RESUMEN
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the major subtypes of esophageal cancer. More than half of the patients with ESCC in the world are in China, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. As a new oral proteasome inhibitor, ixazomib has shown strong therapeutic effect in many solid tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ixazomib on the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of ESCC cells. We used four human ESCC cell lines, cell viability assay, cell cycle and apoptosis assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ESCC xenografts model to clarify the roles of the therapeutic effect and mechanism of ixazomib in ESCC. Ixazomib significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC cells. RT-PCR results showed that the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (NOXA) and MYC proto-oncogene (c-Myc) significantly increase after treatment with ixazomib in ESCC cells. When we knocked down the NOXA and c-Myc by small interfering RNA, the therapeutic effect of ixazomib markedly decreased, which confirmed that c-Myc/NOXA pathway played a key role in the treatment of ESCC with ixazomib. In vivo, the xenograft ESCC model mice were given 10 mg/kg of ixazomib every other day for 30 days. The results showed that the tumor size in the treatment group was significantly smaller than the control group. These results suggested that ixazomib is known to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in ESCC cell lines, and this effect was likely mediated by increased activation of the c-Myc/NOXA signaling pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the common worldwide malignant tumor, but conventional chemotherapeutics suffer from a number of limitations. In this study, the results suggested that ixazomib suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in ESCC cell lines. Therefore, ixazomib may be a potential new strategy for ESCC therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Boro/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Animales , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Boro/farmacología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Esofágicas/metabolismo , Glicina/farmacología , Glicina/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismoRESUMEN
Flavonoids are the important secondary metabolites. They are thought to play an important role in plant adaptation to terrestrial environment. However, the downstream branching pathway of flavonoids in bryophytes, which are the most ancient of terrestrial plants, remains unclear. Here, we cloned a flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene (PnF3'H) from the Antarctic moss Pohlia nutans and studied its function in plant stress tolerance. The Arabidopsis with overexpressing PnF3'H (AtOE) were constructed. The AtOE plants had more lateral roots and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes than the wild-type plants under oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (i.e., AtCAT3, AtFeSOD1, and AtCu-ZnSOD3) were upregulated in the AtOE plants, and the transcription levels of ROS producing enzyme genes were significantly downregulated. The AtOE plans showed increased sensitivity to NaCl stress or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment during seed germination and early root development. Furthermore, several stress-resistant genes in the ABA signaling pathway were also downregulated in the AtOE plants when compared with the wild-type plants. These results suggested that PnF3'H participates in regulating the oxidative tolerance and ABA sensitivity to enable P. nutans to adapt to polar environments.
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Arabidopsis , Briófitas , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Briófitas/genética , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450 , Flavonoides/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Estrés Oxidativo/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Estrés Salino , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is a biosynthetic precursor of jasmonic acid and triggers multiple biological processes from plant development to stress responses. However, the OPDA signaling and relevant regulatory networks were largely unknown in basal land plants. Using an integrated multi-omics technique, we investigated the global features in metabolites and transcriptional profiles of an Antarctic moss (Pohlia nutans) in response to OPDA treatment. We detected 676 metabolites based on the widely targeted metabolomics approach. A total of 82 significantly changed metabolites were observed, including fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids and derivatives, and alkaloids. In addition, the transcriptome sequencing was conducted to uncover the global transcriptional profiles. The representative differentially expressed genes were summarized into functions including Ca2+ signaling, abscisic acid signaling, jasmonate signaling, lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis, transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes, and detoxification proteins. The integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that the pathways of jasmonate and ABA signaling, lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis might dominate the molecular responses to OPDA. Taken together, these observations provide insights into the molecular evolution of jasmonate signaling and the adaptation mechanisms of Antarctic moss to terrestrial habitats.
