Tertiary lymphoid structures in oral lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia with lichenoid features: A comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) provide sites for antigen presentation and activation of lymphocytes, promoting their infiltration; thus, enhancing specific immune responses. The aim of this comparative cross-sectional study was to reveal the characteristics and influence of TLSs in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) with lichenoid features. METHODS: Clinical information and samples of 51 OLP and 19 OED with lichenoid features were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed, and the structures where CD20+ B cells and CD3+ T cells aggregated with peripheral lymph node addressin positive (PNAd+) vessels were defined as TLSs. The results and clinical information were analysed. RESULT: TLS were found in 44 (86.3%) patients with OLP and 19 (100%) patients with OED. The TLS score was higher in OED group (p = 0.023), accompanied by an increased number of PNAd+ vessels. The TLS was significantly correlated with PNAd+ vessels (p = 0.027), CD20+ B (p < 0.001) and CD208+ dendritic cells (p = 0.001). Foxp3+ Treg cells but not CD8+ T cells infiltrated more severely in OED (p = 0.003) and increased when TLS score was high (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the widespread development of TLSs in the OLP and OED. The presence of TLSs showed a close relationship with dysplasia and may increase malignant potency by over-inducing Treg cells.

Asymmetric (4+n) Cycloadditions of Indolyldimethanols for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Indole-Fused Rings.

Catalytic asymmetric construction of chiral indole-fused rings has become an important issue in the chemical community because of the significance of such scaffolds. In this work, we have accomplished the first catalytic asymmetric (4+2) and (4+3) cycloadditions of 2,3-indolyldimethanols by using indoles and 2-naphthols as suitable reaction partners under the catalysis of chiral phosphoric acids, constructing enantioenriched indole-fused six-membered and seven-membered rings in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In addition, this approach is used to realize the first enantioselective construction of challenging tetrahydroindolocarbazole scaffolds, which are found to show promising anticancer activity. More importantly, theoretical calculations of the reaction pathways and activation mode offer an in-depth understanding of this class of indolylmethanols. This work not only settles the challenges in realizing catalytic asymmetric cycloadditions of indolyldimethanols but also provides a powerful strategy for the construction of enantioenriched indole-fused rings.

Factors associated with information literacy of nursing undergraduates in China.

OBJECTIVE: Information literacy is an important foundation for evidence-based nursing practice. Quantitative studies using validated questionnaires on information literacy of nursing undergraduates in China are rare. The students' baseline information literacy must be evaluated before exploring ways to improve their level of information literacy. This study aimed to investigate the factors potentially involved in the information literacy of nursing undergraduates. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, male and female nursing undergraduates (n = 710) from Inner Mongolia, China were included in the final sample. The Information Literacy Competency Scale of the Applied Undergraduate Student (ILCSAUS) was used for evaluation. Multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between various factors associated with information literacy. RESULTS: The students' information literacy score was 105.00 (94.00-119.00). The highest score in the four dimensions was information awareness dimension, and the average score was 4.00 (3.80-4.40). Multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis showed that received training in medical statistics, received training in literature retrieval and utilization, and birth place were independently associated with information literacy scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that learning about medical statistics, literature retrieval and utilization, and paying attention to students born in countries and towns can help improve information literacy in the nursing undergraduates.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote oral squamous cell carcinoma progression through LOX-mediated matrix stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant cells in the tumor microenvironment, have prominent roles in the development of solid tumors as stromal targets. However, the underlying mechanism of CAFs' function in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression in CAFs in tumor stromal remodeling and the mechanism of its effect on OSCC progression. METHODS: Multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed to detect the correlation of CAFs and LOX in the stroma of OSCC specimens, as well as the correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The expression of LOX in CAFs were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. The effects of LOX in CAFs on the biological characteristics of OSCC cell line were investigated using CCK-8, wound-healing and transwell assay. CAFs were co-cultured with type I collagen in vitro, and collagen contraction test, microstructure observation and rheometer were used to detect the effect of CAFs on remodeling collagen matrix. Then, collagen with different stiffness were established to investigate the effect of matrix stiffness on the progression of OSCC. Moreover, we used focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation inhibitors to explored whether the increase in matrix stiffness promote the progression of OSCC through activating FAK phosphorylation pathway. RESULTS: LOX was colocalized with CAFs in the stroma of OSCC tissues, and its expression was significantly related to the degree of malignant differentiation and poor prognosis in OSCC. LOX was highly expressed in CAFs, and its knockdown impaired the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT process of OSCC cells. The expression of LOX in CAFs can catalyze collagen crosslinking and increase matrix stiffness. Furthermore, CAFs-derived LOX-mediated increase in collagen stiffness induced morphological changes and promoted invasion and EMT process in OSCC cells by activating FAK phosphorylation pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that CAFs highly express LOX in the stroma of OSCC and can remodel the matrix collagen microenvironment, and the increase in matrix stiffness mediated by CAFs-derived LOX promotes OSCC development through FAK phosphorylation pathway. Thus, LOX may be a potential target for the early diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of OSCC.

