Discovery of a novel marker for human granulocytes and tissue macrophages: RTL1 revisited.

Here, retrotransposon-like 1 (RTL1) is introduced as a marker for circulating and tissue neutrophils, tissue macrophages, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and neutrophils (TAN). Anti-RTL1 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were produced, and their reactivity was examined by Western blotting (WB), ELISA, and immunostaining of human normal and cancer tissues. The reactivity of the anti-RTL1 antibodies with peripheral blood leukocytes and a panel of hematopoietic cell lines was examined. The generated antibodies specifically detected RTL1 in the WB of the placenta and U937 cells. The polyclonal antibody showed excellent reactivity with tissue-resident macrophages, Hofbauer cells, alveolar and splenic macrophages, Kupffer cells, and inflammatory cells in the tonsil, appendix, and gallbladder. In vitro GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages also showed a high level of intracellular RTL1 expression. TAM and TAN also showed excellent reactivity with this antibody. Almost all circulating granulocytes but not lymphocytes or monocytes expressed RTL1 at their surface. Serial sections of the appendix stained with CD15 and RTL1 and placenta stained with CD68 and RTL1 showed a considerable overlap in RTL1 expression in CD15+ granulocytes and CD68+ macrophages. A small percentage of myelomonocytic cell lines was positive for surface RTL1, while promyelocytic, monocytic, megaloblastic, and lymphoblastic cell lines were negative. Endothelial cells of normal and cancer tissues highly expressed RTL1. RTL1 could be considered a new marker for different normal tissue macrophages, TAM, circulating and tissue neutrophils, and TAN.

Diagnostic performance of a novel antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious health problem worldwide. Early virus detection is essential for disease control and management. Viral antigen detection by ELISA is a cost-effective, rapid, and accurate antigen diagnostic assay which could facilitate early viral detection. METHOD: An antigen-capture sandwich ELISA was developed using novel nucleocapsid (NP)-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The clinical performance of the assay was assessed using 403 positive and 150 negative respiratory samples collected during different SARS-CoV-2 variants outbreaks in Iran. RESULTS: The limit of detection of our ELISA assay was found to be 43.3 pg/ml for recombinant NP. The overall sensitivity and specificity of this assay were 70.72% (95% CI: 66.01-75.12) and 100% (95% CI: 97.57-100), respectively, regardless of Ct values and SARS-CoV-2 variants. There was no significant difference in our assay sensitivity for the detection of Omicron subvariants compared to Delta variant. Assay sensitivity for the BA.5 Omicron subvariant was calculated as 91.89% (95% CI: 85.17-96.23) for samples with Ct values < 25 and 82.70% (95% CI: 75.19-88.71) for samples with Ct values < 30. CONCLUSION: Our newly developed ELISA method is reasonably sensitive and highly specific for detection of SARS-CoV-2 regardless of the variants and subvariants of the virus.

Histological Evaluation of Products of Conception, Who Benefits from It?

Background: Histopathological evaluation of the first trimester pregnancy loss has always been controversial. Although it is recommended, it is not a part of guidelines.Methods: Six hundred eighty-six samples in a referral infertility clinic were evaluated microscopically and categorized. Two hundred ninety-five cases were evaluated by genetic methods (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification).Results: From 569 samples with chorionic villi, 361 cases had history of three or more abortions. 18.3% of this group showed chronic intervillous of unknown etiology (CIUE) and 8.3% revealed intervilli fibrin deposition, both pathologies with a high risk of recurrence. History of a live child was significantly higher in CIUE group. 29% of genetically evaluated cases had a chromosomal abnormality.Conclusion: Histological evaluation of recurrent pregnancy loss could illuminate the cause of abortion in relatively acceptable percentage of cases, especially in mothers with higher number of previous abortion, mothers with a history of live child and in referral centers.

Human amniotic epithelial cells exert anti-cancer effects through secretion of immunomodulatory small extracellular vesicles (sEV).