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Briófitas , Bryopsida , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Bryopsida/genética , Briófitas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
The etiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains unknown, and there is no complete curative drug. In this study, we treated a mouse model of the submandibular gland (SG) protein-immunized experimental Sjögren's syndrome (ESS) with paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (termed CP-25) to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of CP-25. Through in vivo experiments, we found that CP-25 increased saliva flow, alleviated the salivary gland indexes, and improved tissue integrity in the ESS model. The viability of splenocytes and B-lymphocyte migration from spleen were reduced in ESS mice. Furthermore, CP-25 decreased the expression of IgG antibodies, anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies and modulated the levels of cytokines in the serum of SS mice. The numbers of total B lymphocytes, plasma cells (PCs), and memory B cells diminished in the salivary gland. Increased expression of the JAK1-STAT1-CXCL13 axis and IFNα was found in human tissue isolated from pSS patients. In vitro, after stimulation with IFNα, the levels of CXCL13 mRNA and CXCL13 in human salivary gland epithelial cells (HSGEC) increased, while CP-25 counteracted the secretion of CXCL13 and downregulated the expression of CXCL13. IFN-α activated the JAK1-STAT1/2-CXCL13 signaling pathway in HSGEC, which was negatively regulated by additional CP-25. As a consequence, B-cell migration was downregulated in coculture with IFN-α-stimulated HSGEC. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of CP-25 were associated with the inhibition of the JAK1-STAT1/2-CXCL13 signaling pathway in HSGEC, which impedes the migration of B cells into the salivary gland. We identified the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of CP-25 and provided an experimental foundation for CP-25 as a potential drug in the treatment of the human autoimmune disorder pSS.
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Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Glucósidos/farmacología , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Síndrome de Sjögren/metabolismo , Animales , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CXCL13/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Janus Quinasa 1/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/citología , Glándula Submandibular/metabolismo , Glándula Submandibular/patologíaRESUMEN
Our previous reports showed that the structural features and immunologic enhancement of polysaccharide (EPS1-1) from Rhizopus nigricans. However, the molecular mechanism in cellular immunomodulatory of EPS1-1 remains unclear. Here the experiments for the molecular mechanisms of EPS1-1 on the peritoneal macrophages were performed. The results demonstrated that the expression of TLR4 was significantly improved by EPS1-1. Subsequently, the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK and IKKα/ß were promoted. Moreover, EPS1-1 enhanced the expressions of IL-2, TNF-α and iNOS in EPS1-1-induced macrophages which were pretreated with MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors, and reduced the blocking effects of the inhibitors to the expressions of p-p38MAPK, p-ERK1/2 and p-IKKα/ß. Therefore, these results illustrated that EPS1-1 could improve the immune functions of peritoneal macrophages by promoting the gene expressions of IL-2, TNF-α and iNOS via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Fermentación , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Rhizopus/química , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Rhizopus/inmunología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
During spermatogenesis, a group of undifferentiated spermatogonia undergoes an essential transition to a differentiating stage, which involves gain of Kit receptor. In the current study, we showed that a small non-coding RNA, miRNA-26b could induce transition from Kit- to Kit+ and inhibit proliferation of spermatogonia. A key transcriptional factor for undifferentiated spermatogonia, Plzf, was proven as a direct target of miR-26b. When undifferentiated spermatogonia were treated with Retinoic acid (RA), miR-26b was increased, further promoting RA-induced differentiation of spermatogonia. In addition, miR-26b could repress 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) via repression of Tet3 in spermatogonia. These findings demonstrate that miR-26b might play a role in promoting the transition from Kit- to Kit+ SSCs.
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MicroARNs/fisiología , Espermatogénesis , Espermatogonias/metabolismo , 5-Metilcitosina/análogos & derivados , 5-Metilcitosina/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Dioxigenasas , Masculino , Ratones , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Proteína de la Leucemia Promielocítica con Dedos de Zinc/genética , Proteína de la Leucemia Promielocítica con Dedos de Zinc/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-kit/análisis , Espermatogonias/citología , Espermatogonias/efectos de los fármacos , Tretinoina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist losartan has been confirmed to have a moderate anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo. However, how it affects immune cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is still unknown. We found that in human synovial tissues, AT1R is significantly expressed on T cells and B cells. Treatment with losartan (15 mg/kg) alone and in combination with a low dose of methotrexate (MTX 0.25 mg/kg/3 days) significantly suppressed the progression of CIA. Secondary paw swelling, joint destruction and the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the serum were alleviated after treatment. The therapeutic effects of losartan were based on reduced T-cell and B-cell activation, specifically by decreased cell vitality and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, losartan combined with a low dose of MTX achieved a similar therapeutic effect, while protecting liver and kidney from MTX damage. Mechanistically, losartan inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, reduces the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and p65, p50 nuclear transposition in T cells and B cells. Phosphorylation of JNK is not affected by losartan in the CIA rat model. losartan can be used as an effective RA treatment, which exhibits anti-arthritic effects potentially through down-regulating the phosphorylation of p38, ERK and signaling through NF-κB. While achieving similar anti-rheumatic effects, a combination therapy of losartan with a low dose of MTX, can protect from liver and renal damage caused by giving a high dose of MTX.