Effects of Peripheral Blood Different Pretreatment Methods and Preservation Time on RNA Quality.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of different pretreatment methods and preservation time on RNA quality of peripheral blood samples, and to optimize the preservation method of peripheral blood samples. METHODS: Eight pretreatment methods were used to preprocess the peripheral blood from 3 healthy unrelated individuals and the treated samples were stored at -80 ℃. Total RNA of samples was extracted using Quick-RNATM Miniprep Plus kit. DNA/RNA ShieldTM was added to peripheral blood and total RNA was extracted after preservation at -80 ℃ for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 days, respectively. The concentration, purity and integrity of RNA were determined. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 22.0 software to compare the differences in RNA yield, purity and integrity among the eight pretreatment methods. RESULTS: In terms of purity, leukocyte pretreated with RNAlaterTM and directly cryopreservation peripheral blood showed the worst purity. The other six methods showed better purity. In terms of yield, blood cells with DNA/RNA ShieldTM came out with the highest yield, followed by peripheral blood with DNA/RNA ShieldTM. In terms of integrity, peripheral blood preserved in PAXgene Blood RNA tube method had the best integrity. Except for peripheral blood pretreated with DNA/RNA ShieldTM and blood cells pretreated with DNA/RNA shieldTM, the other five methods had statistical differences when compared to the method by keeping peripheral blood in PAXgene Blood RNA tube. The purity of RNA stored at six-time gradients ranged from 1.815 to 1.952. With the increase of storage time, RNA yield decreased from 4.516 ng to 1.039 ng, and RNA integrity decreased from 8.533 to 7.150. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of total RNA's yield, purity and integrity, peripheral blood pretreated with DNA/RNA ShieldTM was the best pretreatment method. After the pretreatment, samples can be preserved for up to 60 days in low temperature.

Effects of tea consumption and the interactions with lipids on breast cancer survival.

PURPOSE: The effect of tea consumption on breast cancer survival remained to be explored. Meanwhile, green tea favorably facilitates lipid metabolisms in breast cancer survivors. This study aimed to examine the effect of tea consumption and the interactions with lipids on breast cancer survival. METHODS: A total of 1551 breast cancer patients were recruited between April 2008 and March 2012 and followed up until 31 December 2017 in Guangzhou. The endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional to estimate the associations. RESULTS: PFS was better among women who regularly drank all teas (mainly green tea) except oolong after cancer diagnosis compared with non-tea drinkers (HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.29 ~ 0.91). This association was more evident among women with normal (HR 0.38; 95% CI 0.18 ~ 0.82) than higher (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.13 ~ 11.82) total cholesterol, though the interaction was not significant. Moreover, the more they drank (≥ 7 times/week), the better prognosis was (HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 ~ 0.84). In contrast, oolong tea was observed to have a potential impaired effect on PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that regularly drinking all teas (mainly green tea) except oolong after diagnosis was beneficial to breast cancer survival, particularly for women with normal lipids, while oolong tea may have an impaired effect.