We identified here mechanism by which hAECs exert their anti-cancer effects. We showed that vaccination with live hAEC conferred effective protection against murine colon cancer and melanoma but not against breast cancer in an orthotopic cancer cell inoculation model. hAEC induced strong cross-reactive antibody response to CT26 cells, but not against B16F10 and 4T1 cells. Neither heterotopic injection of tumor cells in AEC-vaccinated mice nor vaccination with hAEC lysate conferred protection against melanoma or colon cancer. Nano-sized AEC-derived small-extracellular vesicles (sEV) (AD-sEV) induced apoptosis in CT26 cells and inhibited their proliferation. Co-administration of AD-sEV with tumor cells substantially inhibited tumor development and increased CTL responses in vaccinated mice. AD-sEV triggered the Warburg's effect leading to Arginine consumption and cancer cell apoptosis. Our results clearly showed that it is AD-sEV but not the cross-reactive immune responses against tumor cells that mediate inhibitory effects of hAEC on cancer development. Our results highlight the potential anti-cancer effects of extracellular vesicles derived from hAEC.

Introduction of an efficient method for placenta decellularization with high potential to preserve ultrastructure and support cell attachment.

The placenta, as a large discarded tissue and rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), is an excellent candidate for biological scaffolds in reconstructive medicine. Considering the importance of ECM structure in cell fate, the aim of this study was to achieve human placenta decellularization protocol that preserve the structure of scaffolds. Thus, human placenta was decellularized by four protocols and decellularization efficacy was compared by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and DNA measurement. Decellularized placenta structure preservation was assessed by Masson's trichrome staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and immunofluorescence (IF) for collagen I, IV, and fibronectin. Finally, liquid displacement measured scaffolds' porosity. After culturing menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) on placenta scaffolds, cell adhesion was investigated by SEM imaging, and cell viability and proliferation were assessed by MTT assay. According to H&E and DAPI staining, only protocols 1 and 3 could completely remove cells from the scaffolds. DNA measurements confirmed a significant reduction in the genetic material of decellularized scaffolds compared to native placenta. According to Masson's trichrome, IF, and SEM imaging, scaffold structure is better preserved in P3 than P1 protocol. Liquid displacement showed higher porosity of P3 scaffold than P1. SEM imaging confirmed cells adhesion to the decellularized placenta, and the attached cells showed good viability and maintained their proliferative capacity, indicating the suitability of the scaffolds for cell growth. Results introduced an optimized protocol for placenta decellularization that preserves the scaffold structure and supports cell adhesion and proliferation.

Proteome profiling of human placenta reveals developmental stage-dependent alterations in protein signature.

INTRODUCTION: Placenta is a complex organ that plays a significant role in the maintenance of pregnancy health. It is a dynamic organ that undergoes dramatic changes in growth and development at different stages of gestation. In the first-trimester, the conceptus develops in a low oxygen environment that favors organogenesis in the embryo and cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the placenta; later in pregnancy, higher oxygen concentration is required to support the rapid growth of the fetus. This oxygen transition, which appears unique to the human placenta, must be finely tuned through successive rounds of protein signature alterations. This study compares placental proteome in normal first-trimester (FT) and term human placentas (TP). METHODS: Normal human first-trimester and term placental samples were collected and differentially expressed proteins were identified using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Despite the overall similarities, 120 proteins were differently expressed in first and term placentas. Out of these, 72 were up-regulated and 48 were down-regulated in the first when compared with the full term placentas. Twenty out of 120 differently expressed proteins were sequenced, among them seven showed increased (GRP78, PDIA3, ENOA, ECH1, PRDX4, ERP29, ECHM), eleven decreased (TRFE, ALBU, K2C1, ACTG, CSH2, PRDX2, FABP5, HBG1, FABP4, K2C8, K1C9) expression in first-trimester compared to the full-term placentas and two proteins exclusively expressed in first-trimester placentas (MESD, MYDGF). CONCLUSION: According to Reactome and PANTHER softwares, these proteins were mostly involved in response to chemical stimulus and stress, regulation of biological quality, programmed cell death, hemostatic and catabolic processes, protein folding, cellular oxidant detoxification, coagulation and retina homeostasis. Elucidation of alteration in protein signature during placental development would provide researchers with a better understanding of the critical biological processes of placentogenesis and delineate proteins involved in regulation of placental function during development.