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Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Losartán/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Artritis Experimental/metabolismo , Artritis Reumatoide/inducido químicamente , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Colágeno/farmacología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Metotrexato/farmacología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level via direct binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. Emerging evidence shows that miRNAs play crucial roles in controlling and modulating immune system-related diseases. This review focuses on the role played by miRNAs in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which is a key cellular component within synovia, during the establishment and maintenance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. It also provides an overview and classification of known functional miRNAs in RA FLS and summarizes the potential uses of these small molecules in RA diagnosis and treatment.
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Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Animales , Epigénesis Genética/genética , Fibroblastos/citología , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Sinoviocitos/citología , Sinoviocitos/metabolismoRESUMEN
In this study, the effect of antitumor and immune activities of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb were investigated using S180 bearing mice. The results revealed that EPS in the concentration range 50-1000 µg/mL can inhibited S180 cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. EPS at the highest dose of 1000 µg/mL showed significantly antitumor activity against S180 with inhibition rate of 47.53%. However, EPS significantly simulated spleen lymphocytes in the concentration of 500 µg/mL, and the increase proliferation ability showed a dose-dependent effect with EPS at the dose of 50-500 µg/mL. In comparison with the control groups, the weights of tumor were declined and the inhibition rates of tumor were remarkably decreased in the treated groups. Pretreatment with EPS at the dose of 75 mg/kg/day, the inhibition rate was decreased by 44.38% (P<0.05). EPS increased the concentrations of IL-2 and TNF-a. The pathological changes of model control group were very obvious. Meanwhile, the prophylactic administration of EPS could more efficiently inhibit the growth of S180 tumor than direct administration of EPS. EPS could prolong the survival period of S180 tumor bearing mice, and the doses 75 mg/kg/day of EPS and combined with cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg/day) were 43.36% and 36.28% respectively compared to control groups (P<0.05). The results suggested EPS confirmed in vivo anti-tumor effects observed in vitro, and the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of EPS may be at least in part mediated by increased immune activity in host.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Rhizopus/química , Sarcoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/síntesis química , Polisacáridos/química , Sarcoma/inmunología , Sarcoma/patología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
In the current study, we utilized molecular modeling and simulation approaches to define putative potential molecular targets for Burdock Inulin, including inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1ß. Molecular docking results revealed potential interactions and good binding affinity for these targets; however, IL-1ß, COX-2, and iNOS were identified as the best targets for Inulin. Molecular simulation-based stability assessment demonstrated that inulin could primarily target iNOS and may also supplementarily target COX-2 and IL-1ß during DSS-induced colitis to reduce the role of these inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, residual flexibility, hydrogen bonding, and structural packing were reported with uniform trajectories, showing no significant perturbation throughout the simulation. The protein motions within the simulation trajectories were clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). The IL-1ß-Inulin complex, approximately 70% of the total motion was attributed to the first three eigenvectors, while the remaining motion was contributed by the remaining eigenvectors. In contrast, for the COX2-Inulin complex, 75% of the total motion was attributed to the eigenvectors. Furthermore, in the iNOS-Inulin complex, the first three eigenvectors contributed to 60% of the total motion. Furthermore, the iNOS-Inulin complex contributed 60% to the total motion through the first three eigenvectors. To explore thermodynamically favorable changes upon mutation, motion mode analysis was carried out. The Free Energy Landscape (FEL) results demonstrated that the IL-1ß-Inulin achieved a single conformation with the lowest energy, while COX2-Inulin and iNOS-Inulin exhibited two lowest-energy conformations each. IL-1ß-Inulin and COX2-Inulin displayed total binding free energies of - 27.76 kcal/mol and - 37.78 kcal/mol, respectively, while iNOS-Inulin demonstrated the best binding free energy results at - 45.89 kcal/mol. This indicates a stronger pharmacological potential of iNOS than the other two complexes. Thus, further experiments are needed to use inulin to target iNOS and reduce DSS-induced colitis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Interleucina-1beta , Inulina , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Inulina/química , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/química , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/química , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Animales , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/metabolismo , Colitis/prevención & control , Unión Proteica , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Genome-wide characterization of the Pohlia nutans transcriptome is essential for clarifying the role of stress-relevant genes in Antarctic moss adapting to the extreme polar environment. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analyze the gene expression profile of P. nutans after cold treatment. A total of 93,488 unigenes, with an average length of 405 bp, were obtained. Gene annotation showed that 16,781 unigenes had significant similarity to known functional protein-coding genes, most of which were annotated using the GO, KOG and KEGG pathway databases. Global profiling of the differentially expressed genes revealed that 3,796 unigenes were significantly upregulated after cold treatment, while 1,405 unigenes were significantly downregulated. In addition, 816 receptor-like kinases and 1,309 transcription factors were identified from P. nutans. This overall survey of transcripts and stress-relevant genes can contribute to understanding the stress-resistance mechanism of Antarctic moss and will accelerate the practical exploitation of the genetic resources for this organism.