Risk factors and negative consequences of patient's delay for penile carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Delayed first medical consultation (patient's delay) is quite common in cases of penile carcinoma (PC), but its reasons and impacts remain unclear. We conducted this study to ascertain risk factors resulting in delayed treatment seeking and evaluate its influence on prognosis. METHODS: From 2004 to 2010 at 4 centers, 254 patients were enrolled into this study from 262 consecutive PC cases. Patients' sexual performance was investigated using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-15 at the sixth-month end after treatment. Data for prognostic analyses was obtained via a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: A multivariate model ascertained 4 risk factors (single, living in rural areas, heavy drinking alcohol, and aspecific initial symptoms) and 1 protective factor (history of condyloma) significantly associated with patient's delay. Delay >3 months led to significant risks for adverse clinical characteristics, low penis-sparing rate, and poor sexual function restoration. Although patient's delay was not found to impact on postoperative relapses and 5-year overall survival (OS), patients with delay >6 months had significantly inferior 2-year OS. CONCLUSIONS: Single, living in rural areas, heavy drinking alcohol, and aspecific initial symptoms are significant risk factors of PC associated with patient's delay. Delay >3 months will lead to significantly inferior clinical consequences. Minimizing patient's delay is the key to avoid amputation and retain superior sexual potency. Improving patient education on initial symptoms of PC is necessary in men of >40 years old.

[Association of the deleted DAZ gene copy related to gr/gr and b2/b3 deletions with spermatogenic impairment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of the deleted azoospermia (DAZ) gene copy related to gr/gr and b2/b3 deletions in the AZFc region with male spermatogenic impairment. METHODS: This study included 121 infertile men with different de- grees of spermatogenic impairment and 95 healthy donors from the sperm bank. Using PCR, PCR-RFLP, and Y chromosome specific sequence tagged sites (STS) , we analyzed the association of DAZ gene copy deletions related to gr/gr and b2/b3 deletions in the AZFc region with spermatogenic impairment. RESULTS: There were 15 cases of gr/gr deletion (12. 40% ) and 6 cases of b2/b3 deletion (4.96%) in the infertility group as compared with 13 cases of gr/gr deletion (13.68%) and 1 case of b2/b3 deletion (1.05%) in the control. Analysis of the DAZ-specific single nucleotide variant (SNV) loci revealed 11 gr/gr-DAZI/DAZ2 deletions (9.09%), 4 gr/gr-DAZ3/DAZ4 deletions (3.31%), and 6 b2/b3-DAZ1/DAZ2 deletions (4.96%) in the infertile men in comparison with 3 gr/ gr-DAZ1/DAZ2 deletions (3.16%), 10 gr/gr-DAZ3/DAZ4 deletions (10.53%), and 1 b2/b3- DAZ3/DAZ4 deletion (1.05%) in the control. CONCLUSION: Partial deletions of gr/gr and b2/b3 exist in both healthy men and male patients with different degrees of spermatogenic impairment and cannot be considered as a risk factor for spermatogenesis impairment. However, deletions of different DAZ duplicons in gr/gr and b2/b3 deletions have different effects on spermatogenesis. DAZ1/DAZ2 instead of DAZ3/DAZ4 deletions might be associated with spermatogenesis impairment.

[Prognostic factors of penis-sparing surgery for early-stage penile cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing the prognosis of penis-sparing surgery (PSS) for early-stage penile cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the clinical data about 45 cases of early-stage penile cancer treated by PSS from January 2007 to December 2014. We calculated the rate of local recurrence-free survival by the Kaplan-Meier method, and conducted univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses on the relevant factors including the patient's age, marital status, tumor location, tumor size, postoperative sexual life, histological grade, and TNM stage. RESULTS: One-year and three-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 95.5% and 52.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the histological grade (P = 0.039) and postoperative sexual life (P = 0.049) were independent factors for the prognosis of PSS. Logistic regression showed the patients age to be significantly associated with histological grade (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Histological grade and postoperative sexual life are important independent prognostic factors of PSS for early-stage penile cancer, and the patients age is associated with the prognosis of PSS through its influence on the tumor grade.