Mesenchymal stem cells induce expansion of regulatory T cells in abortion-prone mice.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most common complications of early pregnancy associated in most cases with local or systemic immune abnormalities such as the diminished proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to modulate the immune responses by de novo induction and expansion of Tregs. In this study, we analyzed the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in Treg-associated pregnancy protection following MSCs administration in an abortion-prone mouse mating. In a case-control study, syngeneic abdominal fat-derived MSCs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) to the DBA/2-mated CBA/J female mice on day 4.5 of pregnancy. Abortion rate, Tregs proportion in spleen and inguinal lymph nodes, Ho1, Foxp3, Pd1 and Ctla4 genes expression at the feto-maternal interface were then measured on day 13.5 of pregnancy using flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. The abortion rate in MSCs-treated mice reduced significantly and normalized to the level observed in normal pregnant animals. We demonstrated a significant induction of Tregs in inguinal lymph nodes but not in the spleen following MSCs administration. Administration of MSCs remarkably upregulated the expression of Ho1, Foxp3, Pd1 and Ctla4 genes in both placenta and decidua. Here, we show that MSCs therapy could protect the fetus in the abortion-prone mice through Tregs expansion and upregulation of Treg-related genes. These events could establish an immune-privileged microenvironment, which participates in the regulation of detrimental maternal immune responses against the semi-allogeneic fetus.

Expression profiling of RTL1 in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in females. In this regard, the identification of molecular alterations driving BC is an immediate need for developing effective immunotherapeutic tools. Here we investigated the expression of a placenta-specific protein, Retrotransposon-like 1 (RTL1) in a series of BC tissues and cell lines. RTL1-specific polyclonal antibody was generated and characterized. Using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, expression of RTL1 in a total of 147 BC and 36 non-malignant breast tissues was investigated and the association of patient's clinicopathological parameters with RTL1 expression was then examined. Expression of RTL1 in four BC cells was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. We observed a mixture pattern of nuclear and cytoplasmic RTL1 expression in most tissues examined, however nuclear expression was found to be dominant pattern of expression. The level of nuclear RTL1 expression was significantly higher in BC tissues (P < 0.001). A statistically significant association between nuclear RTL1 expression and histological grade and vascular invasion was found (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). All cell lines expressed RTL1 with varying degrees at their surface. The most invasive BC cell line MDA-MB-231, compared to T-47D, SKBR3 and MCF7 expressed higher levels of RTL1 at their surface. Cells with a low level of surface expression, expressed high levels of intracellular RTL1 expression. Our antibody reacted with a specific band of about 125 KD in normal human placenta and all cell lines examined. In contrast to placenta, two additional bands were also observed in cancer cell lines. Our results showed for the first time that RTL1 is differentially expressed in BC compared to non-malignant breast tissues and is associated with a higher grade and vascular invasion. In BC cells with high metastatic and invasive potential, this antigen is mostly confined to cell surface compartment indicating the possibility of using antibody-based immunotherapy for advanced metastatic BC patients.

Vitamin D3 Controls TLR4- and TLR2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses of Endometrial Cells.

OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D has potent immunoregulatory features and modulates innate and adaptive immune responses. There is a significant association between intrauterine infection-associated inflammatory responses and pregnancy complications such as abortion and preterm labor. Here, we investigated how 1,25 (OH)2 D3 could modulate inflammatory responses of endometrial cells. DESIGN: This is an in vitro experimental study. Endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and whole endometrial cells (WECs) were collected from 15 apparently normal women, and the immunomodulatory effects of 1,25 (OH)2 D3 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-treated ESCs and WECs were investigated. Participants/Materials, Setting, and Methods: Women with no history of abortion, infertility, endometriosis, or sign of vaginal infection were enrolled in this study. Endometrial samples were collected by gynecologists using a Pipelle pipette in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. WECs and ESCs were collected and treated with either LPS or LTA. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in culture supernatants were quantified using the ELISA technique. TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 expressions were assessed by RT-qPCR. TLR4 expression at the protein level was studied by the Western blot technique. RESULTS: 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25 (OH)2 D3) significantly reduced TNF-α production in LPS-activated ESCs and TNF-α and IL-6 production by LTA-stimulated WECs. In contrast, 1,25 (OH)2 D3 pretreatment increased the production of IL-8 by LPS- and LTA-stimulated endometrial cells. 1,25 (OH)2 D3 pretreatment markedly reduced LPS-induced TLR4 protein expression by ESCs. LPS treatment of ESCs significantly induced MyD88 gene expression. This effect was reversed when these cells were pretreated with 1,25 (OH)2 D3 before stimulation with LPS. LIMITATIONS: Because of the small size of samples, doing experiments all together on some samples was not feasible. Confirmation of the results obtained here needs well-designed in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS: 1,25 (OH)2 D3 is an immunomodulatory molecule essential for maintaining endometrial immune homeostasis by controlling potentially harmful inflammatory responses associated with female reproductive tract infections.

Evaluation of apoptosis and angiogenesis in ectopic and eutopic stromal cells of patients with endometriosis compared to non-endometriotic controls.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a chronic, painful, and inflammatory disease characterized by extra-uterine growth of endometrial tissues. Increased angiogenesis and resistance to apoptosis have been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis and development of endometriosis. The objective of this study was to examine apoptosis potential and angiogenesis contribution of eutopic (EuESCs) and ectopic (EESCs) endometrial stromal cells in patients with endometriosis compared to endometrial stromal cells from non-endometriotic controls (CESCs). METHODS: Stromal cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion of ectopic (n = 11) and eutopic (n = 17) endometrial tissues from laparoscopically-confirmed endometriotic patients. Endometrial stromal cells of 15 non-endometriotic patients served as control. Following cell characterization by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry using a panel of antibodies, the total RNA was isolated from the cultured cells, and analyzed for the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and caspase-3) and angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)] by Real-time PCR. RESULTS: Significantly higher gene expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were found in EESCs compared with EuESCs and CESCs (p < 0.01). The gene expression of Bax in EESCs, EuESCs, and CESCs was not statistically significant. Furthermore, EuESCs exhibited a significantly lower caspase-3 gene expression compared with CESCs (p < 0.01) or EESCs (p < 0.05). Regarding angiogenesis, VEGF-A gene expression in EESCs (p < 0.001) and EuESCs (p < 0.05) were significantly higher compared with those of CESCs. EESCs exhibited a significantly higher HGF gene expression compared with EuESCs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest reduced propensity to apoptosis and increased angiogenesis potential of EESCs, which may be involved in pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Discovery of a potential biomarker for immunotherapy of melanoma: PLAC1 as an emerging target.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma has increased in incidence worldwide prompting investigators to search for new biomarkers for targeted immunotherapy of this disease. Placenta specific 1 (PLAC1) is a new member of cancer-testis antigens with widespread expression in many types of cancer. Here, we aimed to study for the first time the expression pattern of PLAC1 in skin cancer samples including cutaneous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in comparison to normal skin and nevus tissues and potential therapeutic effect of anti-PLAC1 antibody in melanoma cancer cell lines in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were applied for immunohistochemical profiling of PLAC1 expression using tissue microarray. The cytotoxic action of anti-PLAC1 antibody alone or as an antibody drug conjugate (with anti-neoplastic agent SN38) was investigated in melanoma cell lines. RESULTS: We observed that 100% (39 of 39) of melanoma tissues highly expressed PLAC1 with both cytoplasmic and surface expression pattern. Investigation of PLAC1 expression in BCC (n = 110) samples showed negative results. Cancer cells in SCC samples (n = 66) showed very weak staining. Normal skin tissues and nevus samples including congenital melanocytic nevus failed to express PLAC1. Anti-PLAC1-SN38 exerted a specific pattern of cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in melanoma cells expressing surface PLAC1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings re-inforce the concept of re-expression of embryonic/placental tissue antigens in cancer and highlight the possibility of melanoma targeted therapy by employing anti-PLAC1 antibodies. The data presented here should lead to the future research on targeted immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.