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Bryopsida/genética , Genes de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Transcriptoma , Bryopsida/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Anotación de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
RBAPS is an acidic polysaccharide extracted from the burdock residue fermentation by Rhizopus nigricans. In RBAPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, transcriptome analysis identified a total of 1520 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1223 down-regulated genes and 297 up-regulated genes. DEGs were enriched in the immune-related biological processes, involving in Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, according to Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The results of the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observation, antibody neutralization and Western blot verified that RBAPS modulated macrophages activation and cytokines secretion mainly via TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The immunomodulatory activity in vivo of RBAPS was investigated in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mice. RBAPS promoted the counts of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and platelets (PLT) as well as the levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines (IgG, IgM, TNF-α, and IL-2) in immunosuppressive mice. RBAPS protected the spleen and thymus from CTX-induced injury by increasing the organ indexes, attenuating pathological damage, and promoting splenic lymphocytes proliferation. Importantly, RBAPS ameliorated the intestine integrity and function by promoting the expression of Occuldin, Claudin-5, Atg5, and Atg7, activating TLR4/MAPK signaling pathway in CTX-induced mice. This study suggested that RBAPS was a prime candidate of immunologic adjuvant in chemotherapy for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application.
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Arctium , Factores Inmunológicos , Animales , Ratones , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/efectos adversos , Inmunoglobulinas , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The relationship between the number of segments with motion abnormalities (SMA) on the bull's-eye plots of speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) and myocardial infarct size (MIS) on late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac MRI (LGE-cMRI) has not been well characterized. This study aimed to determine MIS using the number of SMA in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Left ventricular two-dimensional STE and LGE-cMRI were performed in 380 patients with ST-segment elevation MI within 48â h and 5-6â days after primary percutaneous intervention, respectively. RESULTS: Patients with impaired global and regional myocardial strain, work and greater number of SMA had significantly larger infarcts ( P â <â 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis that included myocardial strain, work, and number of SMA showed that total number of SMA [odds ratio (OR)â =â 1.976; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.539-2.538, P â <â 0.0001], the number of segments with paradoxalic systolic movements (SPSM, ORâ =â 3.703; 95% CI: 2.112-6.493, P â <â 0.0001) were independent risk factors of large MIS (>19%). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.904 (0.866~0.942) for total number of SMA was superior to that for global longitudinal strain (GLS, AUCâ =â 0.813, 0.761~0.865), global work efficiency (GWE, AUCâ =â 0.794, 0.730~0.857) and number of SPSM (AUCâ =â 0.851, 0.804-0.899) to predict a large MIS ( P â <â 0.05). The optimal cutoff value of total number of SMA was 7, with a sensitivity of 85.31%, a specificity of 81.48%, and an accuracy of 83.27%. CONCLUSION: Total number of SMA is better associated with infarct size, which provided an incremental prognostic value above established prognostic parameters such as GLS and GWE.
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Infarto del Miocardio , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST , Humanos , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Infarto del Miocardio/complicaciones , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Miocardio , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/terapia , Infarto del Miocardio con Elevación del ST/complicaciones , Curva ROC , Función Ventricular Izquierda , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
Flavonoids, the largest group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites present in all land plants, play essential roles in many biological processes and defense against abiotic stresses. In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, flavones synthase I (FNSI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) all belong to 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDs) family, which catalyzes the critical oxidative reactions to form different flavonoid subgroups. Here, a novel 2-ODD gene was cloned from Antarctic moss Pohlia nutans (Pn2-ODD1) and its functions were investigated both in two model plants, Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression of Pn2-ODD1 increased the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonol in Arabidopsis. Meanwhile, the transgenic P. patens and Arabidopsis with expressing Pn2-ODD1 exhibited enhanced tolerance to salinity and drought stresses, with larger gametophyte sizes, better seed germination, and longer root growth. Heterologous expression of Pn2-ODD1 in Arabidopsis also conferred the tolerance to UV-B radiation and oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant capacity. Therefore, we showed that Pn2-ODD1 participated in the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonol in transgenic plants, and regulated the tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants, contributing to the adaptation of P. nutans to the polar environment.