[Corporoplasty using autologous tunica vaginalis graft for Peyronie's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of corporoplasty with autologous tunica vaginalis graft in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. METHODS: Ten patients with Peyronie's disease underwent plaque excision and corporoplasty with autologous tunica vaginalis graft. We obtained and compared IIEF-5 scores of the patients before and at 1 and 5 years after operation. RESULTS: After surgery, penile curvature was obviously relieved and all the patients achieved normal penile erection and satisfactory sexual intercourse without erection-related pain or recurrent erectile dysfunction. The mean IIEF-5 score was significantly improved at 1 year (22.40±1.08) and 5 years postoperatively (23.00±1.14) as compared with the baseline, (19.20±2.28) (P<0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Corporoplasty with autologous tunica vaginalis graft is a safe, simple and effective option for the treatment of Peyronie's disease, though its definite efficiency is to be further supported by large-sample clinical studies.

[Aberrant expression of long noncoding RNA in prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant tumors as well as a frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. The test of serum markers has dramatically improved the early diagnosis of PCa, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet completely identified. Long noncoding RNA (IncRNA) is emerging as a new player in the PCa paradigm demonstrating its potential roles in both oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways. LncRNA is frequently aberrantly expressed in the majority of PCa cases. This review highlights recent findings of the aberrant expression of lncRNA in PCa and discusses its novel roles in the diagnosis, prediction, prognosis, metastasis, and potential clinical treatment of PCa.

[Expression ratio of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA to p75NTR correlates with the clinical stage and pathological grade of prostate cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions and action mechanisms of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors TrkA and p75NTR in the oncogenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, we detected the expressions of TrkA and p75NTR in 62 PCa and 35 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) samples, and conducted statistical analysis on the basis of clinical data. RESULTS: Independent-samples t-test showed that, along with poorer tissue differentiation or higher clinical stage of PCa, the expression of TrkA was significantly up-regulated, that of p75NTR remarkably down-regulated, and the expression ratio of TrkA to p75NTR markedly increased. The TrkA/p75NTR ratio was 0.32 in the BPH, 0.52 in the PCa tissue with Gleason score of 6, 1.65 in the PCa tissue with Gleason score of 7, 5.75 in the PCa tissue with Gleason score ≥ 8, 0.89 in the clinical stage of pT2, 1.5 in pT3 a, 3.75 in pT3b, and 7.00 in pTxN1. CONCLUSION: The abnormally increased expression ratio of TrkA to p75NTR might be one of the essential features of malignant transformation of prostate cells. A higher TrkA/p75NTR expression ratio may be associated with a lower tissue differentiation, a higher clinical stage or Gleason score, and therefore a poorer prognosis.

Glans preservation contributes to postoperative restoration of male sexual function: a multicenter clinical study of glans preserving surgery.

PURPOSE: We evaluated whether glans preserving surgery would be more helpful for patients to regain satisfactory sexual competency postoperatively than conventional partial amputation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2004 to 2012 at 4 centers a total of 135 men treated with glans preserving surgery and 36 treated with partial amputation were selected for evaluation from a total of 273 consecutive patients with penile cancer. Subjective evaluation for patient sexual performance was investigated using the IIEF-15. Objective evaluation was done using the audiovisual sexual stimulation test with the RigiScan® Plus. The degree of satisfaction with penile appearance, and patient confidence and partner acceptability for intercourse were evaluated by 5-point scales. RESULTS: Patients treated with glans preserving surgery had better performance in 4 IIEF-15 domains (erectile function, orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction and overall satisfaction) and 1 RigiScan parameter (tip rigidity) (each p <0.01). They also had significantly higher appearance satisfaction (64.4% vs 13.9%) and intercourse confidence (55.6% vs 5.6%) than men who underwent partial amputation. Sexual partners in the glans preserving group also showed significantly higher appearance satisfaction (51.1% vs 5.6%) and intercourse acceptability (37.8% vs 16.7%) than in the partial amputation group. CONCLUSIONS: Glans preserving surgery effectively preserves the functional anatomy and cosmetic appearance of the glans penis. Glans preservation contributes to minimizing postoperative erectile dysfunction and negative psychological impediments, and promotes return to satisfactory sexual performance. Patients treated with glans preservation have more advantages in obtaining sexual acceptance from their partners than those who undergo amputation.

