Sperm epigenetics and male infertility: unraveling the molecular puzzle.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of infertility among couples is estimated to range from 8 to 12%. A paradigm shift has occurred in understanding of infertility, challenging the notion that it predominantly affects women. It is now acknowledged that a significant proportion, if not the majority, of infertility cases can be attributed to male-related factors. Various elements contribute to male reproductive impairments, including aberrant sperm production caused by pituitary malfunction, testicular malignancies, aplastic germ cells, varicocele, and environmental factors. MAIN BODY: The epigenetic profile of mammalian sperm is distinctive and specialized. Various epigenetic factors regulate genes across different levels in sperm, thereby affecting its function. Changes in sperm epigenetics, potentially influenced by factors such as environmental exposures, could contribute to the development of male infertility. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this review investigates the latest studies pertaining to the mechanisms of epigenetic changes that occur in sperm cells and their association with male reproductive issues.

Resazurin reduction assay, a useful tool for assessment of heavy metal toxicity in acidic conditions.

Almost all bioassays have been designed only for pH levels around 7; however, some toxicant characteristics may be different at lower pH values. In this study, a modified resazurin reduction method was used to evaluate the toxicity of heavy metals and metal plating wastewater on acid-tolerant (AT) and conventional bacteria at the natural and acidic pH conditions. According to our optimized protocol, resazurin was rapidly reduced by both conventional and AT active microorganisms. Considering the 30-min median effective concentration (30 min EC50) values, conventional bacteria were comparatively more resistant than the acid-tolerant bacteria (ATB) in the case of exposure to Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn, but the reverse case was found for Hg. After an exposure of 30 min, Cr and Hg showed the highest toxicity to ATB (30 min EC50 values were 0.34 and 17.02 µmol/L, respectively), while Zn and Pb had a considerably lower toxicity. The modified resazurin reduction method successfully assessed the impact of metal plating wastewaters on the activities of conventional and AT bacteria. According to the findings where the wastewaters contain heavy metals, wastewater treatment facilities, which are dependent on ATB activity, should use bioassays at acidic pH values for better understanding of the effects of toxicants.

Acute toxicity of Hg, Cd, and Pb towards dominant bacterial strains of sequencing batch reactor (SBR).

One of the most important factors that affect the operation efficiency of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology is bacterial viability and biomass activity. The acute toxicity of three heavy metals to four dominant strains of sequencing batch reactor (Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Bacillus) was investigated using a resazurin bioassay. After exposing the bacterial strains to soluble compound of Hg, Cd, and Pb, at more than five selected concentrations, the median effective concentration (EC50) and the mortality rate values were calculated. Large differences were observed in sensitivities of the four bacterial strains to the metals. Pseudomonas showed the highest sensitivity for Cd (EC50 = 0.06 µmol/L) and Hg (EC50 = 11.75 µmol/L), while Aeromonas showed the highest sensitivity for Pb (EC50 = 48.27 µmol/L). Considering the EC50 test results, it was concluded that Pseudomonas and Aeromonas are excellent and reliable bioindicators for assessing the toxicity of water and wastewaters polluted by Cd, Hg, and Pb. The rapidity (30 min) and simplicity of the resazurin bioassay procedure enable this enzymatic test to be used in toxicity assessment of small and decentralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

D-allose: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Capacity in Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Despite the implementation of various cancer therapies, adequate therapeutic efficacy has not been achieved. A growing number of studies have been dedicated to the discovery of new molecules to combat refractory cancer cells efficiently. Recently, the use of a rare type of sugar, D-allose, has attracted the attention of research communities. In combination with the first-line treatment of cancers, including different types of radiotherapies and chemotherapies, D-allose has been detected with favorable complementary effects. Understanding the mechanism of therapeutic target molecules will enable us to develop new strategies for cancer patients that do not currently respond to the present therapies. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to provide a review of the effects of D-allose in cancer treatment, its mechanisms of action, and gaps in this field that require more investigations. DISCUSSION: With rare exceptions, in many cancer types, including head and neck, lung, liver, bladder, blood, and breast, D-allose consistently has exhibited anticancer activity in vitro and/or in vivo. Most of the D-allose functions are mediated through thioredoxin-interacting protein molecules. D-allose exerts its effects via reactive oxygen species regulation, cell cycle arrest, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, apoptosis induction, and sensitizing tumors to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: D-allose has shown great promise for combating tumor cells with no side effects, especially in combination with first-line drugs; however, its potential for cancer therapy has not been comprehensively investigated in vitro or in vivo.

An innovative systematic approach introduced the involved lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in cell cycle and proliferation after conventional treatments in breast cancer patients.

The present study aimed to explore the involved lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in the cell cycle and proliferation after conventional treatments in Luminal A breast cancer patients.The candidate miRNAs (miRs), lncRNAs, and mRNAs were first taken from the Gene Expression Omnibus and TCGA databases. The lncRNA-miR-mRNA network was then constructed using the high-throughput sequencing data. The expression levels of selected targets were measured in the breast cancer and healthy samples by the Real-Time PCR technique and compared with the clinical outcomes by the Kaplan-Meier method.Our analysis revealed a group of differentially expressed 3 lncRNAs, 9 miRs, and 14 mRNAs in breast cancer patients. A significant expression decrease of the selected tumor suppressor lncRNAs, miRs, and genes and a substantial expression increase of the selected onco-lncRNAs, oncomiRs, and oncogenes were obtained in the patients compared to the healthy group. The plasma levels of the lncRNAs, miRs, and mRNAs were more significant after the operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy than the pre-treatment. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the patients with a high expression of miR-21, miR-20b, IGF1R, and E2F2 and a low expression of miR-125a, PDCD4, and PTEN had exhibited a shorter overall survival rate.Our results suggested that the underlying mechanisms of the lncRNA, miRs, and mRNAs and relevant signaling pathways may be considered predictive and therapeutic targets for breast cancer.