Urbanicity and risk of first-episode psychosis: incidence study in Brazil.

We estimated the incidence of first-episode psychosis over a 3-year period in a Brazilian catchment area comprising the region's main city, Ribeirão Preto (1 425 306 persons-years at risk), and 25 other municipalities with a total of 1 646 556 persons-years at risk. The incidence rates were estimated and adjusted by gender and age, using the direct standardisation method to the world population as reference. The incidence of psychosis was higher in the younger groups, men, and among Black and minority ethnic Brazilians. Psychosis incidence was lower in Ribeirão Preto (16.69/100 000 person-years at risk; 95% CI 15.68-17.70) compared with the average incidence in the remaining municipalities (21.25/100 000 person-years at risk; 95% CI 20.20-22.31), which have lower population density, suggesting a distinct role for urbanicity in the incidence of first-episode psychosis in low- and middle-income countries.

Construção e fidedignidade teste-reteste de escalas de silhuetas brasileiras para adultos e crianças / A figure rating scales for Brazilian adults and children: development and test-retest reliability

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver escalas de silhuetas para crianças e adultos brasileiros de ambos os sexos e iniciar a avaliação de suas qualidades psicométricas. Foram fotografados adultos e crianças com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) previamente conhecidos, desenhadas as silhuetas e construídas as escalas por computação gráfica. Para avaliação da fidedignidade, procedeu-se ao teste-reteste com intervalo de um mês. As escalas foram aplicadas e reaplicadas a 90 adultos (18 a 60 anos) e 69 crianças (7 a 12 anos). As escalas apresentaram coeficientes de correlação entre teste e reteste positivos e significativos para o IMC real e IMC percebido como atual por adultos (r=0,84; p [menor] 0,01) e crianças (r=0,61, p [menor] 0,01). Concluiu-se que as escalas desenvolvidas constituem instrumentos apropriados à aplicação clínica e epidemiológica para avaliar a percepção da imagem corporal de crianças e adultos brasileiros.

The aim of this work was to develop figure rating scales to evaluate the body image of Brazilian adults and children. Adults and children with known Body Mass Index (BMI) were photographed and had their silhouettes drawn. Based on that, the scales were made by computer graphics. To evaluate the reliability of the scales, test-retest was applied with a gap of one month. Participants included 90 adults (18-60 years old) and 69 children (7-12 years old) of both genders. The instruments presented positive and significant correlations between test and retest for the actual BMI and those perceived as current by adults (r=0,84; p 0,01) and children (r=0,61, p 0,01). It was concluded that the developed scales represent useful instruments for clinical and epidemiological research involving body image perception of Brazilian adults and children.