PLAC1: biology and potential application in cancer immunotherapy.

The emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized medical oncology with unprecedented advances in cancer treatment over the past two decades. However, a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy is identifying appropriate tumor-specific antigens to make targeted therapy achievable with fewer normal cells being impaired. The similarity between placentation and tumor development and growth has inspired many investigators to discover antigens for effective immunotherapy of cancers. Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) is one of the recently discovered placental antigens with limited normal tissue expression and fundamental roles in placental function and development. There is a growing body of evidence showing that PLAC1 is frequently activated in a wide variety of cancer types and promotes cancer progression. Based on the restricted expression of PLAC1 in testis, placenta and a wide variety of cancers, we have designated this molecule with new terminology, cancer-testis-placenta (CTP) antigen, a feature that PLAC1 shares with many other cancer testis antigens. Recent reports from our lab provide compelling evidence on the preferential expression of PLAC1 in prostate cancer and its potential utility in prostate cancer immunotherapy. PLAC1 may be regarded as a potential CTP antigen for targeted cancer immunotherapy based on the available data on its promoting function in cancer development and also its expression in cancers of different histological origin. In this review, we will summarize current data on PLAC1 with emphasis on its association with cancer development and immunotherapy.

High Dose Pomegranate Extract Suppresses Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase and Induces Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Sepsis.

Introduction: The effect of using high dose pomegranate extract on sepsis and its safety is not clarified. Considering the fact that proper immune and inflammatory responses are needed to cope with infection, the aim of current study was to assess the effect of high dose pomegranate extract consumption on oxidative and inflammatory responses after disease induction in rat model of sepsis. METHODS: Sepsis was induced by Cecal Ligation and Perforation (CLP) surgery. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of eight animals: Sham; CLP and POMx [consumed POMx (250 mg of pomegranate fruit extract/kg/day) for four weeks before CLP]. RESULTS: Peritoneal neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity was significantly lower in POMx compared with Sham and CLP groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Although antioxidant enzymes were higher in POMx group after sepsis induction, lower serum total antioxidant status (TAS) (p < 0.01 compared with both CLP and Sham groups) and higher liver thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were observed in this group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, compared with Sham and CLP groups, respectively). CONCLUSION: High dose POMx consumption prior to sepsis induction, suppressed the vital function of neutrophils in early hours after sepsis initiation, resulting in higher oxidative stress. These findings indicate that caution should be made in using high dose pomegranate products. The main message of current study is that such useful compounds as antioxidants including pomegranate juice which have beneficial effects on general health status may have detrimental effects if misused or used in high doses.

Generation and characterization of an anti-delta like ligand-4 Nanobody to induce non-productive angiogenesis.

