maltophilia isolates. The case fatality rate and mortality at 100 days post diagnosis were 40 and 50%, respectively, and three patients died from pulmonary hemorrhage. Invasive S.maltophilia infections are an emerging cause of infectious morbidity in patients receiving care at departments of pediatric hematology and oncology and carry a high case fatality rate.

Ewing Sarcoma-Diagnosis, Treatment, Clinical Challenges and Future Perspectives.

Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive bone and soft-tissue cancer, is considered a prime example of the paradigms of a translocation-positive sarcoma: a genetically rather simple disease with a specific and neomorphic-potential therapeutic target, whose oncogenic role was irrefutably defined decades ago. This is a disease that by definition has micrometastatic disease at diagnosis and a dismal prognosis for patients with macrometastatic or recurrent disease. International collaborations have defined the current standard of care in prospective studies, delivering multiple cycles of systemic therapy combined with local treatment; both are associated with significant morbidity that may result in strong psychological and physical burden for survivors. Nevertheless, the combination of non-directed chemotherapeutics and ever-evolving local modalities nowadays achieve a realistic chance of cure for the majority of patients with Ewing sarcoma. In this review, we focus on the current standard of diagnosis and treatment while attempting to answer some of the most pressing questions in clinical practice. In addition, this review provides scientific answers to clinical phenomena and occasionally defines the resulting translational studies needed to overcome the hurdle of treatment-associated morbidities and, most importantly, non-survival.

Pharmacological activation of soluble guanylate cyclase protects the heart against ischemic injury.

BACKGROUND: The role of the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G pathway in myocardial protection and preconditioning has been the object of intensive investigations. The novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator cinaciguat has been reported to elevate intracellular [cGMP] and activate the nitric oxide/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase G pathway in vivo. We investigated the effects of cinaciguat on myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats were treated orally twice a day for 4 days with vehicle or cinaciguat (10 mg/kg). Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 2 days after the first treatment at an interval of 24 hours for 2 days to produce myocardial infarction. After 17 hours, histopathological observations and left ventricular pressure-volume analysis to assess cardiac function with a Millar microtip pressure-volume conductance catheter were performed, and levels of biochemicals of the heart tissues were measured. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Isolated canine coronary arterial rings exposed to peroxynitrite were investigated for vasomotor function, and immunohistochemistry was performed for cGMP and nitrotyrosine. The present results show that cinaciguat treatment improves histopathological lesions, improves cardiac performance, improves impaired cardiac relaxation, reduces oxidative stress, ameliorates intracellular enzyme release, and decreases cyclooxygenase 2, transforming growth factor-beta, and beta-actin mRNA expression in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats. In vitro exposure of coronary arteries to peroxynitrite resulted in an impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, increased nitro-oxidative stress, and reduced intracellular cGMP levels, which were all improved by cinaciguat. A cardioprotective effect of postischemic cinaciguat treatment was shown in a canine model of global ischemia/reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological soluble guanylate cyclase activation could be a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease.

Anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer permits 75% dose reduction of cyclophosphamide to control diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and pneumonitis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice.

Cyclophosphamide (CYC) can control diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN) by potent immunosuppression but remains associated with serious and life-threatening complications. Drugs that specifically target mediators of DPLN may help to reduce CYC dose and side effects. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1)/CCL2 mediates monocyte and T cell recruitment in DPLN and Ccl2-specific l-enantiomeric RNA Spiegelmer mNOX-E36 neutralizes the biological effects of murine Ccl2 in vitro and in vivo. We injected MRL(lpr/lpr) mice with DPLN from 14 weeks of age with vehicle, weekly 30 mg/kg CYC (full dose), monthly 30 mg/kg CYC (one-fourth full dose), pegylated control Spiegelmer, pegylated anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer (3/week), pegylated anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer plus CYC one-fourth full dose and mycophenolate mofetil. At week 24, DPLN and autoimmune lung injury were virtually abolished with CYC full dose but not with CYC one-fourth full dose. The CYC one-fourth full dose/Spiegelmer combination was equipotent to CYC full dose on kidney and lung injury. CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and serum interleukin-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were all markedly affected by CYC full dose but not by CYC one-fourth full dose. No additive effects of anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer were noted on bone marrow colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage counts and 7/4(high) monocyte counts, lymphoproliferation, and spleen T cell depletion. In summary, anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer permits 75% dose reduction of CYC for controlling DPLN and pneumonitis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, sparing suppressive effects of full-dose CYC on myelosuppression and T cell depletion. We propose anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer therapy as a novel strategy to reduce CYC toxicity in the treatment of severe lupus.

Inhibition of the oncogenic fusion protein EWS-FLI1 causes G2-M cell cycle arrest and enhanced vincristine sensitivity in Ewing's sarcoma.