Prognostic role of microRNA-145 in various human malignant neoplasms: a meta-analysis of 18 related studies.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that microRNA-145 (miR-145) might be an attractive tumor biomarker of considerable prognostic value. To clarify the preliminary predictive value of miR-145 for prognosis in various malignant neoplasms, we conducted a meta-analysis of 18 relevant studies. METHODS: Eligible studies were identified by searching the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to March 2014. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for patient survival and disease progress were calculated to investigate the association with miR-145 expression. RESULTS: In total, 18 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. Our results showed that upregulated miR-145 significantly predicted a favorable overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.72), but failed to show a significant relation with disease prognosis. In stratified analyses, high miR-145 expression predicted favorable OS in both Whites and Asians but the intensity of the association in Whites (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.95) was not as strong as in Asians (HR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). High miR-145 expression also predicted better progression-free survival (PFS) in Asians (HR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.89), but not in Whites. In addition, a significantly favorable OS associated with upregulated miR-145 expression was observed in both squamous cell (SCC) (HR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.93) and glioblastoma (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that high miR-145 expression is better at predicting patient survival rather than disease progression for malignant tumors, especially for SCC and glioblastoma in Asians. Considering the insufficient evidence, further investigations and more studies are needed.

The efficacy of molecular subtyping in predicting postoperative recurrence in breast-conserving therapy: a 15-study meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent research displays that breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease and distinct molecular subtypes yield different prognostic outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the role of molecular subtypes in recurrence risk after breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Eligible studies of single- (ER, PR, Her-2, and p53) and triple-molecular (Luminal A, Luminal B, Her-2, triple-negative) subtypes were identified through multiple search strategies. Pooled hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess this research topic. RESULTS: Fifteen studies involving 21,645 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Her-2 positive patients had a significantly higher recurrence risk in both overall merge (HR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.41-2.75) and subtotal merge of local recurrence (LR) (HR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.34-2.78). Significantly higher risk of recurrence was also observed in p53 positive patients by overall merge (HR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.49 -2.12) and subtotal merge of LR (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.44-2.07). When setting Luminal A as a baseline, Luminal B, Her-2, and triple-negative all showed significantly increased risk for both LR and distant recurrence (DR). Comparing triple-negative and non-triple-negative subtypes showed the biggest risk for overall recurrence (HR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.91-5.31) and LR (HR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.69-6.45). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis showed significant differences in recurrence risk among various molecular subtypes after BCT. Although Her-2 and p53 positive subtypes can be considered independent prognostic biomarkers for indicating high LR risk, triple-molecular biomarkers showed higher clinical value. Triple-negative subtype showed the highest recurrence risk among all subtypes, and adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered for it.

Association of Longitudinal Mobility Levels in the Hospital and Injurious Inpatient Falls.

ABSTRACT: Falls are one of the most common adverse events in hospitals, and patient mobility is a key risk factor. In hospitals, risk assessment tools are used to identify patient-centered fall risk factors and guide care plans, but these tools have limitations. To address these issues, we examined daily patient mobility levels before injurious falls using the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility, which quantifies key patient mobility milestones from low-level to community distances of walking. We aimed to identify longitudinal characteristics of patient mobility before a fall to help identify fallers before the event. Conducting a retrospective matched case-control analysis, we compared mobility levels in the days leading up to an injurious fall between fallers and nonfallers. We observed that patients who experienced an injurious fall, on average, spent 28% of their time prefall at a low mobility level (Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility levels 1-4), compared with nonfallers who spent 19% of their time at a low mobility level (mean absolute difference, 9%; 95% confidence interval, 1%-16%; P = 0.026; relative difference, 44%). This suggests that assessing a patient's mobility levels over time can help identify those at an increased risk for falls and enable hospitals to manage mobility problems more effectively.

Thymol Induces Fenton-Reaction-Dependent Ferroptosis in Vibrio parahemolyticus.