Antibody-based targeting of angiogenesis is a key approach for cancer treatment. Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) plays a pivotal role in tumor neovascular development and angiogenesis during tumor progression. It forecasts the prognosis of human malignancies and blocking its signaling can help to inhibit neovascularization and tumor metastasis. Nanobodies are the smallest antigen-binding domains of heavy chain antibodies in camelidae. The aim of this study was to develop a Nanobody against DLL4 and apply binding and functional approaches to target it. In this work, a Nanobody library against human recombinant DLL4 was developed. After panning, the periplasmic-extract (PE) of individual colonies were screened through ELISA. The interactions between Nanobody and DLL4 were assessed using immunohistochemistry and FACS. The functional assessment was carried out via tube formation assay. We selected a Nanobody (3Nb3) with a high binding signal to DLL4, associated with a binding affinity of 3.6 nM. It was demonstrated that 3Nb3 binds to native DLL4 on the surface of MKN cells and gastric carcinoma tissue, and also inhibits the maturation of capillary-like structures in HUVECs. The results were indicative of the potential of Nanobody for DLL4 identification and can broaden the scope for development of cancer diagnosis and treatment techniques.

Development and characterization of a camelid single-domain antibody directed to human CD22 biomarker.

CD22 is a B-cell-specific trans-membrane glycoprotein, which is found on the surface of the most B cells and modulates their function, survival, and apoptosis. Recently, targeting this cell surface biomarker in B-cell malignancies and disorders has attracted a lot of attention. The variable domain of camelid single-chain antibodies (VHH, nanobody) is a form of antibodies with novel properties including small size (15-17 kDa), thermal and chemical stability, high affinity and homology to human antibody sequences. In this study, a novel anti-CD22-specific VHH (Nb) has been developed and characterized by the screening of an immunized phage display library and its binding to CD22+ B cells is evaluated. Produced anti-CD22 VHH had a single protein band about 17 kDa of molecular size in Western blotting and its binding affinity was approximately 9 × 10-9  M. Also, this product had high specificity and it was able to recognize the natural CD22 antigen in CD22+ cell lysate as well as on the cell surface (93%). This anti-CD22 VHH with both high affinity and specificity recognizes CD22 antigen well and can be used in diagnosis and treatment of B cell disorders and malignancies.

Comparative effectiveness of three-dimensional scaffold, differentiation media and co-culture with native cardiomyocytes to trigger in vitro cardiogenic differentiation of menstrual blood and bone marrow stem cells.

The main purpose of this study was to find effectiveness of 3D silk fibroin scaffold in comparison with co-culturing in presence of native cardiomyocytes on cardiac differentiation propensity of menstural blood(MenSCs)-versus bone marrow-derived stem-cells (BMSCs). We showed that both 3D fibroin scaffold and co-culture system supported efficient cardiomyogenic differentiation of MenSCs and BMSCs, as judged by the expression of cardiac-specific genes and proteins, Connexin-43, Connexin-40, alpha Actinin (ACTN-2), Tropomyosin1 (TPM1) and Cardiac Troponin T (TNNT2). No significant difference (except for higher expression of ACTN-2 in co-cultured MenSCs) was found between differentiation potential of the cells cultured in 3D fibroin scaffold and co-culture system. Collectively, our results imply that inductive signals served by biological factors of native cardiomyocytes to trigger cardiogenic differentiation of stem-cells may be efficiently provided by natural and biocompatible 3D fibroin scaffold suggesting the usefulness of this construct for cardiac tissue engineering.

Differential serostatus of Epstein-Barr virus in Iranian MS patients with various clinical patterns.

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in triggering the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to assess the EBV-specific antibodies in MS patients with various clinical patterns and their association with the production of IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4 cytokines compared with healthy individuals. Methods: We measured EBNA-1 IgG, VCA IgG, and production of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 cytokines in patients with different clinical patterns and healthy controls using ELISA method. Results: There was a higher titer of anti-EBV antibodies in MS patients compared to healthy controls. SPMS patients generated higher EBNA-1 levels than those with RRMS and PPMS patients whereas; the level of VCA IgG was higher in the RRMS patients than PPMS. In PPMS patients, a significant increase was found in IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines compared to other subtypes, whereas IL-4 cytokine had a decreased level compared to RRMS patients. Higher anti-EBV antibodies are associated with increased IL-12 cytokine in RRMS patients. However, no significant correlation was found between these antibodies and other secreted cytokines. Conclusion: EBV infection is one of the strong risk factors for MS. Acting on these factors could be useful to decrease the incidence and disease exacerbation of MS. Study of the antibody levels to EBV virus could be useful for evaluating MS risk score in each clinical subtypes.