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a rare and highly malignant cancer that grows in the bones or surrounding tissues mostly affecting adolescents and young adults. A chimeric fusion between the RNA binding protein EWS and the ETS family transcription factor FLI1 (EWS-FLI1), which is generated from a chromosomal translocation, is implicated in driving most ES cases by modulation of transcription and alternative splicing. The small-molecule YK-4-279 inhibits EWS-FLI1 function and induces apoptosis in ES cells. We aimed to identify both the underlying mechanism of the drug and potential combination therapies that might enhance its antitumor activity. We tested 69 anticancer drugs in combination with YK-4-279 and found that vinca alkaloids exhibited synergy with YK-4-279 in five ES cell lines. The combination of YK-4-279 and vincristine reduced tumor burden and increased survival in mice bearing ES xenografts. We determined that independent drug-induced events converged to cause this synergistic therapeutic effect. YK-4-279 rapidly induced G2-M arrest, increased the abundance of cyclin B1, and decreased EWS-FLI1-mediated generation of microtubule-associated proteins, which rendered cells more susceptible to microtubule depolymerization by vincristine. YK-4-279 reduced the expression of the EWS-FLI1 target gene encoding the ubiquitin ligase UBE2C, which, in part, contributed to the increase in cyclin B1. YK-4-279 also increased the abundance of proapoptotic isoforms of MCL1 and BCL2, presumably through inhibition of alternative splicing by EWS-FLI1, thus promoting cell death in response to vincristine. Thus, a combination of vincristine and YK-4-279 might be therapeutically effective in ES patients.

Apolipoprotein A1 genotype affects the change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions with exercise training.

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA1) is the major HDL-associated apolipoprotein. The -75G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the apolipoprotein A1 gene (APOA1) promoter has been reported to be associated with HDL-C concentrations as well as HDL-C response to dietary changes in polyunsaturated fat intake. We examined the effect of this APOA1 SNP on exercise-induced changes in HDL subfraction distribution. From a cohort of healthy normolipidemic adults who volunteered for 6 months of supervised aerobic exercise, 75 subjects were genotyped for the -75G/A SNP. Of these, 53 subjects were G homozygotes (G/G) and 22 were A carriers (A/G and A/A). HDL subfractions were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy by adding categories HDL-C 1+2 for the small subfraction, and HDL-C 3+4+5 for the large. The change in total HDL-C after exercise was 0.8+/-7.2 mg/dL (+1.7%), and was not statistically significant. HDL subfraction amounts also did not significantly change with exercise training in the total cohort or in G homozygotes or A carriers. The amount of the large HDL subfraction increased in the G homozygotes and decreased in the A carriers (mean+/-S.E.M., 1.8+/-6.6 mg/dL versus -6.1+/-2.3 mg/dL, p<0.0005). In contrast, the amount of the small HDL subfraction decreased in G homozygotes and increased in A carriers (-1.3+/-6.6 mg/dL versus 4.7+/-1.2 mg/dL, p<0.005). These results show that genetic variation at the APOA1 gene promoter is associated with HDL subfraction redistribution resulting from exercise training.

Blockade of SDF-1 after irradiation inhibits tumor recurrences of autochthonous brain tumors in rats.

BACKGROUND: Tumor irradiation blocks local angiogenesis, forcing any recurrent tumor to form new vessels from circulating cells. We have previously demonstrated that the post-irradiation recurrence of human glioblastomas in the brains of nude mice can be delayed or prevented by inhibiting circulating blood vessel-forming cells by blocking the interaction of CXCR4 with its ligand stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 (CXCL12). In the present study we test this strategy by directly neutralizing SDF-1 in a clinically relevant model using autochthonous brain tumors in immune competent hosts. METHODS: We used NOX-A12, an l-enantiomeric RNA oligonucleotide that binds and inhibits SDF-1 with high affinity. We tested the effect of this inhibitor on the response to irradiation of brain tumors in rat induced by n-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. RESULTS: Rats treated in utero with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea began to die of brain tumors from approximately 120 days of age. We delivered a single dose of whole brain irradiation (20 Gy) on day 115 of age, began treatment with NOX-A12 immediately following irradiation, and continued with either 5 or 20 mg/kg for 4 or 8 weeks, doses and times equivalent to well-tolerated human exposures. We found a marked prolongation of rat life span that was dependent on both drug dose and duration of treatment. In addition we treated tumors only when they were visible by MRI and demonstrated complete regression of the tumors that was not achieved by irradiation alone or with the addition of temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of SDF-1 following tumor irradiation is a powerful way of improving tumor response of glioblastoma multiforme.

SDF-1 inhibition targets the bone marrow niche for cancer therapy.

Bone marrow (BM) metastasis remains one of the main causes of death associated with solid tumors as well as multiple myeloma (MM). Targeting the BM niche to prevent or modulate metastasis has not been successful to date. Here, we show that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) is highly expressed in active MM, as well as in BM sites of tumor metastasis and report on the discovery of the high-affinity anti-SDF-1 PEGylated mirror-image l-oligonucleotide (olaptesed-pegol). In vivo confocal imaging showed that SDF-1 levels are increased within MM cell-colonized BM areas. Using in vivo murine and xenograft mouse models, we document that in vivo SDF-1 neutralization within BM niches leads to a microenvironment that is less receptive for MM cells and reduces MM cell homing and growth, thereby inhibiting MM disease progression. Targeting of SDF-1 represents a valid strategy for preventing or disrupting colonization of the BM by MM cells.