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Most regions of the Antarctic continent are experiencing increased dryness due to global climate change. Mosses and lichens are the dominant vegetation of the ice-free areas of Antarctica. However, the molecular mechanisms of these Antarctic plants adapting to drought stress are less documented. Here, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were employed to reveal the responses of an Antarctic moss (Pohlia nutans subsp. LIU) to drought stress. We found that drought stress made the gametophytes turn yellow and curled, and enhanced the contents of malondialdehyde and proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Totally, 2,451 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were uncovered under drought treatment. The representative DEGs are mainly involved in ROS-scavenging and detoxification, flavonoid metabolism pathway, plant hormone signaling pathway, lipids metabolism pathway, transcription factors and signal-related genes. Meanwhile, a total of 354 differentially changed metabolites (DCMs) were detected in the metabolome analysis. Flavonoids and lipids were the most abundant metabolites and they accounted for 41.53% of the significantly changed metabolites. In addition, integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed co-expression patterns of flavonoid and long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis genes and their metabolites. Finally, qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of stress-related genes were significantly increased. These genes included those involved in ABA signaling pathway (NCED3, PP2C, PYL, and SnAK2), jasmonate signaling pathway (AOC, AOS, JAZ, and OPR), flavonoid pathway (CHS, F3',5'H, F3H, FLS, FNS, and UFGT), antioxidant and detoxifying functions (POD, GSH-Px, Prx and DTX), and transcription factors (ERF and DREB). In summary, we speculated that P. nutans were highly dependent on ABA and jasmonate signaling pathways, ROS scavenging, flavonoids and fatty acid metabolism in response to drought stress. These findings present an important knowledge for assessing the impact of coastal climate change on Antarctic basal plants.
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Antarctica is the coldest, driest, and most windy continent on earth. The major terrestrial vegetation consists of cryptogams (mosses and lichens) and two vascular plant species. However, the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance and relevant regulatory networks were largely unknown in these Antarctic plants. Here, we investigated the global alterations in metabolites and regulatory pathways of an Antarctic moss (Pohlia nutans) under cold stress using an integrated multi-omics approach. We found that proline content and several antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in P. nutans under cold stress, but the contents of chlorophyll and total flavonoids were markedly decreased. A total of 559 metabolites were detected using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). We observed 39 and 71 differentially changed metabolites (DCMs) after 24 h and 60 h cold stress, indicating that several major pathways were differentially activated for producing fatty acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. In addition, the quantitative transcriptome sequencing was conducted to uncover the global transcriptional profiles of P. nutans under cold stress. The representative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and summarized to the function including Ca2+ signaling, ABA signaling, jasmonate signaling, fatty acids biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and other biological processes. The integrated dataset analyses of metabolome and transcriptome revealed that jasmonate signaling, auxin signaling, very-long-chain fatty acids and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways might contribute to P. nutans acclimating to cold stress. Overall, these observations provide insight into Antarctic moss adaptations to polar habitats and the impact of global climate change on Antarctic plants.
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The Antarctic continent has extreme natural environment and fragile ecosystem. Mosses are one of the dominant floras in the Antarctic continent. However, their genomic features and adaptation processes to extreme environments remain poorly understood. Here, we assembled the high-quality genome sequence of the Antarctic moss (Pohlia nutans) with 698.20 Mb and 22 chromosomes. We found that the high proportion of repeat sequences and a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) contribute to the large size genome of P. nutans when compared to other bryophytes. The genome of P. nutans harbors the signatures of massive segmental gene duplications and large expansions of gene families, likely facilitating neofunctionalization. Genomic characteristics that may support the Antarctic lifestyle of this moss comprise expanded gene families involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. Additional contributions include the significant expansion and upregulation of several genes encoding DNA photolyase, antioxidant enzymes, flavonoid biosynthesis enzymes, possibly reflecting diverse adaptive strategies. Notably, integrated multi-omic analyses elucidate flavonoid biosynthesis may function as the reactive oxygen species detoxification under UV-B radiation. Our studies provide insight into the unique features of the Antarctic moss genome and their molecular responses to extreme terrestrial environments.