Thymol has efficient bactericidal activity against a variety of pathogenic bacteria, but the bactericidal mechanism against Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) has rarely been reported. In the current study, we investigated the bactericidal mechanism of thymol against V. parahemolyticus. The Results revealed that 150 µg/mL of thymol had 99.9% bactericidal activity on V. parahemolyticus. Intracellular bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA breakage were checked by cell staining. The exogenous addition of H2O2 and catalase promoted and alleviated thymol-induced cell death to a certain extent, respectively, and the addition of the ferroptosis inhibitor Liproxstatin-1 also alleviated thymol-induced cell death, confirming that thymol induced Fenton-reaction-dependent ferroptosis in V. parahemolyticus. Proteomic analysis revealed that relevant proteins involved in ROS production, lipid peroxidation accumulation, and DNA repair were significantly upregulated after thymol treatment. Molecular docking revealed two potential binding sites (amino acids 46H and 42F) between thymol and ferritin, and thymol could promote the release of Fe2+ from ferritin proteins through in vitro interactions analyzed. Therefore, we hypothesized that ferritin as a potential target may mediate thymol-induced ferroptosis in V. parahemolyticus. This study provides new ideas for the development of natural inhibitors for controlling V. parahemolyticus in aquatic products.

Plasmon-enhanced second harmonic generation of metal nanostructures.

As the most common nonlinear optical process, second harmonic generation (SHG) has important application value in the field of nanophotonics. With the rapid development of metal nanomaterial processing and chemical preparation technology, various structures based on metal nanoparticles have been used to achieve the enhancement and modulation of SHG. In the field of nonlinear optics, plasmonic metal nanostructures have become potential candidates for nonlinear optoelectronic devices because of their highly adjustable physical characteristics. In this article, first, the basic optical principles of SHG and the source of surface symmetry breaking in metal nanoparticles are briefly introduced. Next, the related reports on SHG in metal nanostructures are reviewed from three aspects: the enhancement of SHG efficiency by double resonance structures, the SHG effect based on magnetic resonance and the harmonic energy transfer. Then, the applications of SHG in the sensing, imaging and in situ monitoring of metal nanostructures are summarized. Future opportunities for SHG in composite systems composed of metal nanostructures and two-dimensional materials are also proposed.

Nano-Enhanced Phase Reinforced Magnesium Matrix Composites: A Review of the Matrix, Reinforcement, Interface Design, Properties and Potential Applications.

Magnesium matrix composites are essential lightweight metal matrix composites, following aluminum matrix composites, with outstanding application prospects in automotive, aerospace lightweight and biomedical materials because of their high specific strength, low density and specific stiffness, good casting performance and rich resources. However, the inherent low plasticity and poor fatigue resistance of magnesium hamper its further application to a certain extent. Many researchers have tried many strengthening methods to improve the properties of magnesium alloys, while the relationship between wear resistance and plasticity still needs to be further improved. The nanoparticles added exhibit a good strengthening effect, especially the ceramic nanoparticles. Nanoparticle-reinforced magnesium matrix composites not only exhibit a high impact toughness, but also maintain the high strength and wear resistance of ceramic materials, effectively balancing the restriction between the strength and toughness. Therefore, this work aims to provide a review of the state of the art of research on the matrix, reinforcement, design, properties and potential applications of nano-reinforced phase-reinforced magnesium matrix composites (especially ceramic nanoparticle-reinforced ones). The conventional and potential matrices for the fabrication of magnesium matrix composites are introduced. The classification and influence of ceramic reinforcements are assessed, and the factors influencing interface bonding strength between reinforcements and matrix, regulation and design, performance and application are analyzed. Finally, the scope of future research in this field is discussed.

Coordinated Immune Cell Networks in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Define the Graft versus Leukemia Response with Adoptive Cellular Therapy.

Understanding how intra-tumoral immune populations coordinate to generate anti-tumor responses following therapy can guide precise treatment prioritization. We performed systematic dissection of an established adoptive cellular therapy, donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), by analyzing 348,905 single-cell transcriptomes from 74 longitudinal bone-marrow samples of 25 patients with relapsed myeloid leukemia; a subset was evaluated by protein-based spatial analysis. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) responders, diverse immune cell types within the bone-marrow microenvironment (BME) were predicted to interact with a clonally expanded population of ZNF683 + GZMB + CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which demonstrated in vitro specificity for autologous leukemia. This population, originating predominantly from the DLI product, expanded concurrently with NK and B cells. AML nonresponder BME revealed a paucity of crosstalk and elevated TIGIT expression in CD8+ CTLs. Our study highlights recipient BME differences as a key determinant of effective anti-leukemia response and opens new opportunities to modulate cell-based leukemia-directed therapy.