Optimized protocol for soluble prokaryotic expression, purification and structural analysis of human placenta specific-1(PLAC1).

Placenta specific -1 (PLAC1) has been recently introduced as a small membrane-associated protein mainly involved in placental development. Expression of PLAC1 transcript has been documented in almost one hundred cancer cell lines standing for fourteen distinct cancer types. The presence of two disulfide bridges makes difficult to produce functional recombinant PLAC1 in soluble form with high yield. This limitation also complicates the structural studies of PLAC1, which is important for prediction of its physiological roles. To address this issue, we employed an expression matrix consisting of two expression vectors, five different E. coli hosts and five solubilization conditions to optimize production of full and truncated forms of human PLAC1. The recombinant proteins were then characterized using an anti-PLAC1-specific antibody in Western blotting (WB) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Structure of full length protein was also investigated using circular dichroism (CD). We demonstrated the combination of Origami™ and pCold expression vector to yield substantial amount of soluble truncated PLAC1 without further need for solubilization step. Full length PLAC1, however, expressed mostly as inclusion bodies with higher yield in Origami™ and Rosetta2. Among solubilization buffers examined, buffer containing Urea 2 M, pH 12 was found to be more effective. Recombinant proteins exhibited excellent reactivity as detected by ELISA and WB. The secondary structure of full length PLAC1 was considered by CD spectroscopy. Taken together, we introduced here a simple, affordable and efficient expression system for soluble PLAC1 production.

Sciatic nerve regeneration by transplantation of menstrual blood-derived stem cells.

This is the first study demonstrating the efficacy of menstrual blood-derived stem cell (MenSC) transplantation via a neural guidance conduit, for peripheral nerve regeneration. The synthesized poly (ɛ-caprolactone)/Gelatin conduit, filled with collagen type I and seeded with 3 × 104 MenSCs, was implanted into a rat's 10 mm sciatic nerve defect. The results of hot plate latency, sciatic functional index and weight-loss percentage of wet gastrocnemius muscle demonstrated that the MenSC transplantation had comparable nerve regeneration outcome to autograft, as the gold standard of nerve bridging. The transplantation of MenSCs via a synthetic conduit could ameliorate the functional recovery of sciatic nerve-injured rats which make them a potential candidate for cell therapy of peripheral nervous system disorders.

Comparative capability of menstrual blood versus bone marrow derived stem cells in neural differentiation.

In order to characterize the potency of menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) for future cell therapy of neurological disorders instead of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) as a well-known and conventional source of adult stem cells, we examined the in vitro differentiation potential of these stem cells into neural-like cells. The differentiation potential of MenSCs to neural cells in comparison with BMSCs was assessed under two step neural differentiation including conversion to neurosphere-like cells and final differentiation. The expression levels of Nestin, Microtubule-associated protein 2, gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 and 2, and Tubulin, beta 3 class III mRNA and/or protein were up-regulated during development of MenSCs into neurosphere-like cells (NSCs) and neural-like cells. The up-regulation level of these markers in differentiated neural-like cells from MenSCs was comparable with differentiated cells from BMSCs. Moreover, both differentiated MenSCs and BMSCs expressed high levels of potassium, calcium and sodium channel genes developing functional channels with electrophysiological recording. For the first time, we demonstrated that MenSCs are a unique cell population with differentiation ability into neural-like cells comparable to BMSCs. In addition, we have introduced an approach to generate NSCs from MenSCs and BMSCs and their further differentiation into neural-like cells in vitro. Our results hold a promise to future stem cell therapy of neurological disorders using NSCs derived from menstrual blood, an accessible source in every woman.