RESUMEN
In Antarctic continent, the organisms are exposed to high ultraviolet (UV) radiation because of damaged stratospheric ozone. UV causes DNA lesions due to the accumulation of photoproducts. Photolyase can repair UV-damaged DNA in a light-dependent process by electron transfer mechanism. Here, we isolated a CPD photolyase gene PnPHR1 from Antarctic moss Pohlia nutans, which encodes a protein of theoretical molecular weight of 69.1 KDa. The expression level of PnPHR1 was increased by UV-B irradiation. Enzyme activity assay in vitro showed that PnPHR1 exhibited photoreactivation activity, which can repair CPD photoproducts in a light-dependent manner. The complementation assay of repair-deficient E. coli strain SY2 demonstrated that PnPHR1 gene enhanced the survival rate of SY2 strain after UV-B radiation. Additionally, overexpression of PnPHR1 enhanced the Arabidopsis resistance to UV-B radiation and salinity stress, which also conferred plant tolerance to oxidative stress by decreasing ROS production and increasing ROS clearance. Our work shows that PnPHR1 encodes an active CPD photolyase, which may participate in the adaptation of P. nutans to polar environments.
Asunto(s)
Briófitas , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliasa , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Salino , Briófitas/enzimología , Briófitas/genética , Briófitas/efectos de la radiación , Reparación del ADN , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliasa/genética , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliasa/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Dímeros de Pirimidina , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
A cDNA encoding heat shock protein 70 of Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L (designated as CiHsp70) was identified by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends approaches. The full-length cDNA of CiHsp70 was 2,232 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 76 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 203 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 1,953 bp. The CiHsp70 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 651 amino acids with an ATPase domain of 388 amino acids, the substrate peptide binding domain of 246 amino acids and a C-terminus domain of 17 amino acids. The inducible CiHsp70 cDNA was highly homologous to other plant cytosolic Hsp70 genes and clustered together with green algae and higher plant rather than brown algae, diatom and Cryptophyta. Antarctic ice algae were treated with different stress conditions and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of CiHsp70 were quantified by quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that both cold and heat shock treatments could stimulate CiHsp70 mRNA expression. Meanwhile, CiHsp70 mRNA expression level increased 2.9-fold in response to UV-B radiation for 6 h, while the expression levels of CiHsp70 were remarkably increased after removing the UV-B radiation and immediately providing additional 6 h visible light. Furthermore, treating with 62 or 93 per thousand NaCl for 2 h, CiHsp70 mRNA expression level increased 3.0- and 2.1-fold, respectively. Together, our observations revealed that CiHsp70 as a molecular chaperone might play an important role in Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L acclimatizing to polar environment.
Asunto(s)
Chlamydomonas/metabolismo , Citosol/metabolismo , Eucariontes/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Regiones Antárticas , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , ADN Complementario/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hielo , Chaperonas Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Plantas/metabolismo , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Glioma is a type of malignant tumor arising from glial cells of the brain or the spine. Circulation-derived macrophage infiltration is a characteristic of the glioma microenvironment. The polarization status of circulation-derived macrophages in patients with glioma remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the polarization status of circulation-derived macrophages in patients with glioma. A total of 40 patients with glioma and 38 healthy volunteers were recruited. The polarization status of macrophage-like cells in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma was evaluated. In addition, the associations between the polarization status of macrophage-like cells and glioma stage or the expression levels of the glioma tumor marker chitinase-3-like protein 1 (also termed YKL-40) were evaluated. The number of macrophage-like cells (CD115+CD1c-CD2-CD15-CD19-CD14+CD16+CD11b+) was higher in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma compared with that of healthy volunteers. There were fewer M1 macrophage-like cells, and more M2 macrophage-like cells were induced in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma compared with healthy controls. Specifically, the number of M2a/M2b macrophage-like cells increased, whereas that of M2c macrophage-like cells decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma compared with healthy controls. The polarization status of macrophage-like cells in patients with glioma was not significantly associated with glioma stage or with the glioma marker YKL-40. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that the polarization status of macrophage-like cells in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma was abnormal, offering potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets, such as different macrophage subsets, for glioma.